Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get a quick, expert overview of complex childhood psychiatric disorders from Drs. David I. Driver and Shari Thomas of Healthy Foundations Group. This practical resource presents a summary of today’s current knowledge and best approaches to topics from gender dysphoria to childhood onset schizophrenia and other complex psychiatric disorders.
- Comprehensive guide for any professional working with children.
- Consolidates today’s evidence-based information on complex childhood psychiatric disorders into one convenient resource.
- Provides must-know information on evaluation and management.
- Covers a range of psychiatric disorders of children including drug-induced mania and psychosis, concussions, ADHD, technology addiction, sleep disorders, and eating disorders.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Complex Disorders in Pediatric Psychiatry: A Clinician’s Guide | i | ||
| Complex Disorders in Pediatric Psychiatry: A Clinician’s Guide | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| List of Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| List of Tables and Boxes | xiii | ||
| LIST OF TABLES | xiii | ||
| LIST OF BOXES | xiv | ||
| 1 - Gender Dysphoria in Childhood and Adolescence | 1 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER IDENTITY | 1 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR GENDER DYSPHORIA IN CHILDHOOD AND IN ADOLESCENCE | 2 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY | 2 | ||
| SCREENING/DIAGNOSIS | 3 | ||
| PSYCHOTHERAPY | 5 | ||
| MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS | 5 | ||
| COOCCURRING MENTAL ILLNESS | 7 | ||
| PROTECTIVE FACTORS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS | 7 | ||
| REFERENCES | 8 | ||
| 2 - School Refusal | 11 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 11 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT | 12 | ||
| DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT | 13 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT | 15 | ||
| COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT | 15 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY | 15 | ||
| COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT DESIGN | 15 | ||
| CHILD GROUP THERAPY FOR SCHOOL REFUSAL | 17 | ||
| PARENT MANAGEMENT TRAINING | 18 | ||
| SCHOOL CONSULTATION | 18 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 19 | ||
| REFERENCES | 19 | ||
| 3 - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety | 23 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 23 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 23 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 23 | ||
| AGE AND DEVELOPMENT | 23 | ||
| GENDER | 24 | ||
| SCREENING | 26 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 26 | ||
| CLINICAL WORKUP | 27 | ||
| NEUROPSYCHOLOGIC TESTS | 27 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/ETIOLOGY | 27 | ||
| Is Comorbidity Due to Overlapping Symptoms? | 27 | ||
| Does Anxiety Modulate Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms or Vice Versa? | 28 | ||
| GENETICS | 28 | ||
| SIGNALING PATHWAYS | 29 | ||
| TREATMENTS | 29 | ||
| Behavioral Interventions | 29 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY | 29 | ||
| Stimulants: Effect on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | 29 | ||
| Stimulants: Effect on Anxiety | 30 | ||
| Multimodal Therapy+Stimulants | 31 | ||
| ATOMOXETINE | 31 | ||
| ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER MEDICATIONS+ANTIANXIETY MEDICATIONS | 31 | ||
| Stimulant+Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor | 31 | ||
| Atomoxetine+Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor | 32 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PEDIATRIC PRACTICE | 32 | ||
| SUMMARY | 33 | ||
| REFERENCES | 33 | ||
| 4 - Tourette Syndrome | 37 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 37 | ||
| BRIEF HISTORY | 37 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 38 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 40 | ||
| COMORBIDITIES WITH FOCUS ON ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER | 40 | ||
| TREATMENT OF TOURETTE SYNDROME—GENERAL COMMENTS | 41 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF TICS | 41 | ||
| TREATMENT OF TICS AND ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER | 43 | ||
| TREATMENT OF TICS AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER | 44 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 44 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS: COMMUNICATION AND COUNSELING | 45 | ||
