BOOK
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Adults and Children, An Issue of Clinics in Liver Disease, E-Book
(2015)
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Book Details
Abstract
Dr. Reuben provides a timely update to the topic of HCC, which was last covered in 2011. The highly respected authors in his issue address advances in imaging for diagnosis, surgical resection and liver transplantation, and local and systemic therapy. The breadth of the topic is covered, with articles devoted to histopathology, classification and staging, and screening and detection.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma in \rAdults and Children | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Adults and Children\r | vii | ||
| Global Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Emphasis on Demographic and Regional Variability\r | vii | ||
| Anatomic Pathology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Histopathology Using Classic and New Diagnostic Tools\r | vii | ||
| Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma at the Cellular and Molecular Levels\r | vii | ||
| Classification and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Aid to Clinical Decision-Making\r | viii | ||
| Screening and Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma\r | viii | ||
| Elevated Alpha-Fetoprotein: Differential Diagnosis - Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Other Disorders\r | viii | ||
| Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: New Approaches to Diagnosis\r | viii | ||
| Oncogenic Viruses and Hepatocellular Carcinoma\r | ix | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma\r | ix | ||
| Surgical Resection and Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma\r | ix | ||
| Locoregional Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma\r | ix | ||
| Systemic Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current and Promising\r | x | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Children\r | x | ||
| CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| August 2015 | xi | ||
| November 2015 | xi | ||
| February 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| February 2015 | xi | ||
| November 2014 | xi | ||
| August 2014 | xi | ||
| Preface: Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Adults and Children \r | xiii | ||
| REFERENCES | xvi | ||
| Global Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 223 | ||
| Key points | 223 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 223 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY | 224 | ||
| Gender and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Rates | 226 | ||
| HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION | 226 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus | 227 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus | 228 | ||
| Aflatoxin | 229 | ||
| Alcohol Consumption | 229 | ||
| Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolic Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Tobacco | 230 | ||
| Coffee and Tea | 230 | ||
| CHEMOPREVENTION | 231 | ||
| Statins | 231 | ||
| Antidiabetic Medications | 231 | ||
| Aspirin | 231 | ||
| SUMMARY | 232 | ||
| REFERENCES | 232 | ||
| Anatomic Pathology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 239 | ||
| Key points | 239 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 239 | ||
| CLINICAL DATA | 239 | ||
| HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN STAIN EVALUATION OF THE DIRECTED BIOPSY FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 240 | ||
| Liver Biopsy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Yes or No? | 240 | ||
| Architecture | 240 | ||
| Cytology | 240 | ||
| Stroma | 242 | ||
| FURTHER WORK-UP OF SUSPECTED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 246 | ||
| Scenario 1: Metastasis Versus Primary Liver Carcinoma | 247 | ||
| Scenario 2: Hepatocellular Carcinoma Versus Other Hepatocellular Lesion | 249 | ||
| Scenario 3: Primary Liver Carcinoma Versus Mixed Hepatobiliary-Biphenotypic Carcinoma | 251 | ||
| PRECURSOR LESIONS AND EARLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN CIRRHOSIS | 253 | ||
| Dysplastic Foci and Nodules | 253 | ||
| Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 255 | ||
| SUMMARY | 257 | ||
| REFERENCES | 257 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma at the Cellular and Molecular Levels | 261 | ||
| Key points | 261 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 261 | ||
| PREDICTING TUMOR BEHAVIOR: A HIGH-THROUGHPUT APPROACH | 262 | ||
| CELL OF ORIGIN AND THE DIVERSITY IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS | 265 | ||
| PLASTICITY OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA DEPENDS ON THE MICROENVIRONMENT | 266 | ||
| STEMNESS, A WAY TO SURVIVE IN A HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT | 270 | ||
