BOOK
Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare, Part I: Facility Planning and Management, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Dr. Kaye and Dr. Dhor have assembled top experts to write about facility planning and management in Part I of their two issues devoted to Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare. Articles in this issue are devoted to: Building a Successful Infection Control Program: Key Components, Processes and Economics; Hand Hygiene Sterilization; High Level Disinfection and Environmental Cleaning; Environement of Care; Infection Control in Alternative Healthcare Settings (Long Term Care and Ambulatory); Antibiotic Stewardship; Outbreak Investigations
Water Safety in Healthcare/Legionella in the Healthcare Setting; Construction and Renovation; Bloodborne and Body Fluid Exposures - prevention and management of Occupational Health Issues; and Informatics and Statistics in Infection Control. Part II is devoted to clinical management of infections.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Infection Prevention andControl in Healthcare,Part I: Facility Planningand Management | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare, Part I: Facility Planning and Management\r | vii | ||
| Building a Successful Infection Prevention Program: Key Components, Processes, and Economics\r | vii | ||
| Hand Hygiene: An Update\r | vii | ||
| Disinfection and Sterilization in Health Care Facilities: An Overview and Current Issues\r | vii | ||
| Optimizing Health Care Environmental Hygiene\r | viii | ||
| Outbreaks in Health Care Settings\r | viii | ||
| Water Safety and Legionella in Health Care: Priorities, Policy, and Practice\r | viii | ||
| Prevention by Design: Construction and Renovation of Health Care Facilities for Patient Safety and Infection Prevention\r | viii | ||
| Occupational Health Update: Focus on Preventing the Acquisition of Infections with Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Postexposur \r | ix | ||
| Informatics in Infection Control\r | ix | ||
| Antimicrobial Stewardship for the Infection Control Practitioner\r | ix | ||
| Infection Control in Alternative Health Care Settings: An Update\r | ix | ||
| Preventing Hospital-acquired Infections in Low-income and Middle-income Countries: Impact, Gaps, and Opportunities\r | x | ||
| INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS\rOF NORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| December 2016 | xi | ||
| March 2017 | xi | ||
| June 2017 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| June 2016 | xi | ||
| March 2016 | xi | ||
| December 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface:\rInfection Prevention and Control in Healthcare, Part I: Facility Planning and Management | xiii | ||
| Building a Successful Infection Prevention Program | 567 | ||
| Key points | 567 | ||
| THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATION AND REQUIREMENTS OF INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL | 567 | ||
| INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAM | 570 | ||
| Mission, Vision, and Values | 570 | ||
| Infection Prevention and Control Committee | 571 | ||
| KEY MEMBERS OF THE INFECTION PREVENTION TEAM AND/OR PROGRAM | 572 | ||
| Hospital Physician Epidemiologist or Medical Director of Infection Prevention | 572 | ||
| Data Programmer and Analyst | 572 | ||
| Administrative Assistant | 573 | ||
| Infection Preventionist | 573 | ||
| Meeting Management | 574 | ||
| Infection Prevention Staffing | 574 | ||
| Budget | 575 | ||
| Surveillance | 576 | ||
| Outbreak Investigation | 579 | ||
| Quality Improvement: Role of the Infection Preventionist | 581 | ||
| ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS PLAN | 581 | ||
| SUMMARY | 583 | ||
| REFERENCES | 583 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 591 | ||
| Key points | 591 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 591 | ||
| HUMAN SKIN AND SKIN FLORA | 592 | ||
| EVOLUTION OF GUIDELINES | 593 | ||
| ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS | 594 | ||
| HAND HYGIENE ADHERENCE | 596 | ||
| BARRIERS TO HAND HYGIENE | 598 | ||
| IMPROVING HAND HYGIENE ADHERENCE | 600 | ||
| HEALTH CARE–ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS | 601 | ||
| SUMMARY | 602 | ||
| REFERENCES | 603 | ||
| Disinfection and Sterilization in Health Care Facilities | 609 | ||