| REFERENCES | 45 | ||
| 5 - Management of ADHD in Youth With Comorbid Epilepsy | 49 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 49 | ||
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | 49 | ||
| Epilepsy | 51 | ||
| COMORBIDITY OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND EPILEPSY9 | 51 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 52 | ||
| Other Pathogenic Mechanisms | 52 | ||
| Effect of subclinical epileptiform activity | 52 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 54 | ||
| TREATMENT | 55 | ||
| Case Report | 59 | ||
| DISCLOSURE STATEMENT | 60 | ||
| REFERENCES | 61 | ||
| 6 - Evolution From Feeding Disorders to Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder | 63 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 63 | ||
| DEFINITIONS OF FEEDING DISORDERS | 63 | ||
| HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY | 63 | ||
| SPECIFIC FEEDING DISORDERS SUBTYPES OF AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER (DSM-5) | 64 | ||
| I. ARFID Subtype: “Apparent Lack of Interest in Eating or Food” (DSM-5) | 64 | ||
| Clinical features | 64 | ||
| Risk factors | 65 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 65 | ||
| Etiology and course | 65 | ||
| Treatment | 67 | ||
| II. ARFID Subtype: Avoidance Based on the Sensory Characteristics of Food (DSM-5) | 68 | ||
| Clinical features | 68 | ||
| Risk factors | 69 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 69 | ||
| Etiology and course | 70 | ||
| Treatment | 70 | ||
| III. ARFID Subtype: Concern About the Aversive Consequences of Eating (DSM-5) | 71 | ||
| Clinical features | 72 | ||
| Risk factors | 72 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 72 | ||
| Etiology and course | 72 | ||
| Treatment | 73 | ||
| COMORBIDITIES OF FEEDING DISORDERS | 74 | ||
| COMORBIDITIES OF FEEDING, SLEEP, AND ANXIETY DISORDERS | 74 | ||
| TREATMENT OF COMORBID ANXIETY AND SLEEP DISORDERS | 74 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 74 | ||
| REFERENCES | 75 | ||
| 7 - Eating Disorders | 77 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 77 | ||
| Anorexia | 77 | ||
| Bulimia | 78 | ||
| Binge Eating Disorder | 78 | ||
| Avoidant-Restrictive Food Intake Disorder | 79 | ||
| Differentiating avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder from anorexia | 79 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF EATING DISORDERS AND DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMAS | 79 | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Differential | 80 | ||
| Social Anxiety | 80 | ||
| Clinical Implications | 80 | ||
| Medical Differential | 81 | ||
| TREATMENT OF EATING DISORDERS | 81 | ||
| TREATMENT OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA | 82 | ||
| Behavioral Treatments | 82 | ||
| Psychopharmacology | 83 | ||
| TREATMENT OF BULIMIA NERVOSA | 85 | ||
| Behavioral Treatments | 85 | ||
| Psychopharmacology | 85 | ||
| TREATMENT OF AVOIDANT-RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER | 85 | ||
| Behavioral Treatment | 86 | ||
| 8 - Childhood Stress and Trauma | 93 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 93 | ||
| CLARIFICATIONS | 93 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: THE INJURY PARADIGM | 93 | ||
| STRESS-RELATED DIAGNOSES | 94 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Changes in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-5 | 94 | ||
| Diagnostic Dilemmas—Trauma Syndrome Continuum | 95 | ||
| Complex Trauma | 96 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 96 | ||
| PREVENTION | 97 | ||
| CONCEPTUALIZING TRAUMA AND THE CLINICAL WORKUP | 98 | ||
| Trauma Assessment | 98 | ||
| TREATMENT | 98 | ||
| Pharmacology | 99 | ||
| REFERENCES | 100 | ||
| 9 - Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another | 105 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 105 | ||
| DEFINITION/SYMPTOM CRITERIA | 105 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 106 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 106 | ||
| SCREENING | 106 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 107 | ||
| Additional Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders | 107 | ||
| Malingering | 107 | ||
| Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | 108 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 108 | ||
| Neurodevelopmental Disorders | 108 | ||
| COMMON COMORBID DIAGNOSES | 108 | ||
| ASSESSMENT | 108 | ||
| The Record Review | 109 | ||
| Mental Health Assessment | 109 | ||
