BOOK
Clinical Procedures in Small Animal Veterinary Practice E-Book
Richard Aspinall | Victoria Aspinall
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Clinical Procedures in Small Animal Veterinary Practice is your straightforward refresher in basic veterinary procedures. If as a veterinary student or graduate have you ever struggled to connect all your learning to concrete clinical practice, or felt an overpowering and urgent need for a quick, clear and reliable reprisal of basic clinical procedures, then this is the book for you. All the clinical procedures fundamental to the success of the student and practitioner are covered in clear, step-by-step format and with a wealth of colour illustrations for maximum clarity and understanding. Dogs, cats, rabbits and avian species are all dealt with.
Everything you need to know about basic procedures, but may have been afraid to ask, is presented here in one convenient volume, authored by two noted veterinary educators with years of teaching experience between them.
- All the principal basic procedures covered
- Step-by-step ‘action/rationale’ approach
- Full colour format illustrated with 250 colour figures
- Authors have long experience of teaching and training vets
Never struggle to find definitive information on basic procedures again
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Clinical Procedures in Small Animal Veterinary Practice | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | vi | ||
| Acknowledgements | vii | ||
| Illustrations resources | viii | ||
| 1 Restraint, handling and administration of medication | 1 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1 | ||
| Procedure: Muzzling a dog (Fig 1.1) | 2 | ||
| Restraint for general examination | 3 | ||
| Dogs | 4 | ||
| Procedure: To examine the cranial end of the body | 4 | ||
| Procedure: To examine the caudal end of the body or take the rectal temperature | 4 | ||
| Procedure: To examine the dog on its side or to provide stronger control (Fig. 1.2) | 4 | ||
| Procedure: To examine or restrain a dog on its back | 5 | ||
| Cats | 5 | ||
| Procedure: Restraint for the examination of a friendly cat | 6 | ||
| Procedure: Restraint for examination of a fractious cat | 6 | ||
| Procedure: Lifting a friendly cat used to being handled | 6 | ||
| Procedure: Lifting a frightened or aggressive cat | 7 | ||
| Procedure: Carrying a cat (Fig. 1.3) | 7 | ||
| Rabbits | 8 | ||
| Procedure: To restrain a rabbit (Fig. 1.4) | 8 | ||
| Procedure: To differentiate the sex of rabbits (Fig. 1.6) | 9 | ||
| Administration of medication | 10 | ||
| Dogs | 10 | ||
| Procedure: Administering a tablet (Fig. 1.7) | 10 | ||
| Procedure: Administering a liquid feed or medication | 11 | ||
| Procedure: Applying ear medication (Fig. 1.8) | 11 | ||
| Procedure: Applying eye medication | 12 | ||
| Procedure: Administering a subcutaneous injection. Site: Scruff of the neck | 13 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intramuscular injection. Site: Quadriceps femoris muscle (Fig. 1.9A) | 13 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intravenous injection. Site: Cephalic vein (Fig. 1.10) | 15 | ||
| Procedure: Collection of a blood sample from the cephalic vein | 16 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intravenous injection. Site: Jugular vein (Fig. 1.11) | 17 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intravenous injection. Site: Lateral saphenous vein (Fig. 1.12) | 18 | ||
| Procedure: Placement of an intravenous catheter in a peripheral vein | 19 | ||
| Procedure: Placement of an intravenous catheter in the jugular vein using the modified Seldinger technique (Fig. 1.14) | 21 | ||
| Cats | 23 | ||