| Key points | 609 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 609 | ||
| A RATIONAL APPROACH TO DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION | 610 | ||
| Critical Items | 613 | ||
| Semicritical Items | 613 | ||
| Noncritical Items | 617 | ||
| CURRENT ISSUES IN DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION | 618 | ||
| Reprocessing of Endoscopes | 618 | ||
| Outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infection associated with duodenoscopes: what can we do to prevent inf ... | 621 | ||
| Role of the Environment in Disease Transmission | 622 | ||
| Improving room cleaning and disinfection and demonstrating the effectiveness of surface decontamination in reducing health ... | 622 | ||
| No-touch (or mechanical) methods for room decontamination | 623 | ||
| Ultraviolet light for room decontamination | 623 | ||
| Hydrogen peroxide systems for room decontamination | 624 | ||
| Comparison of ultraviolet irradiation versus hydrogen peroxide for room decontamination | 624 | ||
| Assessing Risk to Patients from Disinfection and Sterilization Failures | 624 | ||
| Human Papilloma Virus | 624 | ||
| Hydrogen Peroxide Mist System for Probes | 628 | ||
| Do Not Reuse Single-Use Devices | 629 | ||
| Storage of Semicritical Items | 629 | ||
| Immersion Versus Perfusion of Channel Scopes Such as Cystoscopes | 629 | ||
| Laryngoscopes | 630 | ||
| Emerging Pathogens, Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, and Bioterrorism Agents | 631 | ||
| SUMMARY | 631 | ||
| REFERENCES | 631 | ||
| Optimizing Health Care Environmental Hygiene | 639 | ||
| Key points | 639 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 639 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CONTAMINATED SURFACES | 641 | ||
| CLEANING HEALTH CARE SURFACES | 642 | ||
| Methods for Evaluating Physical Cleaning | 644 | ||
| Covert direct practice observation | 645 | ||
| Basic culture methods | 645 | ||
| Agar slide cultures | 645 | ||
| Adenosine triphosphate assays | 645 | ||
| Fluorescent markers | 646 | ||
| Programmatic Benefits and Challenges of Environmental Cleaning Monitoring | 646 | ||
| DISINFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES | 648 | ||
| Chemical Disinfectants | 648 | ||
| Technologies to Augment Disinfection Cleaning | 649 | ||
| No-touch technologies | 649 | ||
| Self-disinfecting surfaces | 649 | ||
| Challenges of Measuring Cleanliness Versus Cleaning | 650 | ||
| Cleanliness | 650 | ||
| Cleaning | 651 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE AND HAND HYGIENE—AN INTEGRATED APPROACH | 651 | ||
| RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES | 653 | ||
| Improving Study Design | 653 | ||
| A Proposed Hygienic Practice Research Agenda | 654 | ||
| Understanding transmission events related to patient room surfaces | 654 | ||
| Measuring cleanliness | 654 | ||
| Improving cleanliness by focusing on process | 655 | ||
| Improving cleanliness by evaluating emerging interventions | 655 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 655 | ||
| REFERENCES | 655 | ||
| Outbreaks in Health Care Settings | 661 | ||
| Key points | 661 | ||
| OUTBREAKS | 661 | ||
| APPROACH TO AN OUTBREAK | 662 | ||
| PSEUDO-OUTBREAKS | 670 | ||
| LABORATORY AND TESTING | 670 | ||
| SOURCES | 672 | ||
| Health Care Personnel | 672 | ||
| Hospital Environment | 672 | ||
| Waterborne Sources | 672 | ||
| Legionella spp | 673 | ||
| ORGANISMS | 674 | ||
| Nontuberculous Mycobacteria | 674 | ||
| Acinetobacter spp | 674 | ||
| Pseudomonas spp | 675 | ||
| Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae | 675 | ||
| S aureus Including Methicillin-Resistant S aureus | 676 | ||
| Fungus and Mold, Including Aspergillus | 676 | ||
| Respiratory Infections | 677 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Infections | 678 | ||
| HIGH-RISK SETTINGS | 678 | ||
| Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | 678 | ||
| Endoscopes and Endoscopy Suites | 679 | ||
| Transplant Units | 680 | ||
| SUMMARY | 680 | ||
| REFERENCES | 681 | ||
| Water Safety and Legionella in Health Care | 689 | ||
| Key points | 689 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 690 | ||
| WATER IN THE HEALTH CARE SETTING AND PATHOGENS | 690 | ||
| Water Management Priorities | 692 | ||
| Safety | 692 | ||
| Distribution and quality | 692 | ||
