Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This third edition of Introduction to Public Health by Fleming and Parker continues to cement itself as a highly-respected resource for public health students. This title provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the key concepts and principles of public health from a multidisciplinary perspective. This highly anticipated new edition of Introduction to Public Health addresses topical issues, including epidemiology, ethics and evidence-based practice. Parker and Fleming also includes a new focus on infectious diseases and disease presence. The inclusion of the new chapter 'Public health and social policy' will help broaden the readers’ understanding of the influence policy has on public health.
Evolve resources for students and instructors:
Evolve resources for instructors only:
- New chapter: 'Public health and social policy'
- Focus on infectious diseases and disease prevention
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Evolve page | IFC2 | ||
| Introduction to Public Health | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Introduction | vii | ||
| Why is public health important? | vii | ||
| Defining and understanding ‘public health’ | viii | ||
| How this book is organised | ix | ||
| References | xi | ||
| About the authors | xii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xiv | ||
| Reviewers | xv | ||
| 1 | 1 | ||
| 1 Defining health and public health | 3 | ||
| Learning objectives | 3 | ||
| Introduction | 3 | ||
| Defining health and ill health | 4 | ||
| Health and illness | 4 | ||
| General public definitions of ‘health’ | 5 | ||
| A critical perspective | 5 | ||
| Defining ‘public health’: an art and a science? | 6 | ||
| Public health vision and values | 9 | ||
| Core functions of public health | 10 | ||
| What do public health practitioners do? | 12 | ||
| The World Health Organization agenda for public health | 13 | ||
| Public health in the Australian context | 16 | ||
| Australian Government Department of Health | 16 | ||
| State and territory governments | 18 | ||
| Local government | 19 | ||
| Non-government organisations, community organisations, professional associations, and public health advocacy groups | 19 | ||
| The future for public health? | 20 | ||
| A final word | 20 | ||
| Review Questions | 20 | ||
| Useful websites | 21 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| 2 History and development of public health | 24 | ||
| Learning objectives | 24 | ||
| Introduction | 24 | ||
| The importance of the past in public health | 25 | ||
| Advancing population health—individual intervention or collective action? | 26 | ||
| For the sake of the public’s health? The ancient history of public health | 27 | ||
| Changing definitions of ‘disease’ | 29 | ||
| The colonial era: colonisation and health | 30 | ||
| Colonisation and health, and a maturing Australia | 30 | ||
| A general history of public health: evolution and influences | 31 | ||
| Environment protection | 36 | ||
| Individualism and State involvement | 36 | ||
| Therapeutic era | 37 | ||
| Contemporary notions: ecological public health | 38 | ||
| Applying the models | 40 | ||
| A final word | 41 | ||
| Review Questions | 42 | ||
| References | 42 | ||
| 3 Contemporary public health policy | 44 | ||
| Learning objectives | 44 | ||
| Introduction | 44 | ||
| What is ‘policy’? | 45 | ||
| Stages of the policy process | 45 | ||
| Types of public policy | 47 | ||
| Distributive policies | 47 | ||
| Regulatory policies | 48 | ||
| Self-regulatory policies | 48 | ||
| Redistributive policies | 48 | ||
| What is policy for? | 48 | ||
| Politics and policy | 49 | ||
| Health economics | 50 | ||
| International developments and their impact on contemporary health policies | 50 | ||
| Health policy and the Australian healthcare system | 52 | ||
| Management and reform of healthcare | 54 | ||
| National public health priorities—an evolving agenda | 56 | ||
| The National HIV/AIDS Strategy | 57 | ||
| The National Chronic Disease Strategy | 58 | ||
| The role of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare | 60 | ||
| A final word | 60 | ||
| Review Questions | 61 | ||
| Endnotes | 61 | ||
| Useful websites | 62 | ||
| References | 62 | ||
| 4 Public health and social policy | 66 | ||
| Learning objectives | 66 | ||
| Introduction | 66 | ||
