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BOOK
Stress in Health and Disease, An Issue of Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
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Book Details
Abstract
Stress in the DSM is referred to only in the sense of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, some research studies estimate up to two thirds of illnesses seen by general practitioners are ‘stress related’–GI problems, sleep disturbance, mental concentration, headaches, fatigue, shortness of breath, high blood pressure, dermatitis, illnesses from lowered immune system, and vague aches and pains – all can be symptoms and outcomes of the elusive stress factor. This issue of Psychiatric Clinics of North America discusses the scientific medical facets of stress, written by mental health and medical practitioners. It looks at the brain-body connection of stress – what the body does to result in stress and varying results stress has on the body. This fascinating cross-discipline look at stress is intended for psychiatrists, general practitioners, cardiologists, GI specialists, neurologists, sleep medicine specialists, respiratory specialists, and others who diagnose and treat patients with stress suspected as part of the illness equation or with self-reported stress. Topics include: Measurement of stress; Anxiety and stress-how they work together; Relationship between genetics and stress; Role of glia in stress; Sleep and stress; Diet and stress; Supplements and stress; Effect of severe stress on early brain development, attachment, and emotions; Role of stress and fear on the development of psychopathology; Expressions of stress in psychiatric illness; Dermatologic manifestations of stress in normal and psychiatric populations; Humor and the psychological buffers of stress; Stress expression in children and adolescents; Stress in service members; Stress in the geriatric population.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | Cover | ||
Stress in Health andDisease | i | ||
Copyright\r | ii | ||
Contributors | iii | ||
Contents | vii | ||
Psychiyatric Clinics of North America\r | x | ||
Preface\r | xi | ||
Measurement of Stress | 455 | ||
Key points | 455 | ||
The stress perspectives | 456 | ||
Stress | 456 | ||
Conceptualizing Models of Stress | 457 | ||
Response-based phenomenon | 458 | ||
Transactional model | 458 | ||
Stimulus-based | 458 | ||
The biological tradition | 459 | ||
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis | 459 | ||
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical-axis activation | 460 | ||
Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary System | 461 | ||
Measurement of sympathetic-adrenal-medullary activation | 461 | ||
Blood pressure | 461 | ||
Heart rate/pulse rate | 463 | ||
Respiratory rate | 463 | ||
Body temperature and galvanic skin response | 463 | ||
Measurement devices | 464 | ||
Case Discussion | 464 | ||
Measurement Considerations | 465 | ||
Strengths | 465 | ||
Limitations | 465 | ||
The psychological tradition | 468 | ||
Stress Appraisal | 468 | ||
Cognitive response | 469 | ||
Emotional response | 469 | ||
Behavioral response | 469 | ||
Psychological Assessment | 470 | ||
Case Discussion | 470 | ||
Measurement Considerations | 471 | ||
Strengths | 471 | ||
Limitations | 471 | ||
The environmental tradition | 471 | ||
Life Changes | 471 | ||
Measurement | 475 | ||
Case Discussion | 476 | ||
Measurement Considerations | 477 | ||
Strengths | 477 | ||
Limitations | 477 | ||
Stress and health: connecting the mind and body | 478 | ||
Summary | 480 | ||
Implications for clinical practice and future considerations | 480 | ||
References | 481 | ||
Stress and Anxiety | 489 | ||
Key points | 490 | ||
Definitions of stress and anxiety | 491 | ||
Stress | 491 | ||
Anxiety | 491 | ||
Organisms Versus Humans | 492 | ||
DSM-5 definition of stress | 492 | ||
Relationship of stress to anxiety | 494 | ||
Subjective phenomenology of stress and anxiety | 497 | ||
Neurobiological processes associated with stress and anxiety | 500 | ||
Diathesis-stress | 501 | ||
Conditioning paradigm | 502 | ||
Cognitive neuroscience aspects | 504 | ||
A-B-C model | 505 | ||
Summary | 509 | ||
References | 510 | ||
The Effect of Severe Stress on Early Brain Development, Attachment, and Emotions | 519 | ||
Key points | 519 | ||
Emotions, attachment, limbic nuclei development and functions, and transition periods during early infancy | 521 | ||
Hypothalamus | 521 | ||
Amygdala | 523 | ||
Septal Nuclei | 524 | ||
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus | 525 | ||
Hippocampus | 525 | ||
Emotional ontogeny: from zero to 3 years | 526 | ||
Principles of neuronal development: implications for child abuse and neglect | 527 | ||
The psychoanatomical formulation | 530 | ||
Summary | 531 | ||
References | 531 | ||
The Role of Stress and Fear in the Development of Mental Disorders | 535 | ||
