BOOK
Coronary Risk Factors Update, An Issue of Medical Clinics - E-Book
Valentin Fuster | Jagat Narula
(2012)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Medical Clinics of North America provides the latest essential updates on coronary risk factors. The following key questions are answered. Are new biomarkers informative? LDL: the lower the better? How important is HDL? How much credit does triglyceride deserve? How important is family history of coronary disease? How important is age in determining coronary risk factors? Endothelial progenitor cells, menopause, and coronary risk factors? What is the role of imaging in prevention of coronary artery disease? Is genomics ready for primetime? Pediatric statinization? Individualized statinization? Polypill for some, polypill for all?
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Medical Clinics of North America | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Table of Contents | ix | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface: Risk Factor Update: Old Wine in a New Bottle? | xiii | ||
| Chpater 1. Are Novel Serum Biomarkers Informative? | 1 | ||
| CALIBRATION | 2 | ||
| DISCRIMINATION | 2 | ||
| NET RECLASSIFICATION IMPROVEMENT | 3 | ||
| CURRENT TECHNIQUES FOR RISK STRATIFICATION | 5 | ||
| INDIVIDUAL BIOMARKERS | 6 | ||
| REFERENCES | 9 | ||
| Chpater 2. LDL Cholesterol: The Lower the Better | 13 | ||
| BIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION | 13 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS OF LDL-C LOWERING | 15 | ||
| SAFETY DATA ON REDUCING LDL-C TO VERY LOW LEVELS WITH STATINS | 21 | ||
| SUMMARY | 24 | ||
| REFERENCES | 24 | ||
| Chpater 3. HDL–Cholesterol: Perfection is the Enemy of Good? | 27 | ||
| WHAT IS HDL? | 30 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF HDLs | 30 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF ANTIATHEROGENIC PROPERTIES OF HDL | 30 | ||
| AGENTS THAT INCREASE HDL-C | 32 | ||
| SUMMARY | 34 | ||
| REFERENCES | 34 | ||
| Chpater 4. Triglycerides: How Much Credit Do They Deserve? | 39 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND DEFINITION | 39 | ||
| TG PHYSIOLOGY AND CAUSES OF ELEVATED TGS | 40 | ||
| GENETIC STUDIES IN HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA | 40 | ||
| MEASURING TGS | 41 | ||
| BIOLOGIC ROLE OF TGS IN CAD | 42 | ||
| EVIDENCE FOR TGS AS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR CAD | 42 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA | 44 | ||
| POSTPRANDIAL VERSUS FASTING TGS | 49 | ||
| HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS: WOMEN | 49 | ||
| TGS: HOW MUCH CREDIT DO THEY DESERVE? | 50 | ||
| REFERENCES | 50 | ||
| Chpater 5. Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Lessons Learned from Glycation in Diabetes | 57 | ||
| GLYCATION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN DIABETES | 57 | ||
| CARBAMYLATION OF VASCULAR PROTEINS AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS | 60 | ||
| SUMMARY | 62 | ||
| REFERENCES | 62 | ||
| Chpater 6. \"My Parents Died of Myocardial Infarction: Is that My Destiny? | 67 | ||
| MI AND ATS RISK FACTORS PARTLY OVERLAP | 68 | ||
| POSITIVE FAMILY HISTORY | 69 | ||
| FAMILIAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS | 71 | ||
| MI: LOW-DOSE INPUT OF MANY GENES | 72 | ||
| NOVEL CANDIDATE GENES, UNRELATED TO KNOWN RISK FACTORS, ADD TO CLASSIC RISK FACTORS | 72 | ||
| MONOGENIC FACTORS | 80 | ||
| NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING | 80 | ||
| KNOWN RISKY ALLELES AND PERSONAL RISK STRATIFICATION IN CURRENT CLINICAL PRACTICE | 80 | ||
| ROLE OF GENETIC COUNSELING | 81 | ||
| SUMMARY | 83 | ||
| REFERENCES | 83 | ||
