BOOK
Updates in HIV and AIDS: Part I, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This first part of a 2-part issue of Infectious Disease Clinics, edited by Michael S. Saag, MD and Henry Masur, MD, is devoted to HIV/AIDS. This issue will cover global epidemiology; testing, staging, and evaluation; linkage to care, retention in care; antiretroviral therapy: current drugs, when to start, what to start, failure; update on opportunistic infections; HIV co-morbidities; and co-infection Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Updates in HIV andAIDS: Part I | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Infectious disease clinics\rOf north america\r | x | ||
| Erratum | xi | ||
| Dedication | xiii | ||
| A Tribute to Dr Robert C. Moellering Jr (1937–2014) | xiii | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| HIV/AIDS | xv | ||
| Global Epidemiology of HIV | 323 | ||
| Key points | 323 | ||
| Introduction | 323 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 326 | ||
| Asia | 329 | ||
| North Africa and the Middle East | 330 | ||
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 330 | ||
| North America, Western Europe, and Oceania | 331 | ||
| Eastern Europe and Central Asia | 332 | ||
| Discussion and Program Implications | 333 | ||
| References | 334 | ||
| HIV Testing, Staging, and Evaluation | 339 | ||
| Key points | 339 | ||
| Introduction | 339 | ||
| Race and Ethnicity | 340 | ||
| MSM | 341 | ||
| Pregnant Women and Perinatally Acquired HIV | 342 | ||
| Youth | 342 | ||
| Staging | 342 | ||
| Acute HIV Infection | 342 | ||
| Chronic HIV Infection | 344 | ||
| AIDS | 344 | ||
| Testing | 345 | ||
| Screening Recommendations | 345 | ||
| Diagnostic Tools | 345 | ||
| Initial evaluation and care | 347 | ||
| Initial Evaluation | 347 | ||
| Clinical Testing and Case Management | 347 | ||
| Summary | 352 | ||
| References | 352 | ||
| Engagement in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care | 355 | ||
| Key points | 355 | ||
| Introduction | 355 | ||
| Improved HIV outcomes with combination ART | 356 | ||
| Linkage and Retention in Care | 356 | ||
| Early entry into care | 356 | ||
| Attendance to clinic visits | 358 | ||
| Monitoring and measuring retention in care | 358 | ||
| Interventions to improve entry and retention in care | 360 | ||
| Adherence to ART | 360 | ||
| Monitoring ART adherence | 360 | ||
| Improving adherence | 361 | ||
| Adherence reminders | 361 | ||
| Behavioral interventions | 362 | ||
| Additional Interventions | 363 | ||
| Case management, supportive services (housing, food, transportation), and pharmacy support | 363 | ||
| Nursing-based and community-based counselor care | 363 | ||
| Priority Populations | 364 | ||
| Pregnancy | 364 | ||
| Substance use disorders | 364 | ||
| Mental illness | 364 | ||
| Incarceration, homelessness, and marginally housed individuals | 365 | ||
| Children, adolescents, and young adults | 365 | ||
| Future Research | 366 | ||
| References | 366 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy | 371 | ||
| Key points | 371 | ||
| Introduction | 371 | ||
| Goals and principles of antiretroviral therapy | 373 | ||
| HIV life cycle and targets of antiretroviral drug therapy | 375 | ||
| Rationale for combination antiretroviral therapy | 375 | ||
| NRTIs | 376 | ||
| Abacavir | 377 | ||
| Emtricitabine and Lamivudine | 380 | ||
| Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (or Tenofovir) | 380 | ||
| Zidovudine | 380 | ||
| NNRTIs | 381 | ||
