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Abstract
This book, the first on social tourism in English, provides a comprehensive analysis of the various systems and practices in support of disadvantaged people's enjoyment of tourism. Combining theory and practice and a truly European perspective, this book provides an interdisciplinary approach to examine the concepts and contexts underpinning social tourism that will be a key reference point for students, practitioners and researchers. Theoretical perspectives on social tourism are assessed in the context of social inequality, sustainability, family diversity, mobility and the welfare society. The case studies cover public initiatives, charities and voluntary organisations, from a range of different countries including the UK, Ireland, Belgium, Denmark and Poland, covering the diversity of systems and practices in Europe.
Scott McCabe graduated from his doctoral studies in 2001 and has been working in higher education for last sixteen years. Scott is currently head of the Marketing Division at Nottingham University Business School, where he has worked for seven years. Previously he worked in the hospitality sector, mainly in small hotels, restaurants and bars, travelling widely in Europe, Australia and South East Asia. He worked for a time in the fine wine trade.
Dr Lynn Minnaert is a lecturer in tourism and events at the University of Surrey. Her research focuses on social tourism and social sustainability in tourism and events.
Anya Diekmann is Professor of Tourism at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium. Her research focuses mainly on cultural tourism, urban ethnic and slum tourism as well as social tourism.
In austere times, Social Tourism has the potential to make innovative contributions to the restructuring of both the visitor economy and social policy. This book is a timely addition to the emerging research on this neglected topic. Its wide-ranging and challenging review of the concepts that underlie social tourism together with examples of how it is practised will make it invaluable to researchers, students and policymakers.
This book, therefore, fills a need among tourism scholars and industry organizers who seek practical information on the rights and responsibilities assigned travel, and the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of tourism in the 21st Century. I found it a useful resource for introductory university courses in tourism and cultural anthropology. I would also recommend it for anyone interested in the history of European tourism and the ceremonial nature of tourist activities.
This well-researched collection of papers provides a refreshing insight into the diverse historical experiences and interpretations of ‘social tourism’ across Europe. Through a combination of penetrating theoretical analysis and up-to-date practical illustration it raises a number of fundamental questions regarding the role of tourism in contemporary societies and presents a powerful case for regarding tourism as more than a commercially-driven industry or item of discretionary leisure consumption but also as a vital social need and universal right.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Contents | v | ||
Figures | ix | ||
Tables | x | ||
Acknowledgements | xi | ||
Contributors | xii | ||
1\tIntroduction | 1 | ||
Scott McCabe, Lynn Minnaert and \nAnya Diekmann | 1 | ||
Structure of the Book | 6 | ||
The Case Studies: Social Tourism Practices | 10 | ||
Conclusions | 12 | ||
Case Study 1: \nInternational Social Tourism Organisation \n(ISTO, formerly BITS) | 14 | ||
Charles Belanger Director | 14 | ||
2\tDefining Social Tourism and \nIts Historical Context | 18 | ||
Lynn Minnaert, Anya Diekmann \nand Scott McCabe | 18 | ||
Definitions | 20 | ||
Social Tourism in Europe: A Brief History | 24 | ||
Conclusion | 27 | ||
Case Study 2: \nHoliday Participation Centre, Flanders (Steunpunt Vakantieparticipatie) | 31 | ||
Marianne Schapmans Coordinator | 31 | ||
3\tSocial Tourism Today: Stakeholders, and Supply \nand Demand Factors | 35 | ||
Anya Diekmann, Scott McCabe and \nLynn Minnaert | 35 | ||
An Explanatory Framework for the Common Organisational Structure of Social Tourism in Europe | 36 | ||
Unpacking the Demand for Social Tourism | 39 | ||
Social Tourism Systems | 40 | ||
Intermediary Organisations | 43 | ||
Commercial and Social Tourism: \nAn Ambivalent Relationship | 43 | ||
Developing Unified Social Tourism \nImplementation Schemes | 44 | ||
Conclusions | 45 | ||
Case Study 3: \nFamily Holiday Association | 48 | ||
Thea Joldesma Programme and Policy Manager | 48 | ||
4\tResisting the Hegemony of the Market: Reclaiming the Social Capacities of Tourism | 53 | ||
Freya Higgins-Desbiolles | 53 | ||
Hegemonic Neoliberalism and Its Impacts | 53 | ||
Neoliberalism and Tourism | 55 | ||