| SUMMARY | 271 | ||
| REFERENCES | 271 | ||
| Classification and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 277 | ||
| Key points | 277 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 277 | ||
| COMMON CLASSIFICATION AND STAGING METHODS | 278 | ||
| Tumor-Node-Metastasis Classification | 278 | ||
| Okuda Classification | 279 | ||
| Cancer of the Liver Italian Program | 279 | ||
| Japan Integrated Staging | 280 | ||
| Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging | 281 | ||
| Hong Kong Liver Cancer Prognostic Staging Scheme | 283 | ||
| SELECTING TREATMENT MODALITIES BASED ON STAGE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 283 | ||
| Liver Transplantation | 285 | ||
| Surgical Resection | 286 | ||
| Local Ablation Methods | 287 | ||
| Radiotherapy: Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and Proton Beam Therapy | 287 | ||
| Catheter-Based Treatments: Transarterial Chemoembolization, Transarterial Radioembolization, and Transarterial Chemoinfusion | 288 | ||
| Systemic Chemotherapy | 289 | ||
| Palliative Care | 289 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 289 | ||
| SUMMARY | 291 | ||
| REFERENCES | 291 | ||
| Screening and Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 295 | ||
| Key points | 295 | ||
| ROLE OF SCREENING FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 295 | ||
| DEFINITION OF THE AT-RISK POPULATION | 296 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE TESTS | 296 | ||
| SCREENING INTERVAL | 298 | ||
| ROLE OF ALPHA FETOPROTEIN IN SCREENING | 298 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 298 | ||
| IMAGING MODALITIES | 299 | ||
| NEED FOR NEEDLE BIOPSY/LIMITATIONS | 299 | ||
| SAFETY OF BIOPSY/RISK OF SEEDING | 300 | ||
| ROLE OF CURRENTLY USED TUMOR MARKERS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA DIAGNOSIS | 300 | ||
| Alpha Fetoprotein | 300 | ||
| Les Culinaris Agglutinin-Reactive Alpha Fetoprotein | 301 | ||
| Des-Gamma Carboxy Prothrombin | 301 | ||
| Newer Tumor Markers | 301 | ||
| SUMMARY | 302 | ||
| REFERENCES | 302 | ||
| Elevated Alpha-Fetoprotein | 309 | ||
| Key points | 309 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 310 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 310 | ||
| Evolution of Surveillance Guidelines | 310 | ||
| Worldwide Variation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance Guidelines | 311 | ||
| SERUM ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN | 311 | ||
| Causes of Elevation in Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Level | 311 | ||
| Factors Impacting Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Level as a Tumor Marker | 312 | ||
| The Role of Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance | 313 | ||
| The Role of Alpha-Fetoprotein in Predicting Hepatic Fibrosis | 314 | ||
| The Role of Alpha-Fetoprotein in Modeling to Predict Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 315 | ||
| Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Level and Liver Transplantation | 315 | ||
| RISK BIOMARKERS FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 316 | ||
| Lens culinaris Agglutinin-Reactive Alpha-Fetoprotein | 316 | ||
| Des-Y-Carboxyprothrombin | 316 | ||
| Improved Risk Assessment with an Expanded Biomarker Panel with Alpha-Fetoprotein | 316 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONAL TUMOR MARKERS | 318 | ||
| Glypican-3 | 318 | ||
| SUMMARY | 318 | ||
| REFERENCES | 319 | ||
| Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 325 | ||
| Key points | 325 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 325 | ||
| American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases-Organ Procurement and Transplant Network Criteria for Hepatocellular C ... | 326 | ||
| Summary | 327 | ||
| LIVER IMAGING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM | 327 | ||
| Major Features Described in Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System | 328 | ||
| Arterial phase enhancement | 328 | ||
| Diameter | 329 | ||
| Washout | 329 | ||
| Capsule | 330 | ||
| Threshold growth | 330 | ||
| Ancillary features | 330 | ||
| LIVER IMAGING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM 1 | 331 | ||
| Summary | 331 | ||
| LIVER IMAGING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM 2 | 332 | ||
| Oncogenic Viruses and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 341 | ||
| Key points | 341 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 341 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 342 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus | 342 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus DNA Viral Integration into the Host's Genome | 343 | ||
| Alterations in the transcriptional levels of adjacent genes | 343 | ||
| Genome instability | 343 | ||
