BOOK
Neonatal Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, An Issue of Clinics in Perinatology, E-Book
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Recent advances in neonatal hematology, largely made by the authors of these chapters, are likely to generate wide spread and long-term improvements in outcomes, as well as reductions in costs of care. Publication of these advances in a single volume will facilitate dissemination of these techniques and practices. The advances include neuroprotection from erythropoietic stimulators, improved guidelines for platelet transfusions, evidence-based guidelines for FFP administration, improved diagnostic methods for genetic causes of severe neonatal jaundice, more accurate definitions of hematological perturbations in necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis, and reduction in transfusions and in IVH rates by cord milking/delayed clamping.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Neonatal Hematology\rand Transfusion Medicine | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Neonatal Hematology and Transfusion Medicine: What We Can Learn from Pediatric Oncology Groups | vii | ||
| Preface: The Expanding Evidence Base to Guide Neonatal Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Practice | vii | ||
| Erythropoietin and Neonatal Neuroprotection | vii | ||
| Reference Intervals in Neonatal Hematology | vii | ||
| Neonatal Transfusion Medicine: Five Major Unanswered Research Questions for the Twenty-First Century | vii | ||
| Hemolytic Disorders Causing Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia | viii | ||
| Plasma Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Brain Injury | viii | ||
| Umbilical Cord Blood—An Untapped Resource: Strategies to Decrease Early Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Improve Neonatal Ou ... | viii | ||
| Darbepoetin Administration in Term and Preterm Neonates | viii | ||
| Immunologic and Hematological Abnormalities in Necrotizing Enterocolitis | ix | ||
| Hematologic Aspects of Early and Late-Onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants | ix | ||
| Stem Cells: Potential Therapy for Neonatal Injury? | ix | ||
| Platelet Transfusions in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | ix | ||
| Neonatal Platelet Function | ix | ||
| Fresh Frozen Plasma Administration in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Evidence-Based Guidelines | x | ||
| Thrombosis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | x | ||
| CME Accreditation Page | xi | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | xi | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | xi | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | xi | ||
| ACCREDITATION | xi | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | xi | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | xi | ||
| TO ENROLL | xii | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | xii | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | xii | ||
| Foreword: Neonatal Hematology and Transfusion Medicine: What We Can Learn from Pediatric Oncology Groups | xv | ||
| REFERENCES | xvii | ||
| Preface: The Expanding Evidence Base to Guide Neonatal Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Practice | xix | ||
| Erythropoietin and Neonatal Neuroprotection | 469 | ||
| Key points | 469 | ||
| INFANTS AT RISK FOR NEURODEVELOPMENTAL IMPAIRMENT | 469 | ||
| Preterm Brain Injury | 470 | ||
| Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy | 471 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF CELL DEATH | 471 | ||
| ERYTHROPOIETIN AS A NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT FOR NEONATAL NEUROPROTECTION | 473 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION | 473 | ||
| In Vitro and In Vivo Studies | 473 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS OF ERYTHROPOIETIN IN NEONATAL POPULATIONS | 474 | ||
| SUMMARY OF ANIMAL AND HUMAN STUDIES | 475 | ||
| REFERENCES | 476 | ||
| Reference Intervals in Neonatal Hematology | 483 | ||
| Key points | 483 | ||
| REFERENCE INTERVALS | 483 | ||
| METHODOLOGY | 484 | ||
| INDIVIDUAL REFERENCE INTERVALS | 484 | ||
| REFERENCES | 497 | ||
| Neonatal Transfusion Medicine | 499 | ||
| Key points | 499 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 499 | ||
| What Is the Optimal Red Blood Cell Transfusion Threshold for Neonates? | 500 | ||
| What Is the Optimal Platelet Transfusion Threshold for Neonates? | 501 | ||
| Does the Storage Age of a Red Blood Cell Unit Affect Clinical Outcomes for Neonates? | 503 | ||
| Does Red Blood Cell Transfusion Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis? | 503 | ||
| Which New Practices Should Be Used to Prevent Transfusion-Transmitted Infections in Neonates? | 504 | ||
