Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Dr. John Kellum has assembled an essential update on the topic of Nephrology as it relates to Critical Care Medicine. Articles include: Diagnostic criteria, Biomarkers for AKI, Sepsis-induced AKI,Drug-induced AKI, Cardio-renal syndrome,Surgery Associated AKI,Contrast-induced AKI, Principles of Fluid Therapy,Fluid composition and clinical effects, Renal replacement therapy, and Understanding acid-base.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Nephrology | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Critical Care Nephrology\r | vii | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Kidney Injury: Present and Future\r | vii | ||
| Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury\r | vii | ||
| Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury\r | vii | ||
| Thrombocytopenia-Associated Multiple Organ Failure and Acute Kidney Injury\r | vii | ||
| Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: A Focus on Risk Assessment for Prevention\r | viii | ||
| A Clinical Approach to the Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome\r | viii | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury in the Surgical Patient\r | viii | ||
| Contrast-associated Acute Kidney Injury\r | ix | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis\r | ix | ||
| Short-term Effects of Acute Kidney Injury\r | ix | ||
| Long-Term Follow-up of Acute Kidney Injury\r | ix | ||
| Preventing Acute Kidney Injury\r | x | ||
| Principles of Fluid Management\x0B | x | ||
| Fluid Overload\r | x | ||
| Fluid Composition and Clinical Effects\r | x | ||
| Renal Replacement Therapy\r | xi | ||
| Understanding Acid Base Disorders\r | xi | ||
| CRITICAL CARE CLINICS\r | xii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xii | ||
| January 2016 | xii | ||
| April 2016 | xii | ||
| July 2016 | xii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xii | ||
| July 2015 | xii | ||
| April 2015 | xii | ||
| January 2015 | xii | ||
| Preface: Critical Care Nephrology | xiii | ||
| REFERENCES | xiv | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Kidney Injury | 621 | ||
| Key points | 621 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 621 | ||
| CRITERIA FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 622 | ||
| THE PURPOSE OF STANDARDIZED CRITERIA FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 622 | ||
| BASELINE RENAL FUNCTION | 624 | ||
| SERUM CREATININE AND URINE OUTPUT | 626 | ||
| NOVEL BIOMARKERS | 628 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC UNCERTAINTY AND FUTURE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS | 629 | ||
| REFERENCES | 630 | ||
| Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury | 633 | ||
| Key points | 633 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 633 | ||
| SUMMARY OF KEY BIOMARKERS | 635 | ||
| CLINICAL SETTINGS | 635 | ||
| Cardiac Surgery | 635 | ||
| Critical Illness and Sepsis | 638 | ||
| Emergency Department | 641 | ||
| DISCRIMINATORY FUNCTION | 642 | ||
| SUMMARY | 643 | ||
| REFERENCES | 643 | ||
| Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury | 649 | ||
| Key points | 649 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 649 | ||
| THE KIDNEYS' RESPONSE TO SEPSIS | 650 | ||
| Cellular Adaptation | 650 | ||
| GLOMERULAR HEMODYNAMICS IN SEPTIC ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 651 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SEPTIC ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 652 | ||
| Systemic Blood Pressure | 652 | ||
| Fluid Management and Central Venous Pressure | 654 | ||
| Vasopressor Therapy | 654 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Transfusion | 654 | ||
| Renal Replacement Therapy | 654 | ||
| FUTURE THERAPIES | 655 | ||
| SUMMARY | 656 | ||
| REFERENCES | 656 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia-Associated Multiple Organ Failure and Acute Kidney Injury | 661 | ||
| Key points | 661 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 661 | ||
| THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA PURPURA | 662 | ||
| Von Willebrand Factor and ADAMTS-13 in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 662 | ||
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Acute Kidney Injury | 663 | ||
| Managing Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 664 | ||
| HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME | 664 | ||
| Shiga Toxins and Complement Pathway in Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | 665 | ||
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Acute Kidney Injury | 665 | ||
| Managing Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | 665 | ||
| DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION | 666 | ||
| Tissue Factor in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 666 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Acute Kidney Injury | 666 | ||
| Managing Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 667 | ||
| THROMBOCYTOPENIA-ASSOCIATED MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE | 667 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia-Associated Multiple Organ Failure and Acute Kidney Injury | 668 | ||