| Collateral Interviews | 111 | ||
| The Separation Test | 111 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation of Suspected Victim | 112 | ||
| Profiling Abusers | 112 | ||
| CASE MANAGEMENT, TREATMENT, AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 112 | ||
| Working as a Team | 112 | ||
| Placement | 112 | ||
| Supervised Visitation | 113 | ||
| Medical Care for Child | 113 | ||
| School | 113 | ||
| Psychotherapy for Abuser, Spouse, and Child Victim | 113 | ||
| Reunification | 114 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 114 | ||
| DISCLOSURE STATEMENT | 114 | ||
| REFERENCES | 114 | ||
| 10 - Pediatric Sleep Disorders | 117 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 117 | ||
| NORMAL SLEEP DEVELOPMENT | 117 | ||
| Newborns (0–2Months) | 117 | ||
| Infants (2–12Months) | 118 | ||
| Toddlers (12Months–3Years) | 118 | ||
| Preschoolers (3–5Years) | 118 | ||
| School-Aged Children (6–12Years) | 119 | ||
| Adolescents (12–18Years) | 119 | ||
| PEDIATRIC SLEEP DISORDERS | 119 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 120 | ||
| Partial arousal parasomnias | 122 | ||
| Rhythmic movement disorders | 123 | ||
| Restless legs syndrome | 123 | ||
| Common Pediatric Disorders in Children in Preteens and Young Adolescents | 123 | ||
| Circadian rhythm disorders—delayed sleep phase syndrome | 124 | ||
| Pediatric narcolepsy | 124 | ||
| Insomnia | 125 | ||
| Sleep bruxism | 125 | ||
| PEDIATRIC PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND SLEEP | 125 | ||
| Sleep Disturbance in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | 125 | ||
| Sleep Disturbance in Autism | 126 | ||
| Sleep Disturbance in Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 126 | ||
| Sleep Disturbance in Posttraumatic Sleep Disorder | 126 | ||
| Sleep Disturbance in Panic Disorder | 127 | ||
| Bipolar disorder | 127 | ||
| SUMMARY | 128 | ||
| REFERENCES | 128 | ||
| 11 - Concussion in Children and Adolescents | 129 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 129 | ||
| DEFINITION/SYMPTOM CRITERIA | 129 | ||
| PREVALENCE/EPIDEMIOLOGY | 129 | ||
| ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 130 | ||
| SCREENING/DIAGNOSIS | 130 | ||
| Baseline Testing | 131 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | 131 | ||
| WORKUP/CLINICAL FINDINGS | 132 | ||
| Physical Examination | 132 | ||
| TREATMENT | 132 | ||
| REFERENCES | 133 | ||
| 12 - Pediatric Delirium | 135 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 135 | ||
| DEFINITION/SYMPTOM CRITERIA | 135 | ||
| PREVALENCE/EPIDEMIOLOGY | 136 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/ETIOLOGY | 137 | ||
| Neurotransmitter Deficiency/Dysregulation | 137 | ||
| Neuroinflammation | 138 | ||
| Oxidative Stress | 138 | ||
| ASSESSMENT | 138 | ||
| Screening | 138 | ||
| Electroencephalogram Findings | 141 | ||
| Developmental Concerns | 141 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMAS | 141 | ||
| Delirium Versus Catatonia | 141 | ||
| Delirium Versus Psychiatric Illness | 143 | ||
| TREATMENT | 143 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Management | 143 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management | 144 | ||
| Benzodiazepine Withdrawal–Induced Delirium | 145 | ||
| Treatment of Behavioral Symptoms With Medications | 145 | ||
| Pharmacologic Strategies to Reduce the Incidence of Delirium | 147 | ||
| Integrative Management | 147 | ||
| SEQUELAE | 148 | ||
| Cognitive Outcomes | 148 | ||
| Psychiatric Outcomes | 148 | ||
| CLOSING | 149 | ||
| REFERENCES | 149 | ||
| 13 - Pediatric Catatonia | 155 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 155 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 155 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 155 | ||
| SCREENING | 155 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 155 | ||
| LABORATORY TESTS | 156 | ||
| ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM | 157 | ||
| BRAIN IMAGING | 157 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/ETIOLOGY | 159 | ||
| Animal Models | 159 | ||
| Neurotransmitters Imbalances | 159 | ||
| Glutamatergic | 159 | ||
| Dopaminergic | 159 | ||
| Serotonergic | 159 | ||
| Cholinergic | 159 | ||
| Infectious/Autoimmune | 160 | ||
| Oxidative Damage | 160 | ||
| Genetic Risks | 160 | ||
| Physical and Psychological Trauma | 160 | ||
| TREATMENTS | 160 | ||
| TREATMENTS FOR CATATONIA | 160 | ||
| MEDICATIONS | 160 | ||
| ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY | 161 | ||
| Implications for Clinical Pediatric Practice | 162 | ||