| SUMMARY | 506 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 506 | ||
| REFERENCES | 507 | ||
| Hemolytic Disorders Causing Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia | 515 | ||
| Key points | 515 | ||
| NEONATAL HEMOLYTIC DISORDERS | 515 | ||
| HEMOLYTIC DISORDERS ARE FREQUENTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR EXTREME NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA | 516 | ||
| IDENTIFYING HEMOLYTIC CAUSES OF NEONATAL JAUNDICE | 517 | ||
| RBC Morphology | 518 | ||
| End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide | 520 | ||
| EMA Flow Cytometry | 520 | ||
| Next-Generation Sequencing | 522 | ||
| Algorithm | 522 | ||
| REFERENCES | 525 | ||
| Plasma Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Brain Injury | 529 | ||
| Key points | 529 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 529 | ||
| PLASMA BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS | 530 | ||
| Isoprostanes | 531 | ||
| Isofurans | 531 | ||
| Neuroprostanes | 531 | ||
| Neurofurans | 531 | ||
| Non–Protein Bound Iron | 532 | ||
| OXIDATIVE STRESS AND NEONATAL BRAIN INJURY | 532 | ||
| SUMMARY | 535 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 535 | ||
| REFERENCES | 535 | ||
| Umbilical Cord Blood—An Untapped Resource | 541 | ||
| Key points | 541 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 541 | ||
| DELAYED CORD CLAMPING OR MILKING OF THE UMBILICAL CORD | 542 | ||
| Transition During Gestation and from Fetal to Neonatal Circulation | 542 | ||
| Neonatal Blood Volume Following Delayed Cord Clamping/Milking of the Umbilical Cord | 543 | ||
| Physiologic Changes in Circulation Following Delayed Cord Clamping/Milking of the Umbilical Cord | 545 | ||
| Neonatal Outcomes After Delayed Cord Clamping/Milking of the Umbilical Cord | 545 | ||
| Risks of delayed cord clamping/milking of the umbilical cord | 545 | ||
| Effect of delayed cord clamping/milking of the umbilical cord on initial resuscitation | 546 | ||
| Benefits of delayed cord clamping/milking of the umbilical cord | 546 | ||
| Obstetric Acceptance of Delayed Cord Clamping/Milking of the Umbilical Cord | 546 | ||
| USE OF UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD FOR INITIAL LABORATORY TESTING | 547 | ||
| Placental Anatomy | 547 | ||
| Laboratory Tests Performed on Umbilical Cord Blood | 547 | ||
| Complete blood count | 547 | ||
| Blood culture | 550 | ||
| Blood type and antibody screen | 550 | ||
| Newborn metabolic screen | 550 | ||
| Procedure for Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling | 551 | ||
| Neonatal Outcomes | 552 | ||
| SUMMARY | 552 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 552 | ||
| REFERENCES | 553 | ||
| Darbepoetin Administration in Term and Preterm Neonates | 557 | ||
| Key points | 557 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 557 | ||
| CLINICAL STUDIES | 558 | ||
| DARBE DOSING AND PHARMACOKINETICS | 559 | ||
| PRETERM ERYTHROPOIESIS-STIMULATING AGENT STUDIES | 560 | ||
| PRETERM NEUROPROTECTION | 562 | ||
| TERM NEUROPROTECTION STUDIES | 563 | ||
| SUMMARY | 564 | ||
| REFERENCES | 565 | ||
| Immunologic and Hematological Abnormalities in Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 567 | ||
| Key points | 567 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 568 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGIC ASPECTS OF NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS | 568 | ||
| Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Products in the Premature Intestine | 568 | ||
| Intestinal Epithelium | 568 | ||
| Intestinal Macrophages and Dendritic Cells | 569 | ||
| Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue | 569 | ||
| T Lymphocytes in the Lamina Propria and Intraepithelial Compartments | 570 | ||
| B Cells and Secretory Immunoglobulins | 570 | ||
| Platelet-Activating Factor | 571 | ||
| Nitric Oxide | 571 | ||
| Reactive Oxygen Species | 572 | ||
| Transforming Growth Factor-β | 572 | ||
| Cytokine Responses Associated with Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 573 | ||
| HEMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS | 573 | ||
| Platelet Counts | 573 | ||
| Coagulopathy | 574 | ||
| Anemia | 574 | ||
| Neutrophils | 575 | ||
| Macrophages and Monocytes | 575 | ||
| Eosinophils | 576 | ||
| Basophils | 576 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 576 | ||
| Nucleated Red Blood Cells | 576 | ||
| SUMMARY | 577 | ||
| REFERENCES | 578 | ||
| Hematologic Aspects of Early and Late-Onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants | 587 | ||
| Key points | 587 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 587 | ||
| Red Blood Cells | 588 | ||
| Leucocytes | 588 | ||
| Neutrophils | 588 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 590 | ||
