BOOK
Biomarkers in Urologic Cancer, An Issue of Urologic Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The past decade has been marked by the acceleration of our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer. Simultaneously, there have been increasing exigencies to diagnose, treat and follow cancer patients more economically. Biomarkers represent the marriage of science and economics. Biomarkers offer the potential to increase the precision of diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance of urological malignancies. This issue presents the cutting-edge advances of biomarker technology to urologic oncology.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Biomarkers in Urologic Cancer\r | i | ||
| Copyright \r | ii | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iii | ||
| TO ENROLL | iv | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iv | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | v | ||
| EDITOR | v | ||
| AUTHORS | v | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Foreword: Biomarkers in Urologic Cancer\r | ix | ||
| Preface: Biomarkers in Urologic Cancer\r | ix | ||
| The Prostate Health Index: Its Utility in Prostate Cancer Detection\r | ix | ||
| New Genetic Markers for Prostate Cancer\r | ix | ||
| Urinary Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer\r | ix | ||
| 4-Kallikrein Test and Kallikrein Markers in Prostate Cancer Screening\r | ix | ||
| Current Status of Urinary Biomarkers for Detection and Surveillance of Bladder Cancer\r | x | ||
| Emerging Bladder Cancer Biomarkers and Targets of Therapy\r | x | ||
| Pharmacogenomics: Biomarker-Directed Therapy for Bladder Cancer\r | x | ||
| Diagnostic Biomarkers in Eosinophilic Renal Neoplasms\r | x | ||
| Prognostic Biomarkers for Response to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Targeted Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma\r | xi | ||
| Prognostic Role of Cell Cycle and Proliferative Markers in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma\r | xi | ||
| Current Clinical Applications of Testicular Cancer Biomarkers\r | xi | ||
| MicroRNAs in Testicular Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis\r | xi | ||
| The Emerging Role and Promise of Biomarkers in Penile Cancer\r | xii | ||
| UROLOGIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | xiii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xiii | ||
| May 2016 | xiii | ||
| August 2016 | xiii | ||
| November 2016 | xiii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xiii | ||
| November 2015 | xiii | ||
| August 2015 | xiii | ||
| May 2015 | xiii | ||
| Foreword: Biomarkers in Urologic Cancer \r | xv | ||
| Preface: Biomarkers in Urologic Cancer \r | xvii | ||
| The Prostate Health Index | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| PHI AS A PREDICTOR OF BIOPSY OUTCOME | 2 | ||
| PHI AS A COMPONENT OF MULTIVARIABLE RISK STRATIFICATION | 3 | ||
| PHI AS A PREDICTOR OF TREATMENT OUTCOME | 3 | ||
| COMPARISON OF PHI WITH OTHER PROSTATE CANCER TESTS | 4 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5 | ||
| New Genetic Markers for Prostate Cancer | 7 | ||
| Key points | 7 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 7 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND EVALUATION | 8 | ||
| Phases of Critical Evaluation | 8 | ||
| TESTS BEFORE DIAGNOSIS | 8 | ||
| URINARY-BASED GENE EXPRESSION ASSAYS | 8 | ||
| Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 | 8 | ||
| Transmembrane Protease Serine 2:ERG | 9 | ||
| Urinary Exosomal Assays | 9 | ||
| TISSUE-BASED GENE EXPRESSION TESTS | 9 | ||
| ConfirmMDx (MDxHealth, Irvine, California) | 9 | ||
| PROLARIS (MYRIAD GENETICS INC, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH) | 10 | ||
| At Initial Diagnosis: Prostate Biopsy Specimens | 10 | ||
| Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score (Genomic Health, Redwood City, California) | 10 | ||
| Supporting Data: Prostate Biopsy Specimens | 11 | ||
| DECIPHER (GENOMEDX, VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA) | 12 | ||
| Following Definitive Treatment | 12 | ||
| SUMMARY | 12 | ||
| REFERENCES | 13 | ||
| Urinary Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer | 17 | ||
| Key points | 17 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 17 | ||
| Urine as a Substrate | 17 | ||
| RNA-BASED MARKERS | 18 | ||
| Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 | 18 | ||
| From bench to bedside | 18 | ||
| Repeat biopsy: diagnosis | 19 | ||
| The contemporary era | 19 | ||
| Initial biopsy: diagnosis and prognosis | 20 | ||
