BOOK
Postmenopausal Endocrinology, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, edited by Drs. Nanette Santoro and Lubna Pal, is devoted to Postmenopausal Endocrinology. Articles in this issue include: Endocrinology of Menopause; Menopausal Symptoms; Bone Health and Osteoporosis; Surgical Menopause; Premature Menopause; Cardiovascular Changes; MHT: Current Considerations; Breast Cancer and Hormones; Other Cancers and Menopause; CAM for Menopausal Symptoms; Menopause and Sexuality; and Menopause and Metabolism.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Postmenopausa\rlEndocrinology | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Postmenopausal Endocrinology | vii | ||
| Preface: Menopause and Perimenopause | vii | ||
| Endocrinology of the Menopause | vii | ||
| Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management | vii | ||
| Bone Health and Osteoporosis | vii | ||
| Surgical Menopause | viii | ||
| Premature Menopause | viii | ||
| Menopause and the Heart | viii | ||
| Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Current Considerations | viii | ||
| The Effect of Menopausal Hormone Therapies on Breast Cancer: Avoiding the Risk | ix | ||
| Menopause and Cancers | ix | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Menopause | ix | ||
| Menopause and Sexuality | ix | ||
| Regulation of Body Composition and Bioenergetics by Estrogens | x | ||
| ENDOCRINOLOGY AND\rMETABOLISM CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUE | xi | ||
| December 2015 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| June 2015 | xi | ||
| March 2015 | xi | ||
| December 2014 | xi | ||
| Postmenopausal Endocrinology | xiii | ||
| Menopause and Perimenopause | xvii | ||
| Erratum | xix | ||
| Endocrinology of the Menopause | 485 | ||
| Key points | 485 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN NORMAL WOMEN | 486 | ||
| OVARIAN AGING IN WOMEN | 487 | ||
| CHANGES IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY WITH REPRODUCTIVE AGING | 487 | ||
| Response to the Loss of Ovarian Feedback | 487 | ||
| Aging of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Possible Contribution to Menopause | 488 | ||
| INTEGRATION OF HORMONAL CHANGES WITH REPRODUCTIVE AGING IN WOMEN | 489 | ||
| Maintenance of Follicle Development and Estrogen Secretion in Early Ovarian Aging | 489 | ||
| Hormonal Variability of the Menopause Transition | 490 | ||
| Stability of Hormone Secretion after Menopause | 491 | ||
| Clinical Assessment of Reproductive Aging and Menopause | 492 | ||
| SUMMARY | 492 | ||
| REFERENCES | 492 | ||
| Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management | 497 | ||
| Key points | 497 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 497 | ||
| THE CORE 4 SYMPTOMS: VASOMOTOR, VAGINAL, INSOMNIA, AND MOOD | 498 | ||
| Epidemiology | 498 | ||
| Vasomotor symptoms | 498 | ||
| Vulvovaginal atrophy | 499 | ||
| Sleep disturbances and insomnia | 502 | ||
| Adverse mood | 503 | ||
| Menopause and cognition | 506 | ||
| SUMMARY | 512 | ||
| REFERENCES | 512 | ||
| Bone Health and Osteoporosis | 517 | ||
| Key points | 517 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 517 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 517 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND INITIAL EVALUATION | 519 | ||
| Measurement of Bone Mineral Density | 519 | ||
| Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry | 519 | ||
| Other technologies to measure bone mass | 520 | ||
| Assessment of Fracture Risk | 520 | ||
| Who Should be Screened for Osteoporosis? | 521 | ||
| Initial Evaluation | 521 | ||
| TREATMENT | 521 | ||
| Nutrition | 521 | ||
| Exercise | 522 | ||
| Other Lifestyle Modifications | 522 | ||
| Prevention of Falls | 522 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment | 523 | ||
| Indication for treatment | 523 | ||
| United States Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs for osteoporosis | 523 | ||
| Bisphosphonates | 524 | ||
| Estrogen therapy | 526 | ||
| Selective estrogen receptor modulators: raloxifene (brand name Evista) | 526 | ||
| Teriparatide (brand name Forteo) | 526 | ||
| Denosumab (brand name Prolia) | 526 | ||
