BOOK
Exotic Animal Neurology, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, E-Book
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice on Exotic Animal Neurology, edited by Susan Orosz, includes: Pain and its control in Reptiles; The Neuroanatomical basis for pain and controlling pain in birds; Avian Bornavirus and its pathophysiology for Proventricular dilatation disease; Treatment of Proventricular dilatation disease and avian ganglioneuritis; Vaccination for Proventricular dilatation disease; Imaging the brain for exotic animal clinicians; EC in rabbits; Pain control in small mammals; Vaccination of ferrets for Rabies and Distemper; and Medication for Behavior Modification in Birds.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Exotic Animal Neurology | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Pain and Its Control in Reptiles | v | ||
| Pain in Birds: The Anatomical and Physiological Basis | v | ||
| Avian Ganglioneuritis in Clinical Practice | v | ||
| Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Rabbits | v | ||
| Analgesics in Small Mammals | vi | ||
| Vaccination of Ferrets for Rabies and Distemper | vi | ||
| Medication for Behavior Modification in Birds | vi | ||
| Functional and Anatomic Correlates of Neural Aging in Birds | vi | ||
| Gut Brain Axis and Its Microbiota Regulation in Mammals and Birds | vii | ||
| VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: EXOTIC\rANIMAL PRACTICE\r | viii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | viii | ||
| May 2018 | viii | ||
| September 2018 | viii | ||
| January 2019 | viii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | viii | ||
| September 2017 | viii | ||
| May 2017 | viii | ||
| January 2017 | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Pain and Its Control in Reptiles | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| NEUROANATOMY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY | 2 | ||
| Transduction | 2 | ||
| Transmission | 2 | ||
| Projection | 2 | ||
| Perception | 3 | ||
| REPTILE ANALGESICS | 4 | ||
| Local Analgesics | 4 | ||
| Spinal Analgesia | 5 | ||
| Systemic Analgesics | 5 | ||
| Anti-inflammatories | 5 | ||
| Opioids | 8 | ||
| Other analgesics | 10 | ||
| α2-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS | 10 | ||
| NMDA RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST | 11 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE | 12 | ||
| PREEMPTIVE AND MULTIMODAL ANALGESIA | 12 | ||
| SUMMARY | 12 | ||
| REFERENCES | 13 | ||
| Pain in Birds | 17 | ||
| Key points | 17 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 17 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 18 | ||
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 19 | ||
| PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL SENSITIZATION | 25 | ||
| REFERENCES | 26 | ||
| Avian Ganglioneuritis in Clinical Practice | 33 | ||
| Key points | 33 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 33 | ||
| AVIAN GANGLIONEURITIS | 34 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 34 | ||
| Signs Associated with the Nervous System | 34 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 39 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 46 | ||
| Avian Bornavirus | 46 | ||
| Infection Rate | 47 | ||
| Transmission | 47 | ||
| Incubation Period | 48 | ||
| Role of Avian Bornavirus in Pathogenesis of Avian Ganglioneuritis/Proventricular Dilatation Disease | 49 | ||
| Asymptomatic Infection with Avian Bornavirus | 49 | ||
| Proposed Autoimmune Mechanisms for Avian Ganglioneuritis/Proventricular Dilatation Disease | 50 | ||
| The Complement System and Its Proposed Role in Pathogenesis of Lesions | 51 | ||
| Lesion Characterization in Parrots and Ganglioside Sensitization of the Host | 53 | ||
| Diagnosis | 56 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 57 | ||
| Avian Bornavirus Diagnostics | 57 | ||
| Polymerase chain reaction | 57 | ||
| Serology | 57 | ||
| Treatment | 58 | ||
| Medications | 58 | ||
| Avian bornaviral vaccination | 59 | ||
| FORMULARY | 60 | ||
| REFERENCES | 60 | ||
| Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Rabbits | 69 | ||
| Key points | 69 | ||
| INTRODUCTION/BIOLOGY OF ENCEPHALITOZOON CUNICULI | 69 | ||
| Classification and Cell Structure | 69 | ||
| Life Cycle and Pathogenesis | 70 | ||
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Other Mammals and Humans | 71 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 72 | ||
| Neurologic Manifestation | 72 | ||
| Phacoclastic Uveitis | 73 | ||