| Procedure: Administering a tablet | 23 | ||
| Procedure: Administering liquid medication or oral fluids (Fig. 1.16) | 24 | ||
| Procedure: Applying ear medication | 25 | ||
| Procedure: Applying eye medication | 25 | ||
| Procedure: Administering a subcutaneous injection. Site: Scruff of the neck | 26 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intramuscular injection. Site: Quadriceps femoris muscle | 26 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intravenous injection. Site: Cephalic vein (Fig. 1.17) | 27 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intravenous injection. Site: Jugular vein | 28 | ||
| Method 1 (Fig. 1.18) | 28 | ||
| Method 2 (Fig. 1.19) | 30 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intravenous injection. Site: Lateral saphenous vein | 31 | ||
| Rabbits | 32 | ||
| Procedure: Administering fluids or liquid medication | 32 | ||
| Procedure: Administering a subcutaneous injection. Site: Scruff of the neck | 32 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intramuscular injection. Site: Quadriceps femoris muscle | 33 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intravenous injection. Site: Marginal ear vein (Fig. 1.20) | 33 | ||
| Procedure: Administering an intraperitoneal injection. Site: Mid abdomen (Fig. 1.21) | 35 | ||
| Procedure: Placing an intraosseus catheter | 35 | ||
| 2 Basic consulting room techniques | 37 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 37 | ||
| Procedure: Basic clinical examination | 37 | ||
| • Palpable lymph nodes – these are indicators of local infection and inflammation: | 39 | ||
| • Cardiovascular system: | 39 | ||
| • Respiratory system: | 40 | ||
| • Digestive system: | 40 | ||
| • Urinary system: | 41 | ||
| • Reproductive system – female: | 41 | ||
| • Reproductive system – male: | 41 | ||
| • Skin and coat: | 41 | ||
| • Ears: | 41 | ||
| • Eyes – always examine in a darkened room: | 41 | ||
| Other procedures | 43 | ||
| Procedure: Restraint and administration of all types of injection and blood sampling | 43 | ||
| Procedure: Administration of tablets, liquids, ear and eye medication | 43 | ||
| Procedure: Squeezing the anal sacs | 43 | ||
| Method 1 | 43 | ||
| Method 2 | 43 | ||
| Procedure: Clipping a dog’s claws | 44 | ||
| Procedure: Clipping a bird’s beak | 45 | ||
| Procedure: Clipping the wings | 46 | ||
| Procedure: Fluorescein test for the diagnosis of corneal ulcers or for assessing the patency of the tear duct | 46 | ||
| Procedure: Schirmer tear test to measure the amount of aqueous tear production | 47 | ||
| Intraocular pressure | 48 | ||
| Procedure: Measurement of intraocular pressure using a Schiotz tonometer | 48 | ||
| Procedure: Measurement of intraocular pressure using a Tono-Pen® | 49 | ||
| Procedure: Collection of samples for ectoparasite identification | 49 | ||
| Coat brushings – used for Cheyletiella, Neotrombicula, fleas and lice | 49 | ||
| Sellotape® method | 50 | ||
| Skin scraping | 50 | ||
| Exfoliative vaginal cytology | 52 | ||
| Procedure: Collecting and preparing a vaginal smear for microscopic examination | 52 | ||
| Interpretation of vaginal smears | 53 | ||
| 3 First aid and other emergencies | 54 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 54 | ||
| Procedure: Assessing the emergency patient | 55 | ||
| Airway and breathing | 57 | ||
| Procedure: Treatment of asphyxia | 57 | ||
| Tracheotomy vs tracheostomy | 57 | ||
| Procedure: Tracheotomy | 58 | ||
| Procedure: Temporary tracheostomy | 58 | ||
| Procedure: Artificial respiration | 60 | ||
| Procedure: Mouth to nose resuscitation | 61 | ||
| Circulation | 62 | ||
| Procedure: Cardiac massage | 62 | ||
| Control of haemorrhage | 63 | ||