| Efavirenz | 381 | ||
| Etravirine | 384 | ||
| Nevirapine | 384 | ||
| Rilpivirine | 385 | ||
| PI | 385 | ||
| Atazanavir | 386 | ||
| Darunavir | 387 | ||
| Fosamprenavir | 387 | ||
| Lopinavir | 391 | ||
| Saquinavir | 391 | ||
| Tipranavir | 392 | ||
| Integrase inhibitors | 392 | ||
| Dolutegravir | 393 | ||
| Elvitegravir | 393 | ||
| Raltegravir | 396 | ||
| CCR5 antagonist | 396 | ||
| Fusion inhibitor | 398 | ||
| Summary | 398 | ||
| References | 398 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy | 403 | ||
| Key points | 403 | ||
| Introduction | 403 | ||
| HIV treatment guidelines | 404 | ||
| Evidence informing the question of when to start ART | 406 | ||
| Observational Data | 407 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 410 | ||
| Studies of Pathogenesis and End-Organ Disease | 410 | ||
| Treatment as Prevention | 411 | ||
| ART Toxicity | 411 | ||
| Antiretroviral Resistance | 412 | ||
| Conditions strongly favoring ART initiation | 412 | ||
| Pregnancy | 413 | ||
| Acute Opportunistic Infections | 413 | ||
| Other Comorbid Conditions | 413 | ||
| Acute HIV Infection | 414 | ||
| Challenges and considerations | 414 | ||
| Summary | 414 | ||
| References | 415 | ||
| Beginning Antiretroviral Therapy for Patients with HIV | 421 | ||
| Key points | 421 | ||
| Introduction | 421 | ||
| Pharmacologic strategies | 422 | ||
| Recommended initial regimens: Tenofovir versus ABC | 423 | ||
| Tenofovir | 423 | ||
| ABC | 424 | ||
| Recommended initial ART regimens: Single-tablet, once-daily regimens | 424 | ||
| EFV/TDF/FTC | 424 | ||
| EVG/COBI/TDF/FTC | 426 | ||
| RPV/TDF/FTC | 427 | ||
| DTG/ABC/3TC | 427 | ||
| Recommended initial ART regimens: Multiple-tablet regimens | 427 | ||
| Boosted PI-Based Regimens | 427 | ||
| INSTI Options | 430 | ||
| NNRTI with ABC Option | 431 | ||
| Alternative initial regimens | 432 | ||
| NRTI-sparing or NRTI-limiting options | 432 | ||
| Summary and future directions | 433 | ||
| References | 433 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy | 439 | ||
| Key points | 439 | ||
| Introduction | 439 | ||
| Art-experienced individuals with suboptimal virologic response | 440 | ||
| Causes of Suboptimal Virologic Response | 441 | ||
| Suspected Drug Resistance | 441 | ||
| Management of Suboptimal Virologic Response | 442 | ||
| Clinical scenario: suboptimal virologic response on first-line therapy | 442 | ||
| NRTIs plus NNRTI | 442 | ||
| NRTIs plus pharmacologically boosted PIs | 443 | ||
| NRTIs plus InSTI | 443 | ||
| Clinical scenario: suboptimal virologic response after having failed multiple regimens with drug-resistant virus | 444 | ||
| Treatment strategies when a fully suppressive regimen is likely to be achievable | 444 | ||
| Treatment strategies when a fully suppressive regimen is unlikely to be achievable | 445 | ||
| Clinical scenario: drug resistance testing cannot be performed | 445 | ||
| Clinical scenario: drug resistance testing shows no significant mutations | 446 | ||
| Clinical scenario: individuals with a history of suboptimal virologic response who have been off therapy for months | 446 | ||
| ART-experienced individuals with virologic suppression | 446 | ||
| Switching NRTIs | 447 | ||
| Switching NNRTIs | 447 | ||
| Switching a Pharmacologically Boosted PI | 448 | ||
| Switching from an InSTI | 449 | ||
| Switching ART in Patients Virologically Suppressed with Underlying Multidrug Resistance | 449 | ||
| Monitoring After Antiretroviral Switch | 449 | ||
| Summary/Discussion | 450 | ||
