BOOK
Pediatric Infectious Disease: Part I, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, Guest Edited by Mary Anne Jackson, MD and Angela Myers, MD, is Part I of a 2-part issue devoted to Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Drs. Jackson and Myers have assembled a group of expert authors to review the following topics: Diagnosis and Management of Kawasaki Disease; Neonatal HSV Infection; Use of Newer Diagnostics for Pediatric Tuberculosis; Recognition and Prompt Treatment for Tick Borne Infections; Prevention of Recurrent Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Evaluation and Management of the Febrile Young Infant; New Horizons for Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship; Pitfalls in Diagnosis of Pediatric Clostridium Difficile Diarrhea; The Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Endocarditis; Neonatal Parechovirus Infection; Osteoarticular infections in Children; and Pediatric CMV Disease.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Pediatric InfectiousDisease: Part I | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface\r | vii | ||
| Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection\r | vii | ||
| Strain Variation and Disease Severity in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: In Search of a Viral Marker\r | vii | ||
| Human Parechovirus 3: The Most Common Viral Cause of Meningoencephalitis in Young Infants\r | vii | ||
| Prevention of Recurrent Staphylococcal Skin Infections\r | viii | ||
| Pitfalls in Diagnosis of Pediatric Clostridium difficile Infection\r | viii | ||
| New Diagnostics for Childhood Tuberculosis\r | viii | ||
| New Horizons for Pediatric Antibiotic Stewardship\r | viii | ||
| The Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Endocarditis\r | ix | ||
| The Complexities of the Diagnosis and Management of Kawasaki Disease\r | ix | ||
| Recognition of and Prompt Treatment for Tick-Borne Infections in Children\r | ix | ||
| Osteoarticular Infections in Children\r | ix | ||
| Evaluation and Management of Febrile, Well-appearing Young Infants\r | x | ||
| INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS\rOF NORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| December 2015 | xi | ||
| March 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| June 2015 | xi | ||
| March 2015 | xi | ||
| December 2014 | xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection | 391 | ||
| Key points | 391 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 391 | ||
| PATHOGEN DESCRIPTION | 392 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 392 | ||
| SEROPREVALENCE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION AND INCIDENCE OF NEONATAL DISEASE | 393 | ||
| GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE BURDEN | 394 | ||
| CLINICAL CORRELATION | 394 | ||
| PATIENT HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 395 | ||
| Skin, Eye, and/or Mouth Disease | 395 | ||
| Disseminated Disease | 395 | ||
| Central Nervous System Disease | 395 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 396 | ||
| TREATMENT | 396 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS | 397 | ||
| SUMMARY | 398 | ||
| REFERENCES | 398 | ||
| Strain Variation and Disease Severity in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection | 401 | ||
| Key points | 401 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 401 | ||
| GENETIC DEFINITIONS | 402 | ||
| GENERAL INFORMATION—THE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS GENOME AND CYTOMEGALOVIRUS STRAINS | 403 | ||
| WHAT IS THE BEST SOURCE FOR GENOTYPIC STUDIES? | 405 | ||
| The Era Before High-Throughput/Next-Generation Sequencing | 405 | ||
| GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR–LIKE GENE, UL144 | 406 | ||
| GENETIC VARIABILITY IN UL146 AND UL147 | 407 | ||
| US28 | 407 | ||
| GLYCOPROTEIN N (UL73) | 407 | ||
| GLYCOPROTEIN O (UL74) | 407 | ||
| GLYCOPROTEIN H (UL75) | 408 | ||
| GLYCOPROTEIN B (UL55) | 408 | ||
| MIXED INFECTION WITH MULTIPLE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS STRAINS | 408 | ||
| THE ERA OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING | 409 | ||
| SUMMARY | 410 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 411 | ||
| REFERENCES | 411 | ||
| Human Parechovirus 3 | 415 | ||
| Key points | 415 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 415 | ||
| VIROLOGY | 416 | ||