| Procedure: Control of haemorrhage | 63 | ||
| Shock | 64 | ||
| Procedure: Treatment of shock | 65 | ||
| Other emergencies | 65 | ||
| Burns and scalds | 65 | ||
| Procedure: Treating burns and scalds | 66 | ||
| Bites and stings | 66 | ||
| Poisoning | 67 | ||
| Veterinary poisons information service (VPIS) | 67 | ||
| Procedure: General treatment of poisoning | 68 | ||
| Dystocia – difficult birth | 71 | ||
| Procedure: Diagnosis of dystocia and subsequent obstetrical manipulation | 71 | ||
| Caesarean section (hysterotomy) | 74 | ||
| Anaesthesia | 76 | ||
| Procedure: Caesarean section | 76 | ||
| Potential complications of caesarean section | 78 | ||
| Eclampsia or puerperal tetany | 78 | ||
| Epilepsy | 79 | ||
| Procedure: Care of the epileptic patient | 79 | ||
| Procedure: Treatment of the epileptic patient | 80 | ||
| Gastric dilatation and volvulus | 82 | ||
| Procedure: Treatment of gastric dilatation and volvulus | 82 | ||
| 4 Bandaging techniques | 86 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 86 | ||
| Bandaging rules | 86 | ||
| Wound management | 88 | ||
| Anatomy of a bandage | 88 | ||
| Care and maintenance of bandages | 89 | ||
| Types of bandage | 89 | ||
| Procedure: Limb bandage | 89 | ||
| Procedure: Tail bandage | 91 | ||
| Procedure: Ear bandage | 92 | ||
| Procedure: Chest bandage | 93 | ||
| Procedure: Abdominal bandage | 94 | ||
| Procedure: Robert Jones bandage | 95 | ||
| Procedure: Velpeau sling | 95 | ||
| Procedure: Ehmer sling | 98 | ||
| Procedure: Ring pad | 99 | ||
| Casts and splints | 99 | ||
| Casts | 99 | ||
| Procedure: Applying a cast | 99 | ||
| Maintenance of the cast | 102 | ||
| Procedure: Removal of a cast | 102 | ||
| Splints | 103 | ||
| Procedure: Applying a splint | 103 | ||
| 5 Laboratory techniques | 104 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 104 | ||
| Laboratory equipment | 105 | ||
| The microscope | 105 | ||
| Procedure: Care and use of the microscope (Fig. 5.1) | 106 | ||
| Procedure: Use of the oil immersion lens | 107 | ||
| Procedure: Use of the Vernier scales | 108 | ||
| The centrifuge | 109 | ||
| Procedure: Care and use of the centrifuge | 109 | ||
| Electronic analysers | 110 | ||
| Practical techniques | 110 | ||
| Haematology | 110 | ||
| Blood collection | 110 | ||
| Plasma vs serum | 111 | ||
| Procedure: Packed cell volume | 111 | ||
| Procedure: Preparation of a blood smear | 112 | ||
| Staining blood smears | 116 | ||
| Procedure: Leishman’s stain | 116 | ||
| Procedure: Giemsa stain | 117 | ||
| Procedure: Differential white cell count | 117 | ||
| Procedure: Reticulocyte count | 118 | ||
| Procedure: Measuring clotting time | 120 | ||
| Cytology | 121 | ||
| Sample collection | 121 | ||
| Procedure: Collection of a sample by an imprint | 121 | ||
| Procedure: Collection of a sample by fine needle aspiration | 122 | ||
| Procedure: Collection of a sample for cytology of the ear | 123 | ||
| Smear preparation | 123 | ||
| Procedure: Squash preparation – used where there are few cells in the sample | 124 | ||
| Procedure: Line smear technique | 124 | ||
| Procedure: Starfish preparation | 124 | ||
| Cytology stains | 125 | ||
| Procedure: Staining with Sudan 3 | 125 | ||
| Bacteriology | 125 | ||
| Procedure: Bacterial cultivation | 125 | ||
| Procedure: Antibiotic sensitivity testing | 127 | ||
| Procedure: Preparation of bacterial smears | 128 | ||
| Procedure: Staining a bacterial smear using Gram’s stain | 128 | ||
| Procedure: Staining a bacterial smear using methylene blue stain | 129 | ||
| Urinalysis | 129 | ||
| Procedure: Urinalysis using dipstick tests | 130 | ||
| Procedure: Measuring specific gravity of urine using a refractometer | 131 | ||