| Unique applications | 20 | ||
| Active surveillance | 22 | ||
| Prostate cancer antigen 3: summary | 22 | ||
| TMPRSS2:ERG | 22 | ||
| From bench to bedside | 22 | ||
| The contemporary era | 23 | ||
| Active surveillance | 24 | ||
| TMPRSS2:ERG summary | 24 | ||
| Other RNA-Based Markers | 25 | ||
| MicroRNA | 25 | ||
| Long noncoding RNA | 25 | ||
| DNA-BASED MARKERS | 25 | ||
| Cell-free DNA | 25 | ||
| Tumor-Specific Alterations | 27 | ||
| Genetic alterations | 27 | ||
| Epigenetic alterations | 27 | ||
| PROTEIN-BASED MARKERS | 28 | ||
| OTHER URINARY MARKERS | 29 | ||
| Metabolomics | 29 | ||
| Exosomes | 30 | ||
| The Microbiome | 30 | ||
| SUMMARY | 31 | ||
| REFERENCES | 31 | ||
| 4-Kallikrein Test and Kallikrein Markers in Prostate Cancer Screening | 39 | ||
| Key points | 39 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 39 | ||
| LIMITATIONS IN PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN–BASED SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER | 40 | ||
| HUMAN KALLIKREINS | 40 | ||
| KALLIKREIN PANEL | 40 | ||
| Method for Evaluating the 4 Kallikrein Panel | 41 | ||
| FOUR KALLIKREIN STUDIES IN MEN BEFORE BIOPSY | 41 | ||
| Unscreened Men | 41 | ||
| Screened Men | 41 | ||
| FOUR KALLIKREIN STUDIES IN MEN WITH PRIOR NEGATIVE BIOPSY | 43 | ||
| SURGICAL PATHOLOGY PREDICTION | 43 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE 4K PROBABILITY SCORE | 43 | ||
| United States Prospective Validation | 43 | ||
| THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE 4 KALLIKREIN PANEL AND 4KSCORE | 44 | ||
| SUMMARY | 44 | ||
| REFERENCES | 44 | ||
| Current Status of Urinary Biomarkers for Detection and Surveillance of Bladder Cancer | 47 | ||
| Key points | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| MATERIAL AND METHOD | 48 | ||
| COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE BIOMARKERS | 48 | ||
| Food and Drug Administration–Approved Biomarkers | 48 | ||
| Nuclear matrix protein 22 | 48 | ||
| Bladder tumor antigen | 49 | ||
| ImmunoCyt/uCyt | 49 | ||
| UroVysion | 50 | ||
| Non–Food and Drug Administration–Approved Biomarkers | 50 | ||
| CxBladder | 50 | ||
| Survivin | 51 | ||
| Cytokeratin fragment 21.1 | 51 | ||
| Bladder cancer rapid test | 51 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONAL BIOMARKERS | 51 | ||
| Protein-Based and Cell-Based Biomarkers | 51 | ||
| Apoptosis markers | 51 | ||
| Angiogenesis markers | 52 | ||
| Proliferation and invasion | 52 | ||
| Metabolomics | 52 | ||
| Gene-Based Biomarkers | 53 | ||
| Aurora A kinase | 53 | ||
| Fibroblast growth factor 3 receptor | 53 | ||
| Microsatellite/loss of heterozygosity detection | 53 | ||
| DNA methylation | 53 | ||
| MicroRNA | 55 | ||
| SUMMARY | 55 | ||
| REFERENCES | 55 | ||
| Emerging Bladder Cancer Biomarkers and Targets of Therapy | 63 | ||
| Key points | 63 | ||
| GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS | 63 | ||
| GENOMICS OF BLADDER CANCER | 63 | ||
| BIOMARKERS AND PATHWAY TARGETS | 65 | ||
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Cell-Cycle Markers | 65 | ||
| Epigenetic Markers | 67 | ||
| MONITORING/DETECTION METHODS | 67 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS | 68 | ||
| REFERENCES | 72 | ||
| Pharmacogenomics | 77 | ||
| Key points | 77 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND AIMS | 77 | ||
| THE CLINICAL NEED AND PROMISE OF PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS | 78 | ||
| EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS | 78 | ||
| INDIVIDUAL BIOMARKERS OF RESPONSE | 79 | ||
| DNA Repair Pathway Alterations: ERCC1 and ERCC2 | 79 | ||
| TP53 | 79 | ||
| PI3-kinase pathway | 79 | ||
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: FGFR3 and ERBB2 | 79 | ||
| NEW APPROACHES TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF BLADDER CANCER | 80 | ||
| Immunotherapy: Promising New Horizons | 81 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS USING MOLECULARLY GUIDED THERAPY SELECTION | 82 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 83 | ||
| REFERENCES | 83 | ||
| Diagnostic Biomarkers in Eosinophilic Renal Neoplasms | 87 | ||
| Key points | 87 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 87 | ||
| Renal Oncocytoma Versus Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma | 88 | ||
| Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma with Eosinophilic Morphology Versus Translocation-Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma | 89 | ||
| Renal Cell Carcinoma, Unclassified (“Low-Grade Oncocytic Type”) Versus Oncocytoma and Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma, Eos ... | 91 | ||
