BOOK
Management of Labor and Delivery, An Issue of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics, E-Book
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Dr. Caughey has recruited top experts to address the current questions and thinking with regard to the management of labor and delivery. Authors have presented current clinical reviews on the following topics: Defining and managing normal and abnormal first stage of labor; Defining and managing normal and abnormal second stage of labor; Laborist models on labor and delivery; Quality Improvement on Labor and Delivery; Fetal Malposition; Is there a place for outpatient pre-induction cervical ripening; Management of twins on labor and delivery; Cervical ripening techniques: Which is the best; Augmentation of labor: What are the approaches; Elective induction of labor: What is the impact; VBAC trends: Which way is the pendulum swinging; and Update on fetal monitoring. Readers will come away with the current clinical trends and information they need to successfully manage labor and delivery.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Management of Labor and Delivery\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Foreword: Addressing Common Management Dilemmas in Labor and Delivery | v | ||
| Preface: Evidence-Based Management of Labor and Delivery: What Do We Still Need to Know? | v | ||
| Evidence-Based Labor and Delivery Management: Can We Safely Reduce the Cesarean Rate? | v | ||
| Defining and Managing Normal and Abnormal First Stage of Labor | v | ||
| Defining and Managing Normal and Abnormal Second Stage of Labor | v | ||
| Labor Induction Techniques: Which Is the Best? | vi | ||
| Is There a Place for Outpatient Preinduction Cervical Ripening? | vi | ||
| Augmentation of Labor: A Review of Oxytocin Augmentation and Active Management of Labor | vi | ||
| Elective Induction of Labor: What is the Impact? | vi | ||
| Update on Fetal Monitoring: Overview of Approaches and Management of Category II Tracings | vii | ||
| The Evolution of the Laborist | vii | ||
| Fetal Malpresentation and Malposition: Diagnosis and Management | vii | ||
| Labor and Delivery of Twin Pregnancies | vii | ||
| Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Trends: Which Way Is the Pendulum Swinging? | viii | ||
| Quality Improvement and Patient Safety on Labor and Delivery | viii | ||
| OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY CLINICS\r | ix | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | ix | ||
| March 2018 | ix | ||
| June 2018 | ix | ||
| September 2018 | ix | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | ix | ||
| September 2017 | ix | ||
| June 2017 | ix | ||
| March 2017 | ix | ||
| Foreword: Addressing Common Management Dilemmas in Labor and Delivery\r | xi | ||
| Preface:\rEvidence-Based Management of Labor and Delivery: What Do We Still Need to Know? | xiii | ||
| REFERENCES | xiv | ||
| Evidence-Based Labor and Delivery Management | 523 | ||
| Key points | 523 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 523 | ||
| WHY IS THE CESAREAN RATE INCREASING? | 524 | ||
| HOW DOES CESAREAN DELIVERY AFFECT PREGNANCY OUTCOMES? | 525 | ||
| WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL APPROACHES TO SAFELY REDUCING CESAREAN DELIVERIES? | 526 | ||
| VAGINAL BIRTH AFTER CESAREAN DELIVERY | 526 | ||
| LABOR MANAGEMENT | 526 | ||
| ABNORMAL FETAL HEART RATE TRACINGS | 528 | ||
| MALPOSITION | 528 | ||
| MALPRESENTATION | 528 | ||
| TWIN GESTATIONS | 529 | ||
| INDUCTION OF LABOR | 529 | ||
| OTHER MANAGEMENT ISSUES | 529 | ||
| SUMMARY | 530 | ||
| REFERENCES | 530 | ||
| Defining and Managing Normal and Abnormal First Stage of Labor | 535 | ||
| Key points | 535 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 535 | ||
| HISTORIC VERSUS MODERN LABOR CURVE | 536 | ||
| SPONTANEOUS LABOR | 537 | ||
| INDUCED LABOR | 538 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 539 | ||
| OBESITY | 539 | ||
| PRETERM LABOR | 540 | ||
| TRIAL OF LABOR AFTER CESAREAN | 540 | ||
| FETAL DESCENT | 541 | ||
| DEFINITIONS OF LABOR ARREST | 541 | ||
| FIRST-STAGE LABOR ARREST | 541 | ||
| FAILED INDUCTION OF LABOR | 542 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ABNORMAL LABOR | 542 | ||
| OXYTOCIN | 542 | ||
| INTERNAL TOCODYNAMOMETRY | 543 | ||
| AMNIOTOMY | 543 | ||
| SUMMARY | 543 | ||
| REFERENCES | 544 | ||
| Defining and Managing Normal and Abnormal Second Stage of Labor | 547 | ||
| Key points | 547 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 547 | ||