| Clinical Signs Compatible with Chronic Interstitial Nephritis | 73 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP | 73 | ||
| Serologic Testing for Specific Immunoglobulin G and Immunoglobulin M Antibodies Against Encephalitozoon cuniculi | 73 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 75 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Methods for Exclusion of Relevant Differential Diagnoses | 76 | ||
| TREATMENT OF RABBITS WITH VESTIBULAR DYSFUNCTION | 76 | ||
| Inhibition of Spore Proliferation | 77 | ||
| Anti-Inflammatory Therapy | 77 | ||
| Supportive Care | 78 | ||
| Physiotherapy: Therapeutic Exercise | 78 | ||
| REFERENCES | 79 | ||
| Analgesics in Small Mammals | 83 | ||
| Key points | 83 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 83 | ||
| GENERAL SIGNS OF PAIN | 84 | ||
| SPECIFIC SIGNS OF PAIN | 85 | ||
| RODENT AND RABBIT GRIMACE SCALES (PAIN FACES) | 87 | ||
| ASSESSING PAIN IN CLINICAL PRACTICE | 89 | ||
| PAIN PREVENTION AND ALLEVIATION | 90 | ||
| Postoperative and Posttrauma Pain | 90 | ||
| Analgesic Agents | 92 | ||
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 92 | ||
| Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) | 94 | ||
| Opioids | 94 | ||
| Tramadol | 95 | ||
| Local anesthetics | 96 | ||
| Preventive Analgesia | 96 | ||
| Outpatient Analgesia | 97 | ||
| Recommendations | 97 | ||
| Managing Other Causes of Pain | 98 | ||
| SUMMARY | 98 | ||
| REFERENCES | 99 | ||
| Vaccination of Ferrets for Rabies and Distemper | 105 | ||
| Key points | 105 | ||
| DISTEMPER | 105 | ||
| RABIES | 108 | ||
| VACCINE REACTIONS | 109 | ||
| RISK ASSESSMENT AND VACCINATION POLICY | 110 | ||
| Ideal Kit Wellness and Vaccine Schedule | 111 | ||
| Ideal Adult Ferret Wellness Vaccine Schedule | 111 | ||
| Protocol and Strategies for Ferrets that Develop a Vaccine Reaction | 112 | ||
| THE FERRET AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUTURE | 112 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 112 | ||
| REFERENCES | 112 | ||
| Medication for Behavior Modification in Birds | 115 | ||
| Key points | 115 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 115 | ||
| BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS: WHEN TO PRESCRIBE AND WHEN NOT TO PRESCRIBE MEDICATION | 116 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP ESSENTIALS — ESTABLISHING A (DIFFERENTIAL) DIAGNOSIS AND RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION ... | 120 | ||
| History | 121 | ||
| Direct Behavioral Observations | 122 | ||
| Physical Examination and Ancillary Tests | 122 | ||
| CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE DRUG — CONSIDERATIONS FOR DRUG SELECTION | 122 | ||
| PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG CLASSES AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION | 124 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 127 | ||
| Azapirones | 134 | ||
| Tricyclic Antidepressants | 134 | ||
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | 135 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 136 | ||
| Opioid Antagonists | 136 | ||
| HORMONE THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE-RELATED BEHAVIORS | 137 | ||
| THERAPY FOR PAIN-RELATED BEHAVIORS | 138 | ||
| THERAPY FOR PRURITUS-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORS | 139 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS IN CASES OF CONVULSIVE BEHAVIORS | 139 | ||
| MONITORING AND FOLLOW-UP | 140 | ||
| SUMMARY | 142 | ||
| REFERENCES | 142 | ||
| Functional and Anatomic Correlates of Neural Aging in Birds | 151 | ||
| Key points | 151 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 151 | ||
| AN OVERVIEW OF AGING IN BIRDS | 152 | ||
| EVIDENCE OF NEURAL AND COGNITIVE AGING IN SHORT- AND LONG-LIVED BIRDS | 153 | ||
| Auditory and Visual System Aging | 153 | ||
| Cognitive Function and Aging | 154 | ||
| SUMMARY | 154 | ||
| REFERENCES | 155 | ||
| Gut Brain Axis and Its Microbiota Regulation in Mammals and Birds | 159 | ||
| Key points | 159 | ||
| INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND ITS FUNCTION | 159 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA | 160 | ||
| INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA OF MAMMALS | 161 | ||
| Humans, Mice, Dogs, Cats | 161 | ||
| Rabbits, Ferrets, and Hamsters | 161 | ||
| INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA OF PARROTS AND PSITTACINES | 162 | ||
| EXAMPLES OF GUT-BRAIN AXIS INTERACTIONS ACROSS ANIMAL MODELS | 162 | ||
| SUMMARY | 164 | ||
| REFERENCES | 165 |