| Calcitonin (brand names Miacalcin or Fortical) | 527 | ||
| Choice of antiosteoporotic therapy | 527 | ||
| Combination therapy | 527 | ||
| Monitoring response to treatment | 527 | ||
| SUMMARY | 528 | ||
| REFERENCES | 528 | ||
| Surgical Menopause | 531 | ||
| Key points | 531 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 531 | ||
| CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS IN LOW-RISK PREMENOPAUSAL PATIENTS | 532 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR OOPHORECTOMY IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS | 533 | ||
| HORMONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATURAL MENOPAUSE AND SURGICAL MENOPAUSE | 533 | ||
| ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF SURGICAL MENOPAUSE | 534 | ||
| Menopausal Symptoms | 534 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 534 | ||
| Bone Loss, Osteoporosis, and Fracture Risk | 535 | ||
| Cognition and central nervous system disease | 535 | ||
| Sexual function | 536 | ||
| All-cause mortality | 537 | ||
| SUMMARY | 537 | ||
| REFERENCES | 537 | ||
| Premature Menopause | 543 | ||
| Key points | 543 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 543 | ||
| SYMPTOMS | 544 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND TESTS | 544 | ||
| Physical Evaluation | 544 | ||
| Tests | 545 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 546 | ||
| Spontaneous Primary Ovarian Insufficiency | 547 | ||
| X Chromosome Abnormalities | 547 | ||
| Uncommon Genetic Disorders Associated with Primary Ovarian Insufficiency | 548 | ||
| Autoimmunity | 549 | ||
| Infection | 550 | ||
| Iatrogenic | 550 | ||
| Surgical premature menopause | 550 | ||
| Chemotherapy and radiation | 550 | ||
| TREATMENT | 550 | ||
| ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS | 552 | ||
| Psychological Well-Being | 552 | ||
| Reproductive Concerns | 552 | ||
| Sexuality: Role for Androgen Therapy? | 553 | ||
| Genetic Counseling | 553 | ||
| Skeletal Health | 553 | ||
| Cardiovascular Health | 554 | ||
| Associated Disorders | 554 | ||
| SUMMARY | 554 | ||
| REFERENCES | 554 | ||
| Menopause and the Heart | 559 | ||
| Key points | 559 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 559 | ||
| OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES | 560 | ||
| Nurses Health Study | 560 | ||
| RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS | 560 | ||
| HERS: a Secondary Prevention Trial | 560 | ||
| WHI: a Primary Prevention Trial | 561 | ||
| Sorting Through the Conundrum | 562 | ||
| RECENTLY COMPLETED TRIALS | 562 | ||
| The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study | 563 | ||
| Early Versus Late Intervention Trial with Estrogen | 563 | ||
| Recommendations | 563 | ||
| REFERENCES | 564 | ||
| Menopausal Hormone Therapy | 565 | ||
| Key points | 565 | ||
| MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY: THE STATE OF THE EVIDENCE | 565 | ||
| MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY—CURRENT CONSIDERATIONS | 569 | ||
| CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO THE PATIENT | 570 | ||
| Engage Your Patient and Individualize Her Care | 570 | ||
| How bothered is she by her symptoms? | 570 | ||
| What does she want? | 570 | ||
| Will therapy be safe? | 573 | ||
| Choose Your Patients (for Whom You Recommend Menopausal Hormone Therapy) Wisely | 573 | ||
| Limit initiation of hormone therapy to women younger than 60 years of age or less than 10 years past onset of menopause | 573 | ||
| Review contraindications to menopausal hormone therapy | 573 | ||
| Assess cardiovascular risk | 574 | ||
| Assess breast cancer risk | 574 | ||
| Consolidate benefit/risk assessment | 576 | ||
| Consider Lower Doses | 576 | ||
| Consider Transdermal Therapies | 576 | ||
| Keep Progestogens in Perspective | 577 | ||
| Combination Therapy with Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Bazedoxifene | 578 | ||
| Plan to Limit the Duration of Menopausal Hormone Therapy (with Some Caveats) | 578 | ||
| Recognize and Treat Genitourinary Symptoms of Menopause | 579 | ||
| Vaginal estrogen therapies | 579 | ||
| Ospemifene therapy | 579 | ||
| Revisiting the Decision to Continue Menopausal Hormone Therapy | 579 | ||