Tourism as an Industry: The Marketisation of Tourism | 56 | ||
Tourism as a Social Force: The Transformative Capacity of Tourism | 59 | ||
Tourism and Travel as a Human Right | 60 | ||
Social Tourism: A Forgotten Commitment to Humanity | 61 | ||
Conclusion | 66 | ||
Case Study 4: ‘Arbejdsmarkedets Feriefond’ – The Labour Market Holiday Fund, Denmark | 69 | ||
Anne-Mette Hjalager Managing Director, \nAdvance/1 Research Consultancy, Aarhus, Denmark | 69 | ||
5\tSocial Tourism and \nthe Social Economy | 73 | ||
Gilles Caire | 73 | ||
Social Tourism in France: \nA Considerable Economic Player | 74 | ||
The Origins of Social Tourism in France | 76 | ||
The Implementation of a Fordist Form of \nSocial Tourism | 78 | ||
Holiday Villages: Professionalisation and Standardisation | 80 | ||
The Beginning of Competition, Resistance \nand Innovation | 83 | ||
Conclusion: Social Tourism and the French Model: \nA Cultural Exception | 86 | ||
Case Study 5: \nFloreal, Joie et Vacances | 89 | ||
Kim Beuten PA to the General Manager | 89 | ||
6\tMobilities and Social Exclusion: Towards a \nResearch Agenda | 92 | ||
Kevin Hannam | 92 | ||
The Mobilities Paradigm | 93 | ||
Leisure, Social Inequalities and Mobilities | 95 | ||
Children’s Mobilities | 97 | ||
Conclusions | 99 | ||
Case Study 6: The Sunshine Fund | 104 | ||
Tom MacMahon Vice-President and Head of the \nChildren’s Department | 104 | ||
7\tThe Welfare Society \nand Tourism: \nEuropean Perspectives | 108 | ||
Derek Hall and Frances Brown | 108 | ||
Access to Leisure Travel as Welfare | 108 | ||
The Welfare State in Europe | 112 | ||
International Differences in Access to Holidays | 113 | ||
Models of Social Tourism in Europe | 115 | ||
The Evolution of Social Tourism Under State Socialism | 116 | ||
Conclusions | 118 | ||
Case Study 7: Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-Krajoznawcze (PTTK; Polish Tourist Association) | 122 | ||
Paweł Zan’ Senior Specialist, Management Office, \nPolish Tourist Association | 122 | ||
8\tThe Family Factor in \nSocial Tourism | 126 | ||
Elizabeth Such and Tess Kay | 126 | ||
The Representation of Family Diversity in \nTourism Research | 127 | ||
The Significance of Free-Time Activity in Family Life | 129 | ||
The Parameters of Diversity in Contemporary ‘Family’ | 131 | ||
Responding to Diversity in Family Research in \nTourism Studies | 135 | ||
Conclusions | 138 | ||
Case Study 8: The Family Fund, UK | 142 | ||
Clare Kassa Network Development Manager, Family Fund | 142 | ||
9\tDisability, Representation and Access to Tourism | 145 | ||
Gareth Shaw and Sheela Agarwal | 145 | ||
Policy Contexts: Empowering the Disabled Tourist | 146 | ||
The Holiday Experiences of Persons With Disabilities | 154 | ||
The Embodiment and the Representation of Persons with Disabilities in Tourism Marketing | 156 | ||
Travellers with Disabilities, Co-creation and \nCo-production | 159 | ||
Conclusion | 159 | ||
Case Study 9: Consorzio Sociale (COIN – Società Cooperativa Sociale) | 163 | ||
Anna-Grazia Laura COIN Project Coordinator | 163 | ||
10\tSocial Tourism and Sustainability | 166 | ||
Christian Baumgartner | 166 | ||
Sustainable Tourism | 167 | ||
Social Tourism and Sustainability | 169 | ||
Naturefriends: Origins in Social and \nSustainable Tourism | 171 | ||
Sustainability Challenges for Social Tourism | 172 | ||
Conclusions | 175 | ||
Case Study 10: European Union Federation of Youth Hostel Associations (EUFED) | 178 | ||
Dr Constanze Adolph Operations Director, EUFED | 178 | ||
11\tConclusions and future research issues | 184 | ||
Scott McCabe, Anya Diekmann \nand Lynn Minnaert | 184 | ||
Looking Back | 185 | ||
Moving Forward | 190 | ||
Table 5.1 Growth in number of customers: Villages Vacances Familles (VVF) versus Club Méditerranée | 82 | ||
Table 8.1 Holidays as a necessity and holiday deprivation | 128 | ||
Table 8.2 Proportions (%) of UK families with dependent children by ethnic group and family type (April 2001) | 136 | ||
Table 9.1 European Action Plan for Disability and Equal Opportunities (2004–07) | 147 | ||
Table 9.2 The European disability strategy, 2010–20: key action areas and objectives | 148 | ||
Table 9.3 Sample of respondents in the EU-wide survey 2009–10 | 152 | ||
Table 9.4 Disabled consumers’ views of their representation in holiday literature | 153 | ||
Figure 3.1 The common organisational structure for European social tourism | 37 | ||
Figure 3.2 Social tourism provision structures | 41 | ||
Figure 4.1 A model of interdependent systems: ecology, society and economy (source: Stilwell, 2002: 14) | 66 | ||
Figure 5.1 Mass tourism and wage relations | 79 | ||
Figure 5.2 The social economy within the wider economy (adapted from Demoustier, 2003) | 81 | ||
Figure 5.3 Social tourism within plural Fordist tourism | 81 | ||
Figure 10.1 Sustainable development in tourism (based on Müller & Flügel, 1999; adapted according to Baumgartner, 2000) | 168 |