| Viral-human fusion transcripts | 343 | ||
| HBx | 343 | ||
| Epigenetic effects | 343 | ||
| MicroRNA | 344 | ||
| Apoptosis | 345 | ||
| DNA repair pathways and genetic instability | 345 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus | 345 | ||
| Core protein | 345 | ||
| NS3 | 346 | ||
| NS5A | 347 | ||
| NS5B | 347 | ||
| MicroRNAs and hepatitis C virus–associated cancer | 347 | ||
| RISK OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN A NONCIRRHOTIC LIVER | 347 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus | 347 | ||
| Occult Hepatitis B Virus | 348 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus | 348 | ||
| PREVENTION OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C | 349 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine | 349 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus Antiviral Therapy: Interferon and Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogues | 349 | ||
| Interferon-α therapy | 349 | ||
| Nucleoside/Nucleotide analogues | 350 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus Antiviral Therapy | 350 | ||
| Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Patients Without Cirrhosis After Successful Antiviral Therapy | 351 | ||
| Advanced fibrosis/patients with cirrhosis achieving sustained viral response and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma | 351 | ||
| REFERENCES | 352 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 361 | ||
| Key points | 361 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 361 | ||
| OBESITY, DIABETES, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, AND NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS AS RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CA ... | 362 | ||
| HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS | 365 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN OBESITY, DIABETES, AND NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE | 367 | ||
| Insulin Resistance | 368 | ||
| c-Jun amino-terminal kinases | 369 | ||
| Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress | 369 | ||
| Leptin | 370 | ||
| S-Adenosylmethionine | 370 | ||
| Toll-Like Receptors | 371 | ||
| Potential Chemoprevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 371 | ||
| Statins | 371 | ||
| Metformin | 372 | ||
| S-Adenosylmethionine | 372 | ||
| SUMMARY | 373 | ||
| REFERENCES | 373 | ||
| Surgical Resection and Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 381 | ||
| Key points | 381 | ||
| HEPATIC RESECTION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 381 | ||
| Patient Evaluation | 382 | ||
| Outcome of Hepatic Resection | 386 | ||
| Management of Tumor Recurrence | 388 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 388 | ||
| LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 389 | ||
| The Milan Criteria | 389 | ||
| The University of California at San Francisco Criteria | 389 | ||
| Beyond the University of California at San Francisco Criteria | 390 | ||
| Priority Allocation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Candidates | 390 | ||
| The Role of Pretransplant Ablative Therapy | 392 | ||
| Downstaging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 393 | ||
| Living Donor Liver Transplant for Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 393 | ||
| HOW THE AUTHORS DO IT | 394 | ||
| REFERENCES | 395 | ||
| Locoregional Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 401 | ||
| Key points | 401 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 401 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO LOCOREGIONAL THERAPY | 403 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR EMBOLOTHERAPIES | 403 | ||
| Transarterial Chemoembolization | 409 | ||
| Radioembolization | 411 | ||
| ABLATIVE THERAPIES | 412 | ||
| Radiofrequency Ablation | 412 | ||
| Microwave Ablation | 412 | ||
| Irreversible Electroporation | 413 | ||
| Cryoablation | 413 | ||
| Percutaneous Ethanol Injection | 413 | ||
| Locoregional therapy as bridge to transplantation | 413 | ||
| SUMMARY | 413 | ||
| REFERENCES | 414 | ||
| Systemic Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 421 | ||
| Key points | 421 | ||
| SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA | 421 | ||
| SORAFENIB | 422 | ||
| Combination of Sorafenib with Locoregional Therapy or Resection | 424 | ||
| Sorafenib in the Pretransplant Setting | 425 | ||
| Sorafenib Combined with Other Agents | 426 | ||
| Sorafenib and Mammalian Targets of Rapamycin | 426 | ||
| Beyond Sorafenib | 426 | ||
| SUNITINIB | 426 | ||
| BRIVANIB | 427 | ||
| Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway | 428 | ||
| c-Met | 428 | ||
| Antiangiogenesis | 428 | ||
| Personalized Approach in Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 429 | ||
| SUMMARY | 429 | ||
| REFERENCES | 429 |