| Managing Thrombocytopenia-Associated Multiple Organ Failure (Not Overt Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Thrombotic T ... | 668 | ||
| REFERENCES | 668 | ||
| Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury | 675 | ||
| Key points | 675 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 675 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 676 | ||
| RISK ASSESSMENT FOR DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 677 | ||
| PREVENTION OF DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 679 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF DRUG-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 680 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 680 | ||
| SUMMARY | 681 | ||
| REFERENCES | 681 | ||
| A Clinical Approach to the Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome | 685 | ||
| Key points | 685 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 685 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACUTE CARDIORENAL SYNDROME | 686 | ||
| BIOMARKERS IN ACUTE CARDIORENAL SYNDROME | 686 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIORENAL SYNDROME | 690 | ||
| CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF CARDIORENAL SYNDROME | 691 | ||
| TREATMENT OF CARDIORENAL SYNDROME | 692 | ||
| Diuretic Therapy | 693 | ||
| Vasoactive Drugs | 694 | ||
| Extracorporeal Volume Removal | 695 | ||
| SUMMARY | 696 | ||
| REFERENCES | 696 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury in the Surgical Patient | 705 | ||
| Key points | 705 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 705 | ||
| DEFINITIONS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH PERIOPERATIVE ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 706 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 707 | ||
| RISK STRATIFICATION FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 710 | ||
| Use of Imaging Techniques | 710 | ||
| Use of Urine and Plasma Biomarkers | 711 | ||
| Use of Clinical Prediction Scores | 712 | ||
| PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PERIOPERATIVE ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 713 | ||
| SUMMARY | 715 | ||
| REFERENCES | 715 | ||
| Contrast-associated Acute Kidney Injury | 725 | ||
| Key points | 725 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 725 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR CONTRAST-ASSOCIATED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 726 | ||
| INCIDENCE OF CONTRAST-ASSOCIATED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 727 | ||
| OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH CONTRAST-ASSOCIATED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 727 | ||
| PREVENTION OF CONTRAST-ASSOCIATED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 729 | ||
| Contrast Agents | 729 | ||
| Renal Replacement Therapies | 729 | ||
| Pharmacologic Agents | 729 | ||
| Intravenous Fluids | 730 | ||
| Current Recommendations for Prevention | 730 | ||
| SUMMARY | 731 | ||
| REFERENCES | 731 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis | 737 | ||
| Key points | 737 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 738 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 738 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATORENAL SYNDROME | 738 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN CIRRHOSIS: INFLAMMATION? | 739 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF RENAL DYSFUNCTION | 739 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE: DIAGNOSIS AND DEFINITIONS | 741 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN CIRRHOSIS: NOVEL BIOMARKERS | 741 | ||
| THERAPIES: HEPATORENAL SYNDROME | 743 | ||
| ALBUMIN | 743 | ||
| VASOCONSTRICTOR THERAPY | 743 | ||
| Vasopressin Analogues | 743 | ||
| Noradrenaline | 744 | ||
| Midodrine and Octreotide | 744 | ||
| TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT | 744 | ||
| RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY | 745 | ||
| EXTRACORPOREAL LIVER SUPPORT | 745 | ||
| TREATMENT: OTHER CAUSES OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 746 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY: PRETRANSPLANT AND POSTTRANSPLANT OUTCOMES | 746 | ||
| SUMMARY | 746 | ||
| REFERENCES | 747 | ||
| Short-term Effects of Acute Kidney Injury | 751 | ||
| Key points | 751 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 751 | ||
| SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY: THE CONVENTIONAL PERSPECTIVE | 752 | ||
| Electrolyte Disturbance | 752 | ||
| Acid-Base Disorders | 753 | ||
| Uremia | 753 | ||
| Fluid Overload | 754 | ||
| SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY: A NEW PERSPECTIVE | 754 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury and the Innate Immune System: Proinflammatory Changes | 755 | ||
| Acute kidney injury and the lungs | 755 | ||
| Acute kidney injury and the heart | 755 | ||
| Acute kidney injury and the brain | 755 | ||
| Acute kidney injury and the gastrointestinal tract | 755 | ||
| Acute kidney injury and cytokine homeostasis | 755 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury and the Innate Immune System: Impaired Neutrophil Function | 756 | ||
| Animal studies | 756 | ||
| Clinical studies | 756 | ||
| SUMMARY | 757 | ||
| REFERENCES | 758 | ||