| DEFINING NORMAL AND ABNORMAL LENGTH OF SECOND STAGE | 548 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING LENGTH OF SECOND STAGE | 548 | ||
| Maternal and Obstetric Characteristics | 548 | ||
| Impact of Epidural Analgesia: Maternal Effect | 549 | ||
| Impact of Epidural Analgesia: Length of Labor | 549 | ||
| Impact of Epidural Analgesia: Operative Interventions | 550 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF SECOND STAGE OF LABOR | 550 | ||
| Epidural Analgesia: Delayed Versus Immediate Pushing | 550 | ||
| Epidural Analgesia: Discontinuation Late in Labor | 551 | ||
| Epidural Analgesia and Fetal Occiput Malposition | 552 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF PROLONGED SECOND STAGE OF LABOR | 552 | ||
| Length of Active Pushing During Second Stage and Associated Outcomes | 552 | ||
| Timing of Operative Intervention and Associated Perinatal Outcomes | 553 | ||
| PERINATAL OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH LENGTH OF SECOND STAGE | 553 | ||
| Length of Second Stage and Associated Maternal Outcomes | 554 | ||
| Length of Second Stage and Associated Neonatal Outcome: Nulliparous Women | 554 | ||
| Length of Active Pushing and Associated Neonatal Outcome | 559 | ||
| Length of Second Stage and Associated Neonatal Outcome: Multiparous Women | 559 | ||
| SUMMARY | 560 | ||
| REFERENCES | 560 | ||
| Labor Induction Techniques | 567 | ||
| Key points | 567 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 567 | ||
| ASSESSING THE CERVIX | 568 | ||
| Bishop Score | 568 | ||
| Transvaginal Ultrasound Imaging | 569 | ||
| Fetal Fibronectin | 569 | ||
| Summary: Cervical Assessment | 570 | ||
| CERVICAL RIPENING WITH PHARMACOLOGIC METHODS | 570 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 570 | ||
| Prostaglandin E1 | 570 | ||
| Administration of prostaglandin E1 | 570 | ||
| Comparisons of misoprostol use by route of delivery | 571 | ||
| Future prospects for misoprostol | 571 | ||
| Prostaglandin E2 | 571 | ||
| Prepidil | 571 | ||
| Cervidil | 571 | ||
| Comparison of efficacy of preparations of prostaglandin E2 | 571 | ||
| Side effects of prostaglandins | 572 | ||
| Contraindications of prostaglandins | 572 | ||
| Oxytocin | 572 | ||
| CERVICAL RIPENING WITH MECHANICAL METHODS | 572 | ||
| Membrane Stripping | 573 | ||
| Balloon Catheter | 573 | ||
| Procedure | 573 | ||
| Risk of infection | 573 | ||
| Future prospects for the Foley balloon catheter | 573 | ||
| COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR CERVICAL RIPENING | 573 | ||
| Single-agent Methods for Cervical Ripening | 574 | ||
| Combination Methods for Cervical Ripening | 574 | ||
| Summary: Comparison of Cervical Ripening Methods | 577 | ||
| INDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR THE FAVORABLE CERVIX | 577 | ||
| Mechanical Methods for Induction in the Favorable Cervix: Amniotomy | 577 | ||
| Timing of amniotomy | 577 | ||
| Addition of oxytocin to amniotomy | 577 | ||
| Summary: amniotomy | 578 | ||
| Pharmacologic Methods in the Favorable Cervix: Oxytocin | 578 | ||
| Oxytocin protocols | 579 | ||
| SUMMARY | 579 | ||
| REFERENCES | 579 | ||
| Is There a Place for Outpatient Preinduction Cervical Ripening? | 583 | ||
| Key points | 583 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 583 | ||
| METHODS | 584 | ||
| Foley Bulb | 584 | ||
| Outpatient data | 584 | ||
| Risks and safety profile | 584 | ||
| Prostaglandin Gel and Insert | 585 | ||
| Background | 585 | ||
| Outpatient data | 585 | ||
| Risk and safety profile | 586 | ||
| Cytotec | 586 | ||
| Background | 586 | ||
| Outpatient data | 587 | ||
| Risk and safety | 587 | ||
| Nitric Oxide | 588 | ||
| Background | 588 | ||
| Outpatient data | 588 | ||
| Risk and safety profile | 588 | ||
| SUMMARY | 588 | ||
| REFERENCES | 589 | ||
| Augmentation of Labor | 593 | ||
| Key points | 593 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 593 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 594 | ||
| LITERATURE REVIEW | 596 | ||
| SUMMARY | 598 | ||
| REFERENCES | 599 | ||
| Elective Induction of Labor | 601 | ||
| Key points | 601 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 601 | ||
| CURRENT TRENDS IN ELECTIVE INDUCTION | 602 | ||
| IMPACT ON CESAREAN DELIVERY | 602 | ||
| IMPACT ON STILLBIRTH | 605 | ||
| IMPACT ON NEONATAL AND MATERNAL MORBIDITY | 605 | ||
| IMPACT ON PATIENT EXPERIENCE AND COST | 608 | ||
| SUMMARY | 611 | ||
| REFERENCES | 611 | ||