| Procedure: Urine sedimentation examination | 132 | ||
| Parasitology | 132 | ||
| Procedure: Preparation of a smear to identify mites in a skin scraping | 134 | ||
| Ringworm | 134 | ||
| Procedure: Culture for ringworm fungus | 134 | ||
| Procedure: Preparation of a slide to identify ringworm fungus | 135 | ||
| Procedure: Use of Wood’s lamp to identify ringworm infection | 135 | ||
| Faecal analysis | 136 | ||
| Procedure: Direct faecal smear | 136 | ||
| Procedure: Quantitative analysis of a faecal sample using the modified McMaster method | 137 | ||
| Procedure: Baermann technique | 138 | ||
| 6 Diagnostic imaging | 139 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 139 | ||
| Radiography | 140 | ||
| Procedure: Preparing the patient for a radiographic examination | 140 | ||
| Practical positioning (Tables 6.1 and 6.2) | 141 | ||
| 1. Spine | 141 | ||
| Procedure: Lateral spine (Fig. 6.1) | 141 | ||
| Procedure: Ventro-dorsal spine (Fig. 6.2) | 143 | ||
| 2. Head and neck | 143 | ||
| Procedure: Rostro-caudal view – open mouth | 143 | ||
| Procedure: Rostro-caudal view – closed mouth | 144 | ||
| Procedure: Ventro-dorsal view | 144 | ||
| Procedure: Dorso-ventral view | 145 | ||
| Procedure: Lateral view of the skull | 145 | ||
| Procedure: Lateral oblique view | 145 | ||
| Procedure: Dorso-ventral intra-oral view | 146 | ||
| Procedure: Ventro-dorsal intra-oral view | 147 | ||
| Procedure: Ventro-dorsal open mouth oblique rostro-caudal view | 147 | ||
| 3. Thorax | 148 | ||
| Procedure: Lateral thorax | 148 | ||
| Procedure: Dorso-ventral thorax | 148 | ||
| Procedure: Ventro-dorsal thorax | 149 | ||
| 4. Abdomen | 150 | ||
| Procedure: Lateral abdomen | 150 | ||
| Procedure: Ventro-dorsal abdomen | 151 | ||
| 5. Appendicular skeleton | 151 | ||
| A. The forelimb | 152 | ||
| Procedure: Shoulder – medio-lateral view | 152 | ||
| Procedure: Shoulder – cranio-caudal view | 153 | ||
| Procedure: Elbow – medio-lateral view | 153 | ||
| Procedure: Elbow – cranio-caudal view | 154 | ||
| Method 1 | 154 | ||
| Method 2 | 154 | ||
| Procedure: Dorso-palmar view of the forefoot | 155 | ||
| B. The hindlimb | 155 | ||
| Procedure: Pelvis – lateral view | 155 | ||
| Procedure: Pelvis – ventro-dorsal view | 156 | ||
| Procedure: Stifle – medio-lateral view | 157 | ||
| Procedure: Stifle – cranio-caudal view | 157 | ||
| Procedure: Hindfoot – medio-lateral view | 158 | ||
| Use of contrast media | 158 | ||
| A. Alimentary tract | 159 | ||
| Procedure: Use of barium in the examination of the alimentary tract (Fig. 6. 21) | 159 | ||
| B. Urinary tract | 161 | ||
| Procedure: Intravenous urography for examination of the kidneys and ureters (Fig. 6.23) | 161 | ||
| Procedure: Cystography – examination of the bladder using contrast material | 162 | ||
| Procedure: Retrograde urethrography for examination of the urethra using positive contrast in the male | 163 | ||
| Procedure: Retrograde vaginourethrography for examination of the vagina and urethra using positive contrast in the female | 164 | ||
| Diagnostic ultrasound | 164 | ||
| Image display modes | 165 | ||
| Types of transducer | 165 | ||
| Terminology | 165 | ||
| Procedure: Basic examination technique | 166 | ||
| Endoscopy | 166 | ||
| Procedure: Patient preparation and general points to consider when performing endoscopy | 167 | ||
| 7 Medical diagnostic and treatment techniques | 169 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 169 | ||
| Fluid therapy | 170 | ||
| Basic theory | 170 | ||
| Selection of fluids | 170 | ||
| Administration of fluids | 170 | ||
| Procedure: Assessing the level of dehydration | 172 | ||
| Equipment for intravenous administration | 173 | ||
| Procedure: Setting up and attaching an intravenous drip | 174 | ||