| Platelets | 591 | ||
| SUMMARY | 593 | ||
| REFERENCES | 593 | ||
| Stem Cells | 597 | ||
| Key points | 597 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 597 | ||
| STEM CELL BIOLOGY: A BRIEF REVIEW | 598 | ||
| Stem Cell Theory: Pluripotent Stem Cells and Tissue-Specific Somatic Stem Cells | 598 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development in Mouse and Human Embryos | 600 | ||
| Mesenchymal Stem Cells | 601 | ||
| Endothelial Progenitors: Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells | 601 | ||
| Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells and Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells | 602 | ||
| STEM CELLS FOR THE TREATMENT OF POSTINSULT INJURY IN NEONATES | 602 | ||
| Brain Injury and Stem Cell Transplantation | 603 | ||
| Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy | 603 | ||
| Neonatal stroke | 603 | ||
| Lung Injury and Stem Cell Transplantation | 604 | ||
| Intestinal Injury and Stem Cell Transplantation | 604 | ||
| UTILITY OF NEONATAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS | 604 | ||
| SUMMARY | 605 | ||
| REFERENCES | 606 | ||
| Platelet Transfusions in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | 613 | ||
| Key points | 613 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 613 | ||
| PLATELET TRANSFUSION PRACTICES | 614 | ||
| PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS IN THE NEONATE | 616 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEVERITY OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND BLEEDING RISK | 617 | ||
| DO PLATELET TRANSFUSIONS DECREASE THE INCIDENCE OF BLEEDING? | 618 | ||
| CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS | 619 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 619 | ||
| REFERENCES | 621 | ||
| Neonatal Platelet Function | 625 | ||
| Key points | 625 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 625 | ||
| PLATELET PRODUCTION IN NEONATES | 626 | ||
| PLATELET FUNCTION IN NEONATES | 627 | ||
| DISORDERS OF NEONATAL PLATELET FUNCTION | 628 | ||
| EVALUATION OF PLATELET FUNCTION IN NEONATES | 631 | ||
| Platelet Aggregometry | 631 | ||
| Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Platelet Activation | 632 | ||
| Whole-Blood Hemostasis: Bleeding Time, Surface Coverage, and Closure Time | 633 | ||
| Thromboelastogram and Rotating Thromboelastogram | 634 | ||
| REFERENCES | 635 | ||
| Fresh Frozen Plasma Administration in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | 639 | ||
| Key points | 639 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 639 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FRESH FROZEN PLASMA USE IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT | 640 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS DERIVED FROM CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE APPROPRIATE USE OF FRESH FROZEN PLASMA IN NEONATES | 640 | ||
| EFFECT OF FRESH FROZEN PLASMA DOSE ON CLOTTING TIMES | 642 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS OF HEMOSTASIS ASSESSMENT IN THERAPEUTIC DECISION-MAKING FOR FRESH FROZEN PLASMA ADMINISTRATION | 644 | ||
| STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE COMPLIANCE WITH FRESH FROZEN PLASMA ADMINISTRATION GUIDELINES IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT | 646 | ||
| SUMMARY | 647 | ||
| REFERENCES | 648 | ||
| Thrombosis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | 651 | ||
| Key points | 651 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 651 | ||
| NEONATAL HEMOSTASIS | 652 | ||
| TYPES AND LOCATIONS OF NEONATAL THROMBOSES | 652 | ||
| Arterial Thromboses | 652 | ||
| Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke | 652 | ||
| Iatrogenic arterial thrombosis | 653 | ||
| Spontaneous arterial thrombosis | 653 | ||
| Venous Thromboses | 653 | ||
| Central venous catheter–related thrombosis (excluding intracardiac) | 653 | ||
| Intracardiac thromboses not associated with congenital heart disease | 656 | ||
| Renal vein thrombosis | 656 | ||
| Portal vein thrombosis | 656 | ||
| Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis | 657 | ||
| Thrombosis in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease | 657 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL THROMBOSES INCLUDING APPROPRIATE LABORATORY EVALUATION | 658 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 658 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF THROMBOSIS | 659 | ||
| Nitroglycerin | 662 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 662 | ||
| Unfractionated Heparin | 663 | ||
| Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin | 664 | ||
| Thrombolysis | 665 | ||
| Surgery | 665 | ||
| SUMMARY | 666 | ||
| REFERENCES | 667 | ||
| Index | 675 |