| Water stagnation in pipes | 692 | ||
| Disinfectant residual | 692 | ||
| Water temperature | 694 | ||
| The balance between scald prevention and microbial control | 694 | ||
| Thermostatic mixing valves/anti-scald devices | 695 | ||
| Construction activities | 695 | ||
| Leaking pipes/condensation | 695 | ||
| Decorative water features | 695 | ||
| Conservation | 696 | ||
| Emergency water supply (water security) | 696 | ||
| Water-based Health Care–associated Infections | 696 | ||
| Health care–associated infections and Legionella | 697 | ||
| Legionella in health care building water distribution systems | 701 | ||
| The unapparent or creeping outbreak | 702 | ||
| BUILDING WATER SAFETY PLANS | 703 | ||
| The Team Approach | 703 | ||
| Legionella Prevention Plans | 704 | ||
| SUMMARY: THE FUTURE OF WATER SAFETY IN HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES | 706 | ||
| REFERENCES | 706 | ||
| Prevention by Design | 713 | ||
| Key points | 713 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 714 | ||
| CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES OF INFECTION | 714 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION RISKS FROM THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT | 715 | ||
| Air as a Reservoir of Health Care–associated Infections | 715 | ||
| Water as a Reservoir of Health Care–associated Infections | 716 | ||
| HANDWASHING STATION DESIGN | 716 | ||
| WATER FEATURE: NOT ALLOWED | 717 | ||
| Inpatient Rooms, Surfaces, and Finishes | 717 | ||
| STRATEGIES AND DESIGN ELEMENTS TO SUPPORT INFECTION PREVENTION | 718 | ||
| Select Elements of Design | 718 | ||
| Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning | 718 | ||
| Universal or acuity-adaptable and single-occupancy patient-care rooms | 719 | ||
| Airborne-infection isolation room | 719 | ||
| Protective environment room | 720 | ||
| Handwashing stations and hand hygiene | 720 | ||
| Toilets and disposal of human waste | 720 | ||
| Surfaces, finishes, and furnishings | 720 | ||
| Floors, walls, and ceilings | 721 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES | 721 | ||
| Trends | 721 | ||
| Informing Future Guidelines Development | 721 | ||
| RESOURCES FOR DESIGNING IN INFECTION PREVENTION | 722 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 722 | ||
| REFERENCES | 722 | ||
| Appendix A. APPENDIX A STEPWISE PROCESS FOR INFECTION CONTROL RISK MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND RENOVATION | 725 | ||
| Occupational Health Update | 729 | ||
| Key points | 729 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 729 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 730 | ||
| PRE-EXPOSURE SCREENING AND IMMUNIZATIONS | 731 | ||
| Pre-exposure Screening | 731 | ||
| Immunizations | 731 | ||
| POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS | 735 | ||
| Sharp Injuries | 737 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 739 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 739 | ||
| Invasive Meningococcal Infections | 741 | ||
| Varicella | 742 | ||
| Pertussis | 743 | ||
| Postexposure Prophylaxis: Others | 744 | ||
| Tetanus | 744 | ||
| Diphtheria | 745 | ||
| Measles | 745 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 745 | ||
| Human bites | 746 | ||
| Rabies | 746 | ||
| Ectoparasites | 747 | ||
| Syphilis | 747 | ||
| Influenza | 747 | ||
| EVALUATION OF ILL HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL | 750 | ||
| REFERENCES | 750 | ||
| Informatics in Infection Control | 759 | ||
| Key points | 759 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 759 | ||
| INFECTION SURVEILLANCE | 760 | ||
| Fully Automated Versus Semiautomated Surveillance | 761 | ||
| Common Data Sources Needed for Surveillance Informatics | 761 | ||
| Examples of Surveillance Metrics Enhanced by Informatics | 761 | ||
| Central line–associated bloodstream infections | 761 | ||
| Surgical site infections | 763 | ||
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia/ventilator-associated events | 763 | ||
| Catheter-associated urinary tract infection | 763 | ||
| Multidrug-resistant organism module | 764 | ||
| Outbreak Detection | 764 | ||
| INFECTION PREVENTION | 764 | ||
| Increasing the Recognition of Multidrug-Resistant Organism Carriage on Admission | 764 | ||
| Identifying Inappropriate Infection Precautions | 765 | ||
