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Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases, An Issue of Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book

Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases, An Issue of Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book

John Imboden | Sarah E. Goglin

(2017)

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Book Details

Abstract

This issue of Rheumatic Disease Clinics, edited by Drs. John Imboden and Sarah Goglin, will cover a variety of important aspects of the neurological manifestations of rheumatic diseases. Topics discussed in the issue will include: Primary vasculitis of the central nervous system; Neurologic manifestations of primary Sjogren Syndrome; Neurologic manifestations of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; Neurologic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis; Neuromyelitis optica; Neurosarcoid; Central nervous system infections associated with immunosuppressive therapy; and Neurologic manifestations of IgG4-related disease, among others.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases\r i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITORS iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents v
Foreword: Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases v
Preface: Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases v
Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System v
Neurologic Manifestations of Primary Sjögren Syndrome v
Central Nervous System Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus v
Central Nervous System Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome vi
Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis vi
Central Nervous System Disease in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–associated Vasculitis vi
Neuromyelitis Optica vi
Neurosarcoidosis vii
Central Nervous System Infections Associated with Immunosuppressive Therapy for Rheumatic Disease vii
Neurologic Features of Immunoglobulin G4–related Disease vii
Involvement of the Peripheral Nervous System in Polyarteritis Nodosa and Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–associated Vas ... viii
RHEUMATIC DISEASE CLINICS\rOF NORTH AMERICA\r ix
FORTHCOMING ISSUES ix
February 2018 ix
May 2018 ix
RECENT ISSUES ix
August 2017 ix
May 2017 ix
February 2017 ix
Foreword: Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases\r xi
Preface:\rNeurologic Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases xiii
Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System 503
Key points 503
INTRODUCTION 503
HISTORICAL CONTEXT 504
EPIDEMIOLOGY 504
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 504
Disease Subtypes 505
Granulomatous Angiitis of the Central Nervous System 505
Lymphocytic Angiitis of the Central Nervous System 505
Amyloid Beta-Related Angiitis 506
Mass-like Lesions 506
Spinal Cord Vasculitis 507
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH 507
Serologic Tests 507
Lumbar Puncture 507
MRI 507
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Computed Tomography Angiography 508
Conventional Cerebral Angiography 508
Brain Biopsy 509
TREATMENT 509
Remission Induction Therapy 510
Remission Maintenance Therapy 510
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 510
Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome 510
Intravascular Lymphoma 514
SUMMARY 515
REFERENCES 515
Neurologic Manifestations of Primary Sjögren Syndrome 519
Key points 519
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY 520
Painful Sensory Neuropathy 520
“Pure” Small Fiber Dorsal Root Ganglionitis 520
“Mixed” Small and Large Fiber Dorsal Root Ganglionitis 522
Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy 522
Mononeuritis Multiplex 522
Cranial Neuropathies 522
Radiculoneuropathy 523
Autonomic Neuropathy 523
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 523
Subacute Encephalopathy 524
Multiple Sclerosis–like Disease 524
Headache 524
Psychiatric Disease 524
Ischemic Stroke 525
MYOPATHY 525
Treatment 525
REFERENCES 526
Central Nervous System Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 531
Key points 531
INTRODUCTION 531
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION 532
PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 533
Autoantibodies and Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction 533
Anti-DNA and Anti–N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antibodies 533
Anti-P Antibodies 533
Antiphospholipid Antibodies 534
Cytokines 534
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 534
Diffuse Manifestations 534
Cognitive Dysfunction 534
Acute Confusional State and Psychosis 535
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome 535
FOCAL MANIFESTATIONS 536
Stroke 536
Seizure 536
Transverse Myelitis 537
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 537