| What to Do After Stopping Menopausal Hormone Therapy? | 580 | ||
| SUMMARY | 581 | ||
| REFERENCES | 581 | ||
| The Effect of Menopausal Hormone Therapies on Breast Cancer | 587 | ||
| Key points | 587 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 587 | ||
| MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY IN CLINICAL TRIALS | 588 | ||
| MAMMARY GLAND BIOLOGY AND BREAST CANCER | 590 | ||
| BREAST CANCER CELLS: STUDIES IN VITRO | 590 | ||
| PROGESTOGEN REGIMENS | 591 | ||
| BREAST CANCER IN ANIMAL MODELS | 592 | ||
| BREAST CANCER AND THE WOMEN’S HEALTH INITIATIVE: POSTINTERVENTION CLINICAL DATA | 593 | ||
| TISSUE SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR COMPLEX AND BREAST CANCER | 596 | ||
| ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY AND BREAST CANCER RISK | 596 | ||
| SUMMARY | 597 | ||
| REFERENCES | 597 | ||
| Menopause and Cancers | 603 | ||
| Key points | 603 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 603 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 604 | ||
| COMMON CANCERS | 604 | ||
| Endometrial Cancer | 604 | ||
| Ovarian Cancer | 606 | ||
| Cervical Cancer | 607 | ||
| Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers | 608 | ||
| Lung Cancer | 609 | ||
| Colon Cancer | 609 | ||
| PREMATURE MENOPAUSE AND CANCER | 610 | ||
| SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION | 611 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 611 | ||
| REFERENCES | 611 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Menopause | 619 | ||
| Key points | 619 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: WHY IS COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE SO POPULAR? | 619 | ||
| DEFINING COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE | 620 | ||
| COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MENOPAUSE | 621 | ||
| BOTANICALS COMMONLY RECOMMENDED FOR MENOPAUSE | 622 | ||
| THE PHYTOESTROGENS: SOY, SOY DERIVATIVES, AND RED CLOVER EXTRACT | 622 | ||
| Soy | 622 | ||
| SOY-DERIVED ISOFLAVONE ISOLATES | 625 | ||
| S-Equol | 625 | ||
| Genistein | 626 | ||
| Daidzein | 626 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOY, SOY FOODS, SOY EXTRACTS, AND SOY METABOLITES | 626 | ||
| Red Clover–Based Isoflavone Supplements | 627 | ||
| THE SAFETY OF SOY | 627 | ||
| OTHER BOTANICALS USED FOR MENOPAUSE (LISTED ALPHABETICALLY) | 629 | ||
| Black Cohosh | 629 | ||
| Recommendations | 630 | ||
| Crinum | 630 | ||
| Dioscorea villosa (Wild Yam) | 631 | ||
| Recommendation | 631 | ||
| Dong Quai | 632 | ||
| Recommendation | 632 | ||
| Evening Primrose | 632 | ||
| Recommendation | 633 | ||
| Flaxseed | 633 | ||
| Recommendations | 633 | ||
| Ginseng (Panax ginseng) | 633 | ||
| Recommendations | 634 | ||
| Hops | 634 | ||
| Menopause and Sexuality | 649 | ||
| Key points | 649 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 649 | ||
| ATTITUDES ABOUT SEX AND THE MENOPAUSE | 650 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 650 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 650 | ||
| SEX AND HORMONES | 650 | ||
| HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDER | 651 | ||
| SYMPTOMATIC VULVOVAGINAL ATROPHY | 653 | ||
| CHRONIC DISEASES AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION | 653 | ||
| MEDICATIONS | 654 | ||
| QUALITY OF LIFE IMPACT ON MENOPAUSAL WOMEN | 654 | ||
| TREATMENTS | 655 | ||
| Psychological Counseling | 655 | ||
| Estrogen | 655 | ||
| Testosterone | 657 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 658 | ||
| SUMMARY | 658 | ||
| REFERENCES | 658 | ||
| Regulation of Body Composition and Bioenergetics by Estrogens | 663 | ||
| Key points | 663 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 663 | ||
| BASIC RESEARCH | 664 | ||
| Regulation of Adiposity by Estradiol | 664 | ||
| Regulation of Bioenergetics by Estradiol | 666 | ||
| PRECLINICAL RESEARCH | 666 | ||
| Regulation of Adiposity by Estradiol | 666 | ||
| Regulation of Bioenergetics by Estradiol | 667 | ||
| CLINICAL RESEARCH | 669 | ||
| Regulation of Adiposity by Estrogens | 669 | ||
| Regulation of Bioenergetics by Estrogens | 671 | ||
| SUMMARY | 672 | ||
| REFERENCES | 673 | ||
| Index | 677 |