| Reducing Device Use | 765 | ||
| Antibiotic Stewardship | 765 | ||
| INFORMATICS AND PUBLIC HEALTH | 766 | ||
| Electronic Communicable Disease Reporting | 766 | ||
| Syndromic Surveillance and Outbreak Detection | 766 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING INFORMATICS SOFTWARE | 766 | ||
| Challenges of Microbiology Data | 767 | ||
| Challenges of Device Data | 767 | ||
| Validation of Data | 767 | ||
| SUMMARY | 768 | ||
| REFERENCES | 768 | ||
| Antimicrobial Stewardship for the Infection Control Practitioner | 771 | ||
| Key points | 771 | ||
| CONSEQUENCES OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY | 771 | ||
| THE IMPACT OF ANTIMICROBIAL USE, MISUSE, AND OVERUSE | 772 | ||
| NATIONAL INITIATIVES CALLING FOR IMPROVED ANTIMICROBIAL USAGE | 773 | ||
| WHAT IS ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP AND WHAT ARE THE GOALS? | 773 | ||
| KEY MEMBERS AND DEPARTMENTS REPRESENTED ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP TEAM | 774 | ||
| Infectious Diseases Physician | 774 | ||
| Clinical Pharmacist | 775 | ||
| Infection Preventionist and Health Care Epidemiologist | 775 | ||
| Microbiology Laboratory | 775 | ||
| Information Technology | 775 | ||
| Hospital Administration | 776 | ||
| Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee | 776 | ||
| INFECTION CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP | 776 | ||
| Drug-Based Antimicrobial Stewardship | 776 | ||
| Disease-Based Antimicrobial Stewardship and Multidisciplinary Bundles | 777 | ||
| Device-Associated Infection Prevention | 778 | ||
| Barriers to Implementation and Maintenance of Stewardship Programs | 778 | ||
| Making a Business Case for Antimicrobial Stewardship | 779 | ||
| Measuring the Impact of the Program | 779 | ||
| SUMMARY | 780 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 781 | ||
| REFERENCES | 781 | ||
| Infection Control in Alternative Health Care Settings | 785 | ||
| Key points | 785 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 785 | ||
| INFECTION PREVENTION PROGRAMS IN NURSING HOMES | 786 | ||
| INFECTION PREVENTION PROGRAMS IN NURSING HOMES: FUNCTIONS, COMPONENTS, AND OVERSIGHT | 787 | ||
| Information Transfer During Care Transitions | 788 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 789 | ||
| Multidrug-Resistant Organisms | 790 | ||
| Isolation Precautions | 791 | ||
| Surveillance for Infections and Antimicrobial Usage | 792 | ||
| Outbreak Management | 793 | ||
| Rehabilitation Services | 793 | ||
| Environmental Hygiene | 794 | ||
| Resident and Employee Health Program | 794 | ||
| Role of Infection Preventionist | 794 | ||
| Environmental Rounds | 795 | ||
| Staff Education | 795 | ||
| Oversight Committee | 795 | ||
| AMBULATORY CARE CENTERS | 796 | ||
| Communicable Disease and Isolation Management | 796 | ||
| Environmental Hygiene—Cleaning Disinfection and Sterilization | 797 | ||
| Ambulatory Surgical Centers | 797 | ||
| Safe Injection Practices | 798 | ||
| Bioterrorism and Disaster Planning | 798 | ||
| SUMMARY | 799 | ||
| REFERENCES | 799 | ||
| Preventing Hospital-acquired Infections in Low-income and Middle-income Countries | 805 | ||
| Key points | 805 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 805 | ||
| HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPACT | 806 | ||
| GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES | 806 | ||
| Surveillance and Rates of Health Care–associated Infections | 807 | ||
| Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance | 808 | ||
| Health Care–associated Tuberculosis | 809 | ||
| Health Care–associated Infections After Natural Disasters and During Conflicts | 810 | ||
| SUCCESSFUL HEALTH CARE–ASSOCIATED INFECTION INTERVENTIONS IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES | 810 | ||
| Examples of Successful Implementation of World Health Organization Hand Hygiene Guidelines | 810 | ||
| Example of Successful Infection Control Strategy in Resources-limited Settings | 810 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS | 811 | ||
| Building Infection Control Capacity Through Partnerships | 811 | ||
| Identify Health Care–associated Gaps | 812 | ||
| Designing and Sustaining Infection Control Programs and Interventions | 813 | ||
| Addressing Gaps While Prioritizing Resources | 813 | ||
| SUMMARY | 814 | ||
| REFERENCES | 814 | ||
| Index | 819 |