Key points | 535 | ||
Fear expression | 536 | ||
Fear learning | 537 | ||
Fear regulation | 538 | ||
Factors modulating fear | 539 | ||
Interaction of stress and fear in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder | 539 | ||
Treatment implications | 540 | ||
Summary | 541 | ||
References | 542 | ||
Stress in Service Members | 547 | ||
Key points | 547 | ||
Introduction | 547 | ||
Deployment-related stress | 553 | ||
Substance use and stress | 554 | ||
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 557 | ||
Early intervention considerations | 557 | ||
Summary | 558 | ||
References | 558 | ||
Humor | 561 | ||
Key points | 561 | ||
Introduction | 561 | ||
Oxytocin and humor | 562 | ||
Neuroanatomy of Humor | 563 | ||
Expression of humor | 563 | ||
Styles of humor | 564 | ||
Humor and socializing | 565 | ||
Humor in therapy | 565 | ||
Use of humor in mental illness | 567 | ||
How to use humor | 568 | ||
Humor and Klein | 568 | ||
Playful therapy | 569 | ||
How to develop a sense of humor | 571 | ||
Humor and locus of control | 571 | ||
Summary | 572 | ||
Conclusion | 573 | ||
References | 573 | ||
Diet and Stress | 579 | ||
Key points | 579 | ||
Introduction | 579 | ||
Musculoskeletal System | 580 | ||
Respiratory System | 580 | ||
Cardiovascular | 580 | ||
Endocrine | 580 | ||
The Nervous System | 580 | ||
Nutrition, diet and stress: the link between stress and nutritional insufficiency | 581 | ||
Diet and stress | 581 | ||
The High-Fat Diet and the Stress Response | 581 | ||
Omega-3 and Perceived Stress | 582 | ||
Diet, Stress, and Inflammation | 582 | ||
Vitamins and Stress | 582 | ||
Nutrition for stress | 583 | ||
Dietary tips to improve diet to help cope with stress | 585 | ||
Tip | 585 | ||
Yellow/orange | 585 | ||
The Role of Nutrient-Based Epigenetic Changes in Buffering Against Stress, Aging, and Alzheimer’s Disease | 591 | ||
Key points | 592 | ||
Introduction | 592 | ||
Epigenetics regulation of stress responses and risks of Alzheimer dementia | 595 | ||
Stress Vulnerability and Resilience in Aging | 595 | ||
Epigenetics and the Stress Response | 596 | ||
Epigenetics: Missing Links Connecting Stress to Risk of Alzheimer Dementia? | 599 | ||
Epigenetics and Alzheimer dementia | 601 | ||
Epigenetics Regulatory Network | 601 | ||
DNA Methylation, Histone Modification, and MicroRNA | 603 | ||
Histone Modification and MicroRNA | 603 | ||
Integrative Model of Stress-Coupled Epigenetics Dysregulation | 604 | ||
Epigenomics diet and nutraceuticals: role in Alzheimer dementia | 605 | ||
Mediterranean Diet and Omega-3 Fatty Acids | 605 | ||
Chocolate, Coffee and Cocoa, Tea, and Red Wine | 608 | ||
Fruits, Grapes, Red Wine, and Vegetables | 610 | ||
Spices and Herbal Medicinal Foods | 611 | ||
Conclusion and future directions | 612 | ||
Summary and future directions | 613 | ||
References | 614 | ||
Dermatological Manifestations of Stress in Normal and Psychiatric Populations | 625 | ||
Key points | 625 | ||
Introduction | 625 | ||
Stress and the skin | 627 | ||
Psychological stress | 627 | ||
Acute versus chronic stress | 629 | ||
Psychodermatology | 629 | ||
Classification | 630 | ||
Psychophysiological disorders | 630 | ||
Acne Vulgaris | 630 | ||
Psoriasis | 631 | ||
Atopic Dermatitis | 632 | ||
Neurodermatitis | 633 | ||
Psychogenic Pruritus | 635 | ||
Body Dysmorphic Disorder | 636 | ||
Alopecia Areata | 636 | ||
Trichotillomania | 637 | ||
Rosacea | 637 | ||
Vitiligo | 637 | ||
Herpes Simplex | 638 | ||
Other Dermatological Conditions Triggered by Stress | 638 | ||
Can medications given to decrease stress cause skin rashes? | 638 | ||
Psychological Treatment | 640 | ||
Summary | 642 | ||
References | 643 | ||
The Role of Glia in Stress | 653 | ||
Key points | 653 | ||
Glia versus neurons | 653 | ||
Interaction of polyamines with receptors and ion channels | 655 | ||
Spermine/Spermidine Localization in Central Nervous System: Bidirectional Polyamine Signaling Between Glia and Neurons | 655 | ||
Brain Disorders and Glia | 658 | ||
By What Mechanisms Do Glia Accumulate and Release Polyamines? | 659 | ||
Glia-controlled polyamine regulation in the neuronal network | 660 | ||
Polyamines: role in the central nervous system disorders | 661 | ||
Summary | 662 | ||
References | 663 | ||
The Importance of Glia in Dealing with Stress | 679 | ||
Key points | 679 | ||
Introduction | 679 | ||
Glia and intelligence | 680 | ||
Glia and environmental enrichment | 682 | ||
Glial hemispheric dominance and stress | 684 | ||
NG2 glia | 685 | ||
Oligodendrocytes and stress | 685 | ||
Glia and depression | 686 | ||
Glia and schizophrenia | 687 | ||
Microglia and stress | 687 | ||
Microglia, mood disorders and inflammation | 688 | ||
Glia and S100B | 689 | ||
Microglia and medications | 690 | ||
Microglia and drug abuse | 691 | ||
Glia, sleep, and stress | 692 | ||
Summary | 693 | ||
References | 693 | ||
Index | 707 |