| Health policy: a key foundation of the welfare state | 68 | ||
| Health policy, social justice and risk | 69 | ||
| History of Australian health policy—policy design and funding arrangements | 75 | ||
| Disability, Indigenous health and equity considerations | 77 | ||
| Social determinants of health and environmental health discourses | 78 | ||
| A final word | 80 | ||
| Review Questions | 81 | ||
| Useful websites | 81 | ||
| References | 81 | ||
| 2 | 85 | ||
| Introduction | 85 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| 5 Epidemiology | 89 | ||
| Learning objectives | 89 | ||
| Introduction | 89 | ||
| Defining epidemiology | 90 | ||
| Objectives of epidemiological studies | 91 | ||
| Measuring the occurrence of exposures of interest and of health outcomes | 91 | ||
| Epidemiological study design | 96 | ||
| Observational epidemiology | 96 | ||
| Ecological studies | 103 | ||
| Cross-sectional studies | 103 | ||
| Case-control studies | 104 | ||
| Cohort studies | 105 | ||
| Experimental epidemiology | 106 | ||
| Randomised controlled trials | 106 | ||
| Community trials | 107 | ||
| Measures of association | 107 | ||
| Relative risk | 108 | ||
| Odds ratios | 110 | ||
| Sources of error in epidemiological studies | 110 | ||
| Random error | 110 | ||
| Systematic error | 112 | ||
| Selection bias | 112 | ||
| Information bias | 112 | ||
| Confounding | 113 | ||
| Why are confounding and error important to an epidemiologist? | 114 | ||
| Summing it up | 114 | ||
| A final word | 115 | ||
| Review Questions | 115 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 115 | ||
| Useful websites | 115 | ||
| References | 116 | ||
| 6 Biological and environmental determinants | 117 | ||
| Learning objectives | 117 | ||
| Introduction | 117 | ||
| A complex web of determinants | 118 | ||
| Genetics and screening | 121 | ||
| Biological and behavioural determinants | 123 | ||
| Biological determinants | 123 | ||
| Behavioural determinants | 123 | ||
| Tobacco | 123 | ||
| Alcohol | 124 | ||
| Injuries | 124 | ||
| Mental health | 125 | ||
| Diet and physical activity | 125 | ||
| Environmental determinants | 126 | ||
| Human interaction with the environment | 128 | ||
| Ecosystem services | 128 | ||
| Ecosystem services and human wellbeing | 129 | ||
| Environmental burden of disease | 130 | ||
| Food quality and safety | 132 | ||
| Water quality | 132 | ||
| Air pollution | 133 | ||
| Built environment | 134 | ||
| Global climate change | 134 | ||
| A final word | 134 | ||
| Review Questions | 135 | ||
| Useful websites | 135 | ||
| References | 136 | ||
| 7 Social and emotional determinants of health | 140 | ||
| Learning objectives | 140 | ||
| Introduction | 140 | ||
| Socioeconomic determinants and the health inequalities jigsaw | 141 | ||
| Socioeconomic characteristics that influence health | 143 | ||
| Education | 143 | ||
| Income | 144 | ||
| Work and employment status | 144 | ||
| Place or geographical location | 145 | ||
| Gender | 146 | ||
| A public health framework to address the social determinants of health | 147 | ||
| Reducing health inequalities | 147 | ||
| Upstream factors | 149 | ||
| Midstream factors | 149 | ||
| Downstream factors | 149 | ||
| Social and economic disadvantage and emotional health | 150 | ||
| The lifecourse approach | 151 | ||
| Role of social cohesion and social capital | 153 | ||
| Social cohesion | 153 | ||
| Social capital | 154 | ||
| A final word | 155 | ||
| Review Questions | 155 | ||
| Endnotes | 156 | ||
| Useful websites | 156 | ||
| References | 156 | ||
| 3 | 161 | ||
| Introduction | 161 | ||
| Reference | 162 | ||
| 8 Ethics and public health | 163 | ||
| Learning objectives | 164 | ||
| Introduction | 164 | ||
| Ethical frameworks, theories and concepts | 166 | ||
| Normative ethics in public health | 166 | ||
| Themes and debates in the development of ethics in public health | 167 | ||
| Public health law and human rights | 168 | ||
| Applied ethics | 169 | ||
| Codes of ethics | 169 | ||
| The application of ethics in public health practice | 171 | ||
| Public health research | 171 | ||
| Anthropological research | 172 | ||
| Screening | 173 | ||
| Disease control | 173 | ||
| Social networking for public health | 174 | ||
| Health promotion | 175 | ||
| Advocacy | 175 | ||
| Ethical relativism | 175 | ||
| Contemporary and future public health ethics | 176 | ||