TREATMENT STRATEGIES OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 538
OUTCOMES 540
SUMMARY 540
REFERENCES 540
Central Nervous System Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome 547
Key points 547
INTRODUCTION 547
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 548
Cerebral Vascular Accident 548
Cognitive Impairment and Dementia 549
Venous Sinus Thrombosis 550
Seizures and Epilepsy 550
Chorea 551
Headache and Migraine 551
Multiple Sclerosis–like Disease 551
Neuropsychiatric Disease 552
CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA, LABORATORY, AND IMAGING FINDINGS 552
Classification Criteria for Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Laboratory Testing 552
Neuroimaging 554
Treatment 555
REFERENCES 556
Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis 561
Key points 561
INVOLVEMENT OF THE CERVICAL SPINE 561
Overview 561
Atlantoaxial Subluxation 562
Symptoms and Signs of Atlantoaxial Subluxation 562
Vertical Subluxation due to Atlantooccipital Arthritis 563
Subaxial Cervical Spine Subluxation 563
Imaging of the Cervical Spine in Rheumatoid Arthritis 563
The Effect of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs and Biological Agents on Cervical Spine Disease 566
Nonoperative Management 566
Operative Management 566
Special Considerations 567
RHEUMATOID MENINGITIS 567
Overview 567
Presentation and Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Meningitis 568
Differential Diagnosis 568
Treatment of Rheumatoid Meningitis 568
COMPRESSION NEUROPATHIES 569
ISCHEMIC NEUROPATHY DUE TO RHEUMATOID VASCULITIS 570
REFERENCES 570
Central Nervous System Disease in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies–Associated Vasculitis 573
Key points 573
OVERVIEW 573
PITUITARY INVOLVEMENT 574
MENINGEAL INVOLVEMENT 575
CEREBRAL VASCULITIS 576
REFERENCES 577
Neuromyelitis Optica 579
Key points 579
INTRODUCTION 579
EPIDEMIOLOGY 579
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 580
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 581
Transverse Myelitis 581
Optic Neuritis 581
Brainstem Syndromes 583
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 583
Serum Aquaporin 4–Immunoglobulin G Testing 583
Cerebrospinal Fluid 583
Ophthalmologic Examination 583
Neuroimaging 584
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 584
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 584
TREATMENT: ACUTE ATTACK 584
TREATMENT: ATTACK PREVENTION 584
Rituximab 585
Other Immunosuppressive Agents 586
EMERGING THERAPIES 587
Eculizumab 587
Tocilizumab 587
Novel Therapeutics Targeting Aquaporin 4–Immunoglobulin G and Aquaporin 4 588
PROGNOSIS 588
REFERENCES 588
Neurosarcoidosis 593
Key points 593
INTRODUCTION 593
CLINICAL FEATURES 593
Cranial Neuropathy 594
Meningeal Involvement 595
Brain Parenchymal Disease 595
Neuroendocrinologic Dysfunction 595
Spinal Cord Disease 596
Peripheral Neuropathy 596
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 596
Neuroimaging 596
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis 599
TREATMENTS 600
Glucocorticoids 600
Immunosuppressive Agents 601
Biologic Agents 602
SUMMARY 602
REFERENCES 602
Central Nervous System Infections Associated with Immunosuppressive Therapy for Rheumatic Disease 607
Key points 607
INTRODUCTION 607
Case 1 608
Case 2 608
Broadly Immunosuppressive Agents 609
Glucocorticoids 609
Methotrexate 610
Cyclophosphamide 610
Biologic Immunomodulatory Therapies 611
Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors 611
B cell–targeted agents 613
SUMMARY 614
REFERENCES 614
Neurologic Features of Immunoglobulin G4–Related Disease 621
Key points 621
INTRODUCTION 621
GENERAL CLINICAL FEATURES AND COMMON PRESENTATIONS 622
PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS 622
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 623
SEROLOGY 623
CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL PRESENTATIONS OF NEUROLOGIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4–RELATED DISEASE 623
MENINGEAL DISEASE 624
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FINDINGS IN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4–RELATED PACHYMENINGITIS 626
ORBITAL DISEASE 626
PITUITARY GLAND AND STALK DISEASE 627
PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASE 628
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PARENCHYMAL DISEASE 629
TREATMENT 629
REFERENCES 629
Involvement of the Peripheral Nervous System in Polyarteritis Nodosa and Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies–Associated V ... 633
Key points 633
OVERVIEW 633
PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS 634
CLINICAL SYNDROMES 634
DIAGNOSIS 634
ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 636
NERVE BIOPSY 636
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 637
TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES 637
REFERENCES 638