| Update on Fetal Monitoring | 615 | ||
| Key points | 615 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 615 | ||
| IS ELECTRONIC FETAL MONITORING PREDICTIVE OF NEONATAL OUTCOMES? | 616 | ||
| ELECTRONIC FETAL MONITORING PATTERNS AND CLASSIFICATION | 616 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF CATEGORY II FETAL HEART TRACINGS | 617 | ||
| Adjunct Tests of Fetal Well-Being | 617 | ||
| In Utero Resuscitation | 619 | ||
| INTRAPARTUM FACTORS TO CONSIDER | 620 | ||
| Neuraxial Anesthesia | 620 | ||
| Magnesium | 620 | ||
| Intrauterine Growth Restriction | 620 | ||
| Meconium | 621 | ||
| SUMMARY | 621 | ||
| REFERENCES | 621 | ||
| The Evolution of the Laborist | 625 | ||
| Key points | 625 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 625 | ||
| MODELS OF CARE | 626 | ||
| QUALITY OF CARE | 627 | ||
| FINANCIAL IMPACT | 627 | ||
| SUMMARY | 628 | ||
| REFERENCES | 628 | ||
| Fetal Malpresentation and Malposition | 631 | ||
| Key points | 631 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 631 | ||
| FETAL MALPRESENTATION | 632 | ||
| Breech Presentation | 632 | ||
| Transverse and Oblique Lie | 634 | ||
| Face and Brow Presentation | 634 | ||
| Compound Presentation | 634 | ||
| FETAL MALPOSITION | 635 | ||
| Prevalence | 635 | ||
| Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes | 636 | ||
| Diagnosis | 636 | ||
| Management | 637 | ||
| SUMMARY | 638 | ||
| REFERENCES | 638 | ||
| Labor and Delivery of Twin Pregnancies | 645 | ||
| Key points | 645 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 645 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 645 | ||
| Mode of Delivery and Success Rates of Twin Vaginal Delivery | 645 | ||
| Mode of Delivery: Safety of Vaginal Twin Delivery | 646 | ||
| Mode of Delivery: Conclusion | 647 | ||
| PROTOCOL FOR DELIVERY OF TWINS | 647 | ||
| Patient Selection | 647 | ||
| Third-Trimester Counseling | 648 | ||
| Timing of Delivery | 648 | ||
| Induction of Labor | 648 | ||
| Regional Anesthesia | 648 | ||
| Management of Labor | 649 | ||
| Delivery: Active Management of the Second Stage | 649 | ||
| Twin B: cephalic and engaged | 650 | ||
| Twin B: breech or transverse | 650 | ||
| Twin B: Unengaged | 650 | ||
| TWIN DELIVERY: COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT | 651 | ||
| Uterine Atony | 651 | ||
| Difficult Extraction | 651 | ||
| Unengaged Vertex of Twin B | 651 | ||
| Complications of Active Management During the Second Stage | 651 | ||
| Uterine hypertonicity | 651 | ||
| Malpresentation | 651 | ||
| Failed breech extraction | 652 | ||
| Cord prolapse/hand presentation/funic presentation | 652 | ||
| Nuchal arm | 652 | ||
| Head entrapment | 652 | ||
| SUMMARY | 652 | ||
| REFERENCES | 653 | ||
| Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Trends | 655 | ||
| Key points | 655 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 655 | ||
| The Rise and Fall of Trial of Labor After Cesarean | 656 | ||
| The Impact of Litigation Concerns | 656 | ||
| MODE OF DELIVERY OUTCOMES | 657 | ||
| Maternal Outcomes | 657 | ||
| Maternal mortality | 657 | ||
| Uterine rupture | 657 | ||
| Uterine rupture: impact of induction of labor | 658 | ||
| Other maternal morbidity | 658 | ||
| Impact on future pregnancies | 659 | ||
| Neonatal and Infant Outcomes | 659 | ||
| Perinatal mortality | 659 | ||
| Neonatal morbidity | 660 | ||
| PREDICTION OF SUCCESSFUL TRIAL OF LABOR | 661 | ||
| PREDICTION OF UTERINE RUPTURE | 661 | ||
| TRIAL OF LABOR AFTER CESAREAN IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 662 | ||
| History of 2 Previous Cesarean Deliveries | 662 | ||
| Multifetal Gestation | 662 | ||
| Malpresentation and External Cephalic Version | 663 | ||
| SUMMARY | 663 | ||
| REFERENCES | 663 | ||
| Quality Improvement and Patient Safety on Labor and Delivery | 667 | ||
| Key points | 667 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 667 | ||
| COMMUNICATION | 668 | ||
| Standardized Terminology | 668 | ||
| Structured Systems to Enhance Communication | 669 | ||
| MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM TRAINING | 669 | ||
| SIMULATION | 670 | ||
| STANDARDIZATION OF CLINICAL PRACTICE | 670 | ||
| Checklists | 671 | ||
| Clinical Guideline: Obstetric Hemorrhage | 671 | ||
| Clinical Guideline: Management of Hypertension | 673 | ||
| Clinical Guideline: Prevention of Thromboembolism | 673 | ||
| Quality Improvement Initiative: The Maternal Early Warning System | 674 | ||
| SUMMARY | 676 | ||
| REFERENCES | 677 |