| A final word | 177 | ||
| Review Questions | 178 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 179 | ||
| Endnote | 179 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| 9 Evidence-based practice | 183 | ||
| Learning objectives | 183 | ||
| Introduction | 183 | ||
| The evolution: evidence-based medicine | 184 | ||
| The nature of evidence, and key concepts of evidence-based practice | 185 | ||
| The nature and scope of knowledge | 185 | ||
| Key concepts of evidence-based practice | 187 | ||
| What is ‘evidence-based practice’? | 188 | ||
| Putting evidence into practice | 191 | ||
| Why is there a gap between research and practice? | 191 | ||
| Organisational structures | 194 | ||
| Finding the evidence | 195 | ||
| Evidence and policy development | 205 | ||
| A final word | 207 | ||
| Review Questions | 207 | ||
| Useful websites | 207 | ||
| References | 207 | ||
| 10 Planning and evaluation | 210 | ||
| Learning objectives | 210 | ||
| Introduction | 210 | ||
| Planning and evaluation in public health | 211 | ||
| Models of planning | 212 | ||
| Identifying needs and priorities | 213 | ||
| Beginning your program plan | 215 | ||
| Writing goals and objectives | 215 | ||
| Writing strategies | 217 | ||
| Identifying a target group | 217 | ||
| Identifying resources—or program ‘inputs’ | 217 | ||
| Planning the evaluation methods | 217 | ||
| Purposes of evaluation | 218 | ||
| Methods | 220 | ||
| Evaluation designs in practice | 223 | ||
| Process evaluation to measure program strategies and activities | 223 | ||
| Evaluability assessment | 223 | ||
| Impact evaluation to measure program objectives | 224 | ||
| Outcome evaluation to measure program goals | 225 | ||
| Evaluation designs for impact and outcome evaluation | 225 | ||
| A final word | 226 | ||
| Review Questions | 228 | ||
| Useful websites | 229 | ||
| References | 229 | ||
| 4 | 231 | ||
| Introduction | 231 | ||
| Reference | 233 | ||
| 11 Disease control and management | 234 | ||
| Learning objectives | 234 | ||
| Introduction | 234 | ||
| Defining chronic condition and chronic disease | 235 | ||
| Continuum of care/integrated approach to chronic disease | 237 | ||
| Chronic disease management programs | 239 | ||
| Early detection and early treatment | 239 | ||
| Integration and continuity of prevention and care | 240 | ||
| Self-management | 240 | ||
| Chronic disease prevention and management—some issues | 241 | ||
| Defining infectious disease | 241 | ||
| Models of infectious disease | 242 | ||
| Mechanism of infectious disease | 244 | ||
| Infectious disease management | 246 | ||
| Disease prevention | 246 | ||
| Societal and environmental structures | 246 | ||
| Immunisation | 246 | ||
| Vector control | 248 | ||
| Personal Protection | 250 | ||
| Surveillance, early recognition and early intervention | 250 | ||
| Infection control | 251 | ||
| Outbreak investigation and contact tracing | 252 | ||
| Barriers to effectively managing infectious diseases | 253 | ||
| A final word | 255 | ||
| Review Questions | 255 | ||
| Useful websites | 256 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| 12 Environmental health | 260 | ||
| Learning objectives | 260 | ||
| Introduction | 260 | ||
| What is ‘environmental health’? | 261 | ||
| Environmental health hazards | 261 | ||
| Air pollution | 262 | ||
| Safe water | 264 | ||
| Safe food | 266 | ||
| The built environment | 268 | ||
| The occupational environment | 269 | ||
| The global environment | 271 | ||
| Global climate change | 272 | ||
| Health and social impacts of climate change | 274 | ||
| Sustainable environmental health | 275 | ||
| Risk assessment and risk perception | 276 | ||
| A final word | 278 | ||
| Review Questions | 278 | ||
| Useful websites | 278 | ||
| References | 279 | ||
| 13 Disaster preparedness and public health | 283 | ||
| Learning objectives | 283 | ||
| Introduction | 283 | ||
| Defining ‘disasters’ | 283 | ||
| Context | 285 | ||
| Epidemiology | 285 | ||
| Health impacts | 287 | ||
| Principles of disaster management | 287 | ||
| An engaged and prepared community | 288 | ||
| Risk-based approach | 289 | ||
| All-hazards approach | 289 | ||
| All-agencies approach | 290 | ||
| Familiarity | 290 | ||
| Comprehensive approach | 290 | ||
| Prevention and mitigation | 290 | ||
| Preparedness and planning | 291 | ||
| Response and relief | 292 | ||