| Chpater 7. Age As a Risk Factor | 87 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF CVD RISK USING AGE AS PART OF RISK SCORES | 87 | ||
| AGE IS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | 88 | ||
| RELATIVE RISK VERSUS ABSOLUTE RISK ASSESSMENT | 89 | ||
| COMMUNICATING CVD RISK TO YOUNG AND OLD | 89 | ||
| INFLUENCE OF AGE ON OTHER INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS | 89 | ||
| INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS ON AGE-ASSOCIATED CVD RISK | 90 | ||
| SUMMARY | 90 | ||
| REFERENCES | 90 | ||
| Chpater 8. Coronary Artery Disease in Aging Women: A Menopause of Endothelial Progenitor Cells? | 93 | ||
| THE EMERGING ROLE OF ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS IN ATHEROGENESIS | 93 | ||
| UNIQUE FEMALE CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION DURING THE REPRODUCTIVE AGE | 94 | ||
| EXAMINING THE OBVIOUS: WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE FEMALE ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL BIOLOGY DURING THE REPRODUCTIVE AGE? | 95 | ||
| LESSONS TO BE LEARNED | 98 | ||
| REFERENCES | 98 | ||
| Chpater 9. Imaging for Prevention | 103 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE DETECTION GAP FOR IDENTIFYING HIGH-RISK INDIVIDUALS | 103 | ||
| WHAT IS IMAGING FOR PREVENTION? | 103 | ||
| GLOBAL RISK SCORES | 104 | ||
| SCREENING WITH CV IMAGING—CAN CT CAC SCORING IMPROVE DETECTION OF HIGH-RISK INDIVIDUALS? | 104 | ||
| CAC SCREENING—THE BENEFIT OUTWEIGHS THE PROJECTED RISK | 108 | ||
| SUMMARY | 109 | ||
| REFERENCES | 109 | ||
| Chpater 10. Genomics: Is It Ready for Primetime? | 113 | ||
| DNA SEQUENCE VARIATION AND THE HapMap PROJECT | 114 | ||
| MONOGENIC DISORDERS | 114 | ||
| GENETIC UNDERPINNINGS OF COMMON COMPLEX DISEASES AND THE GWAS | 114 | ||
| 9p21: THE FIRST AND MOST ROBUST GENETIC RISK FACTOR TO EMERGE FROM GWAS | 114 | ||
| AN ABUNDANCE OF GENETIC RISK VARIANTS DISCOVERED BY GWAS | 115 | ||
| MECHANISMS UNDERLYING SNP ASSOCIATION DISCOVERED IN GWAS | 117 | ||
| PHARMACOGENOMICS | 117 | ||
| INFORMATION GLEANED FROM CAD GENETIC RISK VARIANTS | 118 | ||
| ADVANTAGES OF DNA RISK VARIANTS OVER CONVENTIONAL BIOMARKERS | 118 | ||
| ROLE OF GENETIC RISK VARIANTS IN PREDICTION AND TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE | 118 | ||
| SUMMARY | 119 | ||
| REFERENCES | 119 | ||
| Chpater 11. Statins Personalized | 123 | ||
| GENETIC CONTRIBUTORS TO BLOOD LIPID LEVELS | 124 | ||
| PHENOTYPE AND STATIN RESPONSE | 127 | ||
| GENETIC CONTRIBUTORS TO STATIN-INDUCED LDL-C REDUCTION | 128 | ||
| GENETIC CONTRIBUTORS TO STATIN-ASSOCIATED REDUCTION IN CLINICAL EVENTS | 130 | ||
| GENETIC CONTRIBUTORS TO STATIN-ASSOCIATED ADVERSE EFFECTS | 131 | ||
| SUMMARY | 134 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 134 | ||
| REFERENCES | 134 | ||
| Chpater 12. Childhood Cholesterol Disorders: The Iceberg Base or Nondisease? | 141 | ||
| PEDIATRIC LIPID ABNORMALITIES: SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM | 141 | ||
| SIGNIFICANCE OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS DURING CHILDHOOD | 141 | ||
| CHILDHOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS | 142 | ||
| TRACKING OF LIPID DISORDERS FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD | 143 | ||
| SCREENING FOR LIPID DISORDERS | 143 | ||
| LIPID TESTS IN CHILDREN | 144 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF LIPID DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD | 145 | ||
| LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION OF PEDIATRIC LIPID DISORDERS | 146 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC LIPID DISORDERS | 147 | ||
| CONTROVERSY ABOUT PEDIATRIC LIPID SCREENING AND TREATMENT | 148 | ||
| LITERATURE GAPS | 149 | ||
| SUMMARY | 150 | ||
| REFERENCES | 150 | ||
| Index | 155 |