| Long-Term Follow-up of Acute Kidney Injury | 763 | ||
| Key points | 763 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 763 | ||
| DEFINING RECOVERY | 764 | ||
| What Is Meant by Recovery? | 764 | ||
| Limitations of Conventional Markers of Acute Kidney Injury | 765 | ||
| A Role for Alternative Markers of Acute Kidney Injury | 765 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY: WHAT ARE THE LONG-TERM RISKS? | 766 | ||
| ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AFFECTING OUTCOME | 767 | ||
| CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AND AFFECT ON OUTCOME | 767 | ||
| IDENTIFICATION OF THE PATIENT AT ENHANCED LONG-TERM RISK | 767 | ||
| LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT AFTER ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 769 | ||
| SUMMARY | 769 | ||
| REFERENCES | 770 | ||
| Preventing Acute Kidney Injury | 773 | ||
| Key points | 773 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 773 | ||
| INITIATIVE GOALS | 774 | ||
| STRATEGIES | 774 | ||
| Increasing Awareness of Acute Kidney Injury | 775 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury and the Global Burden of Disease Study | 775 | ||
| Strategies for Increasing Awareness and Reducing Variations in Acute Kidney Injury Management | 776 | ||
| Risk: identifying high-risk individuals for primary prevention of acute kidney injury | 777 | ||
| Recognition: prompt diagnosis | 777 | ||
| Response: interventions for incipient and established acute kidney injury | 779 | ||
| Renal support: renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury | 779 | ||
| Rehabilitation: postdischarge care of patients with acute kidney injury | 780 | ||
| SUMMARY | 780 | ||
| REFERENCES | 781 | ||
| Principles of Fluid Management | 785 | ||
| Key points | 785 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 785 | ||
| HISTORICAL CONTEXT | 786 | ||
| PHASES OF FLUID THERAPY | 787 | ||
| Rescue | 788 | ||
| Optimization | 788 | ||
| Stabilization | 788 | ||
| De-escalation | 789 | ||
| MONITORING AND REASSESSMENT | 789 | ||
| TYPE OF FLUID THERAPY | 789 | ||
| CRYSTALLOID SOLUTIONS | 791 | ||
| COLLOIDS | 792 | ||
| QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY OF FLUID THERAPY | 794 | ||
| MITIGATION OF FLUID ACCUMULATION | 795 | ||
| SUMMARY | 797 | ||
| REFERENCES | 797 | ||
| Fluid Overload | 803 | ||
| Key points | 803 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FLUID OVERLOAD AND ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN CRITICAL ILLNESS | 803 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF FLUID OVERLOAD: A PATIENT-PHYSICIAN INTERACTION | 806 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF FLUID OVERLOAD | 807 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF FLUID OVERLOAD | 810 | ||
| Controlling Fluid Intake | 810 | ||
| Fluid Removal: Diuretics, Ultrafiltration, and Monitoring | 811 | ||
| SUMMARY | 815 | ||
| REFERENCES | 815 | ||
| Fluid Composition and Clinical Effects | 823 | ||
| Key points | 823 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 823 | ||
| TYPES OF FLUIDS | 824 | ||
| Crystalloids | 824 | ||
| Unbalanced crystalloids | 824 | ||
| Dextrose solutions | 824 | ||
| 0.9% Sodium chloride | 824 | ||
| Sodium bicarbonate solutions | 824 | ||
| Balanced crystalloids | 824 | ||
| Colloids | 824 | ||
| IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS | 825 | ||
| Molecular Weight | 825 | ||
| Oncotic Pressure | 825 | ||
| Metabolism, Elimination, and Duration of Effect | 825 | ||
| Carrier Fluid | 825 | ||
| Types of colloid | 828 | ||
| Human albumin solution | 828 | ||
| Gelatin-based colloid | 828 | ||
| Dextran-based colloid | 829 | ||
| Hydroxyethyl starch | 829 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FLUIDS | 829 | ||
| Volume Expansion | 829 | ||
| Renal Effects | 833 | ||
| Hematological Effects | 833 | ||
| Metabolic Effects | 833 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 834 | ||
| POTENTIAL INDICATIONS | 834 | ||
| 0.9% Sodium Chloride | 834 | ||
| Bicarbonate Solutions | 834 | ||
| Dextrose | 834 | ||
| Balanced Crystalloid Solutions | 834 | ||
| Human Albumin Solutions | 835 | ||
| Hydroxyethyl Starches | 835 | ||
| Gelatin-Based Colloids | 835 | ||
| Dextrans | 835 | ||
| SUMMARY | 835 | ||
| REFERENCES | 835 | ||
| Renal Replacement Therapy | 839 | ||
| Key points | 839 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 839 | ||
| TIMING OF INITIATION | 840 | ||
| VASCULAR ACCESS | 842 | ||
| TREATMENTS AND MODALITIES | 842 | ||
| DOSE | 844 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION | 845 | ||
| SUMMARY | 846 | ||
| REFERENCES | 846 | ||
| Understanding Acid Base Disorders | 849 | ||
| Key points | 849 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 849 | ||
| THE CONCEPT OF EQUILIBRIUM AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANALYSIS OF ACID–BASE PHYSIOLOGY | 850 | ||
| The Physiologic Approach and the Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation | 851 | ||
| Buffer Base, Base Excess, and Standard Base Excess | 852 | ||
| THE STEWART APPROACH | 854 | ||
| A Closer Look at the Strong Ion Difference | 856 | ||
| Weak Nonvolatile Acids | 857 | ||
| A NOTE ON THE STEWART MECHANISM | 857 | ||
| SUMMARY | 858 | ||
| REFERENCES | 859 | ||
| Index | 861 |