| Recovery, rehabilitation and redevelopment | 295 | ||
| Systems and structures | 298 | ||
| Special considerations | 299 | ||
| Floods | 299 | ||
| Pandemics | 300 | ||
| Mass gatherings | 300 | ||
| Mental health | 300 | ||
| Public health considerations | 300 | ||
| Displaced persons | 301 | ||
| International aid | 301 | ||
| Volunteers and donations | 301 | ||
| Vulnerable populations | 301 | ||
| Management of exercises | 302 | ||
| The role of the public health practitioner | 302 | ||
| A final word | 302 | ||
| Review Questions | 303 | ||
| References | 303 | ||
| 14 Health promotion | 304 | ||
| Learning objectives | 304 | ||
| Introduction | 304 | ||
| History of health education | 304 | ||
| The concept of wellness | 305 | ||
| Evolution and evidence for health promotion | 306 | ||
| Principles of health promotion | 307 | ||
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ concepts of health promotion | 309 | ||
| Strategies for health promotion | 312 | ||
| Levels of prevention in public health and health promotion | 315 | ||
| Health promotion in practice | 316 | ||
| Settings for health promotion | 316 | ||
| Why a settings approach? | 316 | ||
| Schools | 317 | ||
| Communities | 317 | ||
| Workplaces | 319 | ||
| The internet and interactive technologies | 319 | ||
| Emerging challenges for health promotion | 321 | ||
| Self-management | 322 | ||
| A final word | 323 | ||
| Review Questions | 323 | ||
| Useful websites | 324 | ||
| References | 324 | ||
| 5 | 329 | ||
| Introduction | 329 | ||
| References | 330 | ||
| 15 The impact of globalisation on health | 332 | ||
| Learning objectives | 332 | ||
| Introduction | 332 | ||
| Global communication | 333 | ||
| National and international air travel | 334 | ||
| Globalisation in population health | 335 | ||
| Globalisation of infectious diseases | 336 | ||
| Globalisation and chronic diseases | 337 | ||
| Tobacco use | 338 | ||
| Overweight and obesity | 339 | ||
| Refugee health | 342 | ||
| The global public health community | 344 | ||
| A final word | 349 | ||
| Review Questions | 350 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 350 | ||
| References | 350 | ||
| 16 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health | 355 | ||
| Learning objectives | 355 | ||
| Introduction | 355 | ||
| Who are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples? | 356 | ||
| Government policy | 357 | ||
| The National Aboriginal Health Strategy | 358 | ||
| Close the Gap | 358 | ||
| The Northern Territory Intervention | 360 | ||
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples today | 361 | ||
| Community and gendered health | 363 | ||
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women’s health | 363 | ||
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men’s health | 365 | ||
| Community-controlled health service sector | 366 | ||
| Research | 368 | ||
| Indigenous people in other parts of the world | 370 | ||
| A final word | 371 | ||
| Review Questions | 371 | ||
| References | 372 | ||
| 17 Grand challenges for public health | 377 | ||
| Learning objectives | 377 | ||
| Introduction | 377 | ||
| Grand challenges in the twenty-first century | 380 | ||
| Twenty-first-century solutions | 381 | ||
| Globalisation and health | 384 | ||
| Dietary imbalance, physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour | 384 | ||
| Population ageing | 385 | ||
| Sustainable ecological public health | 386 | ||
| Emerging and re-emerging infections | 386 | ||
| Genetics, biotechnology and information technology | 387 | ||
| The public health workforce: skills for a complex future | 387 | ||
| Strategic planning for public health: political will and action | 388 | ||
| Leadership and public health: establishing a research agenda | 388 | ||
| Grand challenges for public health: what is the future? | 389 | ||
| A final word | 390 | ||
| Review Questions | 391 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| Glossary | 394 | ||
| References | 401 | ||
| Index | 403 | ||
| A | 403 | ||
| B | 404 | ||
| C | 404 | ||
| D | 407 | ||
| E | 408 | ||
| F | 410 | ||
| G | 410 | ||
| H | 411 | ||
| I | 412 | ||
| J | 413 | ||
| K | 413 | ||
| L | 413 | ||
| M | 414 | ||
| N | 414 | ||
| O | 415 | ||
| P | 416 | ||
| Q | 417 | ||
| R | 417 | ||
| S | 418 | ||
| T | 419 | ||
| U | 420 | ||
| V | 420 | ||
| W | 420 | ||
| Y | 421 | ||
| Z | 421 |