| References | 450 | ||
| HIV-Related Metabolic Comorbidities in the Current ART Era | 457 | ||
| Key points | 457 | ||
| Introduction | 457 | ||
| CVD | 459 | ||
| Epidemiology | 459 | ||
| HIV-Related Factors | 459 | ||
| Traditional Risk Factors | 460 | ||
| Prevention | 460 | ||
| Renal | 460 | ||
| Epidemiology | 460 | ||
| Prevention | 461 | ||
| Bone disease | 462 | ||
| Epidemiology | 462 | ||
| Risk Factors for Low BMD | 462 | ||
| Fracture Risk | 463 | ||
| Screening for Low BMD | 463 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 464 | ||
| Epidemiology | 464 | ||
| Risk Factors | 464 | ||
| Obesity and HIV | 465 | ||
| Summary | 466 | ||
| References | 466 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Coinfection with Hepatitis B and C | 477 | ||
| Key points | 477 | ||
| Background | 477 | ||
| Epidemiology and risk factors | 478 | ||
| HBV and HBV/HIV | 478 | ||
| HCV and HCV/HIV | 479 | ||
| Genotypes | 479 | ||
| HBV | 479 | ||
| HCV | 479 | ||
| IL28B | 480 | ||
| Natural history of coinfected states | 480 | ||
| HBV in HIV | 480 | ||
| HIV with HBV | 481 | ||
| HCV in HIV | 481 | ||
| HIV with HCV | 482 | ||
| Diagnosis and screening: in the HIV-infected population | 483 | ||
| Treatment | 484 | ||
| HBV: Treatment of Monoinfection Compared with Coinfection: Limitations and Considerations | 484 | ||
| Treatment of HBV Only | 484 | ||
| Treatment of Both HIV and HBV | 485 | ||
| Monitoring Treatment of HBV in the Coinfected Patient | 485 | ||
| HCV: treatment of monoinfection compared with coinfection: limitations and considerations | 486 | ||
| PEG/RBV | 487 | ||
| Protease inhibitor + PEG/RBV (telaprevir, boceprevir, SMV) | 487 | ||
| Nucleotide inhibitors (SOF) | 488 | ||
| Other agents in development (coformulations) | 488 | ||
| Case selection for HCV therapy and ART | 489 | ||
| Practice guidelines recommendations | 489 | ||
| Monitoring treatment outcome and managing adverse events | 489 | ||
| Other issues | 490 | ||
| Cost and Access to Care | 490 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Prevention | 491 | ||
| Summary | 491 | ||
| References | 492 | ||
| Update on Opportunistic Infections in the Era of Effective Antiretroviral Therapy | 501 | ||
| Key points | 501 | ||
| Introduction | 501 | ||
| TB in HIV-Infected Patients | 502 | ||
| Epidemiology | 502 | ||
| Latent TB infection | 502 | ||
| Treatment of LTBI | 503 | ||
| Diagnosis of Active TB | 503 | ||
| GeneXpert | 503 | ||
| Lipopolysaccharide antigen lipoarabinomannan | 504 | ||
| Treatment of TB in HIV-infected patients | 504 | ||
| When to start ART in an HIV-infected patient with TB | 504 | ||
| TB meningitis | 506 | ||
| Antiretroviral medication choice in patients with HIV/TB | 506 | ||
| Cryptococcus | 507 | ||
| Epidemiology | 507 | ||
| Diagnosis | 507 | ||
| CrAg LFA | 507 | ||
| Treatment of CM: the induction phase | 508 | ||
| Consolidation and maintenance therapy | 508 | ||
| When to start ART | 508 | ||
| Cryptococcal IRIS | 509 | ||
| PML | 509 | ||
| Treatment of PML | 509 | ||
| PML-IRIS | 510 | ||
| PCP | 510 | ||
| Diagnosis | 510 | ||
| When to start ART in a patient with PCP | 510 | ||
| Recommendations for PCP prophylaxis | 511 | ||
| Vaccine-Preventable OIs | 511 | ||
| HPV | 511 | ||
| Epidemiology | 511 | ||
| HPV vaccine | 511 | ||
| Varicella and zoster vaccines | 512 | ||
| Epidemiology | 512 | ||
| Vaccination in HIV-infected patients | 512 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 512 | ||
| References | 512 | ||
| Index | 519 |