| SUMMARY | 162 | ||
| REFERENCES | 163 | ||
| 14 - Pediatric Inflammatory Brain Disease | 169 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 169 | ||
| BRAIN IMMUNOLOGY | 169 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF INFLAMMATORY BRAIN DISEASE | 170 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 170 | ||
| Physical Examination Findings | 170 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 171 | ||
| Imaging | 173 | ||
| Electroencephalogram | 173 | ||
| Neuropsychiatric Testing | 173 | ||
| Diagnosis | 173 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 173 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF INFLAMMATORY BRAIN DISEASES | 175 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Causes | 177 | ||
| Autoimmune encephalitis | 177 | ||
| Limbic Encephalitis (N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor and Others) | 177 | ||
| Basal Ganglia Encephalitis | 178 | ||
| Steroid-Responsive Encephalitis Associated With Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s Encephalitis) | 178 | ||
| Demyelinating inflammatory brain disease | 179 | ||
| Central nervous system vasculitis and rheumatologic diseases associated with central nervous system inflammation | 179 | ||
| Central Nervous System Vasculitis | 179 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome | 180 | ||
| Behcet’s Disease | 180 | ||
| Sjogren’s Syndrome and Sarcoidosis | 180 | ||
| Cytokine-associated encephalopathy | 180 | ||
| Infection-associated relapsing/remitting central nervous system disorder: neuropsychiatric symptoms that follow infections outsi... | 180 | ||
| TREATMENT | 181 | ||
| THREE PEDIATRIC ACUTE-ONSET NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYNDROME CONSENSUS GUIDELINES: A POSSIBLE MODEL FOR PEDIATRIC INFLAMMATORY BRAIN DI... | 181 | ||
| ROLE OF PSYCHIATRIST IN MANAGING INFLAMMATORY BRAIN DISORDER | 182 | ||
| Recognition | 182 | ||
| Psychiatric Evaluation | 182 | ||
| REFERENCES | 184 | ||
| 15 - Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder | 189 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 189 | ||
| DEFINITION/SYMPTOM CRITERIA | 190 | ||
| PREVALENCE/EPIDEMIOLOGY | 190 | ||
| ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 190 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES AND DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMAS | 191 | ||
| WORKUP | 191 | ||
| TREATMENT | 192 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 193 | ||
| POTENTIAL OUTCOMES | 193 | ||
| COMORBIDITIES | 194 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES | 195 | ||
| 16 - Pediatric Bipolar Disorder | 199 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 199 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, FIFTH EDITION DEFINITION | 199 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 200 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS | 200 | ||
| COMMON COMORBIDITY | 200 | ||
| Substance Use Disorders | 200 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 201 | ||
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders | 201 | ||
| Learning Disabilities | 201 | ||
| Suicide | 201 | ||
| Medical Comorbidity | 202 | ||
| Treatment | 202 | ||
| Pharmacology, immediate and long-term | 202 | ||
| Failed or Negative Trials | 202 | ||
| Positive Double-Blind Trials | 204 | ||
| Positive Open-Label Trials | 205 | ||
| Federal Treatment Trials | 205 | ||
| Combination Trials | 206 | ||
| Long-term trial | 206 | ||
| Psychotherapy | 206 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 207 | ||
| REFERENCES | 207 | ||
| 17 - Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia | 211 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 211 | ||
| DEFINITION/SYMPTOM CRITERIA | 211 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 213 | ||
| SCREENING/DIAGNOSIS | 213 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 213 | ||
| EVALUATION AND WORKUP | 213 | ||
| Screening and Diagnostic Tools | 214 | ||
| Comorbidity | 214 | ||
| INTERVENTION | 216 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic | 216 | ||
| Pharmacologic | 216 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE | 218 | ||
| REFERENCES | 218 | ||
| Clinical Pearls Appendix | 225 | ||
| Index | 231 | ||
| A | 231 | ||
| B | 231 | ||
| C | 232 | ||
| D | 233 | ||
| E | 233 | ||
| F | 233 | ||
| G | 234 | ||
| H | 234 | ||
| I | 234 | ||
| K | 234 | ||
| L | 234 | ||
| M | 234 | ||
| N | 234 | ||
| O | 235 | ||
| P | 235 | ||
| R | 236 | ||
| S | 236 | ||
| T | 237 | ||
| U | 237 | ||
| V | 237 | ||
| W | 237 | ||
| Z | 237 |