| Follicular Thyroid-like Carcinoma Versus Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma and Renal Cell Carcinoma, Unclassified (“Low-Grade ... | 91 | ||
| Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma Versus High-Grade Renal Cell Carcinoma Unclassified, Renal Cell Carcinoma with Sarcomatoid Diffe ... | 91 | ||
| Papillary Neoplasms with Eosinophilic Features Versus Collecting Duct Carcinoma and Urothelial Carcinoma | 92 | ||
| Succinate Dehydrogenase Mutant Renal Cell Carcinoma | 92 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 92 | ||
| SUMMARY | 93 | ||
| REFERENCES | 93 | ||
| Prognostic Biomarkers for Response to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Targeted Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma | 95 | ||
| Key points | 95 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 95 | ||
| CIRCULATING/BLOOD-BASED BIOMARKERS | 96 | ||
| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Related Proteins | 96 | ||
| Cytokine and Angiogenic Factors | 96 | ||
| Inflammatory Markers | 97 | ||
| TISSUE-BASED BIOMARKERS | 98 | ||
| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Related Proteins | 98 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase-IX | 99 | ||
| von Hippel-Lindau Gene Functional Status | 100 | ||
| SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM AS BIOMARKERS FOR RESPONSE | 100 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 100 | ||
| SUMMARY | 102 | ||
| REFERENCES | 102 | ||
| Prognostic Role of Cell Cycle and Proliferative Markers in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma | 105 | ||
| Key points | 105 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 105 | ||
| CELL CYCLE AND CELL PROLIFERATION | 106 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF CELL CYCLE AND PROLIFERATIVE MARKERS | 106 | ||
| p53 and TP53 | 106 | ||
| p21 | 108 | ||
| p27 | 108 | ||
| Cyclin A | 109 | ||
| Cyclin B | 109 | ||
| Cyclin D | 109 | ||
| Cyclin E | 111 | ||
| pRB and RB1 | 112 | ||
| Ki-67 | 112 | ||
| MARKER COMBINATIONS | 114 | ||
| SUMMARY | 114 | ||
| REFERENCES | 114 | ||
| Current Clinical Applications of Testicular Cancer Biomarkers | 119 | ||
| Key points | 119 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| CLINICAL UTILITY OF TRADITIONAL SERUM TUMOR MARKERS | 120 | ||
| Screening Utility of Serum Tumor Markers | 120 | ||
| Diagnostic Utility of Serum Tumor Markers | 120 | ||
| Staging Utility of Serum Tumor Markers | 121 | ||
| Measurement of Response to Treatment by Serum Tumor Markers | 121 | ||
| Decline after Treatment of Metastatic Disease | 121 | ||
| AVAILABLE BIOMARKERS FOR TESTICULAR CANCER | 122 | ||
| FUTURE BIOMARKERS FOR TESTICULAR CANCER UNDER INVESTIGATION | 123 | ||
| REFERENCES | 124 | ||
| MicroRNAs in Testicular Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis | 127 | ||
| Key points | 127 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 127 | ||
| MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF MICRORNA BIOGENESIS | 128 | ||
| MICRORNAS IN TESTICULAR CANCER | 128 | ||
| MICRORNAS AS DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS IN TESTICULAR CANCER | 131 | ||
| MICRORNAS, PROGNOSIS, AND CISPLATIN-BASED TREATMENT | 132 | ||
| REFERENCES | 133 | ||
| The Emerging Role and Promise of Biomarkers in Penile Cancer | 135 | ||
| Key points | 135 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 135 | ||
| Epidemiology | 135 | ||
| Pathology | 135 | ||
| Management | 135 | ||
| PLASMATIC BIOMARKERS | 136 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen | 136 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein | 137 | ||
| PROLIFERATION ASSOCIATED BIOMARKERS | 137 | ||
| Ki-67 | 137 | ||
| Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen | 137 | ||
| HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS | 138 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus: a Risk Factor for Penile Cancer | 138 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus: Prognostic Marker for Penile Cancer | 138 | ||
| Prognostic marker for survival | 138 | ||
| Prognostic factors for lymph node metastasis | 138 | ||
| The Prognostic Significance of a Human Papillomavirus Marker: P16INK4a | 138 | ||
| P53 | 139 | ||
| Is There a Link Between p53 and Human Papillomavirus Infection? | 139 | ||
| The Prognostic Role of p53 in Penile Cancer | 139 | ||
| CYTOGENETIC MARKERS | 139 | ||
| Genetic Imbalances | 139 | ||
| Epigenetic Modifications | 140 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 140 | ||
| REFERENCES | 140 | ||
| Index | 145 |