| TROPISM | 417 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 417 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, AND EMPIRIC APPROACH | 419 | ||
| CLINICAL DIFFERENTIATION FROM ENTEROVIRUS | 420 | ||
| USEFUL ROUTINE LABORATORY TOOLS | 420 | ||
| THE KEY IS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID TESTING | 421 | ||
| MRI CHANGES WITH HUMAN PARECHOVIRUS 3 | 422 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 423 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 424 | ||
| OUTCOME | 424 | ||
| REFERENCES | 425 | ||
| Prevention of Recurrent Staphylococcal Skin Infections | 429 | ||
| Key points | 429 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 429 | ||
| THE EMERGENCE OF COMMUNITY-ASSOCIATED METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS | 430 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS | 431 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS | 431 | ||
| SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTION CHARACTERISTICS AND INITIAL MANAGEMENT | 432 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RECURRENT SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTION | 434 | ||
| PREVENTION STRATEGIES: DECOLONIZATION | 438 | ||
| Who Should Undergo Decolonization? | 438 | ||
| Hygiene Strategies | 439 | ||
| Topical Antimicrobial Agents | 439 | ||
| Oral Antibiotics for Decolonization | 440 | ||
| Effectiveness of Decolonization in Preventing Skin and Soft Tissue Infection | 440 | ||
| A POTENTIAL UNDESIRABLE REPERCUSSION OF DECOLONIZATION: ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE | 446 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 446 | ||
| Vaccine | 446 | ||
| Bacterial Interference and Probiotics | 451 | ||
| SUMMARY | 451 | ||
| REFERENCES | 452 | ||
| Pitfalls in Diagnosis of Pediatric Clostridium difficile Infection | 465 | ||
| Key points | 465 | ||
| CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF C DIFFICILE INFECTION | 466 | ||
| Increased Incidence of C difficile Infection | 466 | ||
| Increase in Community-Associated Cases | 467 | ||
| AVAILABLE C DIFFICILE DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN | 467 | ||
| CHALLENGES TO ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS OF PEDIATRIC C DIFFICILE INFECTION | 469 | ||
| Low C difficile Infection Prevalence in Many Populations of Children | 470 | ||
| Biologic False Positives Owing to Toxigenic C difficile in Infants | 470 | ||
| Biologic False Positives in Community-Associated C difficile Infection | 471 | ||
| SUMMARY | 472 | ||
| REFERENCES | 472 | ||
| New Diagnostics for Childhood Tuberculosis | 477 | ||
| Key points | 477 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 477 | ||
| FROM CONCEPTUALIZATION TO LARGE-SCALE IMPLEMENTATION | 478 | ||
| APPROACHES TO TESTING | 480 | ||
| ASSAYS FOR DETECTING INFECTION | 480 | ||
| No Reference Standard | 480 | ||
| Interferon-γ Release Assays | 480 | ||
| Interferon-γ-Inducible Protein 10 Assays | 481 | ||
| ASSAYS FOR DETECTING THE ORGANISM AND DRUG RESISTANCE | 481 | ||
| Reference Standards: Mycobacterial Culture and the Proportion Method | 481 | ||
| Microscopic-Observation Drug-Susceptibility Assay | 484 | ||
| Low-burden, high-resource settings | 484 | ||
| High-burden, resource-limited settings | 484 | ||
| Xpert MTB/RIF | 485 | ||
| Phage-Based Assays | 488 | ||
| ADDITIONAL ASSAYS FOR DETECTING THE ORGANISM | 489 | ||
| Tuberculosis-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification | 489 | ||
| Urinary Lipoarabinomannan | 489 | ||
| Transrenal Deoxyribonucleic Acid | 489 | ||
| Host Gene Expression Signatures | 490 | ||
| Volatile Organic Compound Detection | 490 | ||
| ADDITIONAL ASSAYS FOR DETECTING DRUG RESISTANCE | 490 | ||
| Nitrate Reductase (Griess) Assay | 490 | ||
| Line Probe Assays | 492 | ||
| DNA Sequencing | 493 | ||
| SUMMARY | 493 | ||
| REFERENCES | 494 | ||
| New Horizons for Pediatric Antibiotic Stewardship | 503 | ||
| Key points | 503 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 503 | ||
| ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP GUIDELINES AND STRATEGIES | 504 | ||
| TRENDS IN EMERGENCE OF PEDIATRIC ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMS | 505 | ||
| TARGETS FOR PEDIATRIC STEWARDSHIP | 506 | ||
| EXPANSION OF PEDIATRIC ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMS OUTSIDE THE HOSPITAL SETTING | 507 | ||
| THE FUTURE OF PEDIATRIC ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMS | 508 | ||
| SUMMARY | 509 | ||
| REFERENCES | 509 | ||
| The Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Endocarditis | 513 | ||
| Key points | 513 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 513 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 514 | ||
| REPORTS ON MICROBIOLOGY OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS | 514 | ||
| Presurgical Era | 516 | ||
| Acyanotic heart disease | 516 | ||
| Cyanotic heart disease | 516 | ||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 517 | ||
| Early Surgical Era | 517 | ||
| Presurgery and palliation | 518 | ||
| Endocarditis after surgical intervention | 518 | ||
| Contemporary Treatment Era | 519 | ||
| Unrepaired and palliated lesions in the contemporary era | 519 | ||
| Postoperative | 519 | ||
| Catheter-based interventions | 520 | ||
| Children with anatomically normal hearts | 520 | ||
| Newborns | 521 | ||
| IMPROVEMENT IN DIAGNOSIS | 521 | ||
| Echocardiography | 521 | ||
| Changing Techniques in Microbiology | 522 | ||
| SUMMARY | 522 | ||
| REFERENCES | 522 | ||
| The Complexities of the Diagnosis and Management of Kawasaki Disease | 525 | ||
| Key points | 525 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 525 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY RATES | 526 | ||
| PATIENT HISTORY | 526 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 527 | ||
| OTHER CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF KAWASAKI DISEASE | 530 | ||
| IMAGING AND ADDITIONAL TESTING | 530 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF INCOMPLETE (ATYPICAL) KAWASAKI DISEASE | 532 | ||
| PRIMARY THERAPY | 532 | ||
| RESEARCH STUDIES ON ADJUNCTIVE PRIMARY THERAPY | 533 | ||
| REFRACTORY KAWASAKI DISEASE | 533 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS | 534 | ||
| REFERENCES | 534 | ||
| Recognition of and Prompt Treatment for Tick-Borne Infections in Children | 539 | ||
| Key points | 539 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 539 | ||
| ETIOLOGIC AGENTS AND VECTORS | 540 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 540 | ||
| Seasonality | 540 | ||
| Exposure History | 542 | ||
| Risk Factors | 545 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 545 | ||
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | 545 | ||
| Ehrlichiosis | 546 | ||
| Anaplasmosis | 546 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 546 | ||
| Tularemia | 546 | ||
| Babesiosis | 546 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 546 | ||
| ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY | 549 | ||
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, and Anaplasmosis | 549 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 550 | ||
| Tularemia | 550 | ||
| Babesiosis | 550 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES | 550 | ||
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | 550 | ||
| Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis | 550 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 551 | ||
| Tularemia | 551 | ||
| Babesiosis | 551 | ||
| PREVENTION | 551 | ||
| SUMMARY | 552 | ||
| REFERENCES | 553 | ||
| Osteoarticular Infections in Children | 557 | ||
| Key points | 557 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 557 | ||
| Disease Description | 557 | ||
| Prevalence/Incidence | 559 | ||
| Patient History | 560 | ||
| Physical Examination | 562 | ||
| IMAGING AND ADDITIONAL TESTING | 563 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 563 | ||
| Radiologic Imaging | 564 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 565 | ||
| MEDICAL TREATMENT | 566 | ||
| Antibiotic Choice | 566 | ||
| Route and Duration of Therapy | 569 | ||
| Complications and Concerns | 571 | ||
| SUMMARY | 571 | ||
| REFERENCES | 571 | ||
| Evaluation and Management of Febrile, Well-appearing Young Infants | 575 | ||
| Key points | 575 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 575 | ||
| PREVALENCE/INCIDENCE | 576 | ||
| Infectious Causes | 578 | ||
| CLINICAL CORRELATION, PATIENT HISTORY, AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 578 | ||
| ADDITIONAL TESTING | 579 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS | 579 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES | 581 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS AND CONCERNS | 581 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 582 | ||
| REFERENCES | 582 | ||
| Index | 587 |