| Monitoring | 175 | ||
| Blood transfusions | 175 | ||
| Blood collection | 175 | ||
| Procedure: Cross matching blood | 177 | ||
| Procedure: Collection of blood for transfusion | 177 | ||
| Blood administration | 179 | ||
| Procedure: Blood transfusion | 179 | ||
| Transfusion reactions | 180 | ||
| Placement of feeding tubes | 181 | ||
| Procedure: Placement of a naso-oesophageal or nasogastric feeding tube | 181 | ||
| Procedure: Placement of an oesophagostomy feeding tube | 183 | ||
| Urinary procedures | 185 | ||
| Urinary catheterization | 185 | ||
| Procedure: Catheterization of the dog | 185 | ||
| Procedure: Catherization of the bitch | 187 | ||
| Procedure: Catherization of the tomcat | 188 | ||
| Cystocentesis | 189 | ||
| Procedure: Cystocentesis | 189 | ||
| Enemas | 190 | ||
| Procedure: Administration of an enema | 190 | ||
| Function tests for hormonal diseases | 191 | ||
| Procedure: Water deprivation test | 191 | ||
| Procedure: ACTH stimulation test | 192 | ||
| Procedure: Dexamethasone suppression test – low dose test | 193 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 194 | ||
| Procedure: Performing an electrocardiogram | 195 | ||
| Fluid collection from body cavities | 196 | ||
| Procedure: Abdominocentesis | 197 | ||
| Procedure: Thoracocentesis | 198 | ||
| Principles of barrier nursing | 199 | ||
| Procedure: Factors to be considered in the design of an isolation unit | 200 | ||
| Procedure: Designation of personnel to staff the unit | 204 | ||
| Procedure: Isolation in a small practice or within an owner’s home | 205 | ||
| Dentistry | 205 | ||
| Anaesthesia for dental procedures | 206 | ||
| Procedure: Scaling / polishing the teeth and general oral examination | 206 | ||
| Extractions – general guidelines | 209 | ||
| Complications | 209 | ||
| Maintenance of oral hygiene | 209 | ||
| 8 Administration of anaesthesia | 211 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 211 | ||
| Preparation for anaesthesia | 212 | ||
| Procedure: Patient preparation for anaesthesia | 212 | ||
| The anaesthetic machine | 213 | ||
| Procedure: Checking the anaesthetic machine before use | 213 | ||
| Procedure: Shutting down the anaesthetic machine | 217 | ||
| Anaesthetic circuits | 218 | ||
| Rebreathing circuits | 218 | ||
| 1. Circle system (Fig. 8.3) | 218 | ||
| Advantages | 218 | ||
| 9 Theatre practice | 237 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 237 | ||
| Preparation of the surgical environment | 237 | ||
| Sterilization of surgical equipment | 238 | ||
| Monitoring sterilization | 240 | ||
| Preparation of the surgical site | 240 | ||
| Procedure: Clipping the site | 240 | ||
| Procedure: Cleaning the surgical site | 241 | ||
| Draping the patient | 242 | ||
| Procedure: Draping the patient with four plain drapes | 242 | ||
| Procedure: Draping a patient with a fenestrated cloth (e.g. cat spay cloth) | 243 | ||
| Procedure: Draping a limb | 243 | ||
| The surgical scrub | 244 | ||
| Procedure: General hand-washing routine | 244 | ||
| Procedure: Routine hand hygiene using an alcohol-based rub (based on the WHO guidelines) | 244 | ||
| Procedure: Surgical scrub | 246 | ||
| Procedure: Drying your hands after the surgical scrub | 247 | ||
| Donning theatre attire | 248 | ||
| Gowning | 249 | ||
| Procedure: Putting on a back-tying gown | 249 | ||
| Procedure: Putting on a side-tying gown | 250 | ||
| Gloving | 251 | ||
| Procedure: Open gloving | 251 | ||
| Procedure: Closed gloving | 252 | ||
| Procedure: Plunge method | 253 | ||
| 10 Suturing techniques and common surgical procedures | 254 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 254 | ||
| Suturing techniques | 255 | ||
| Suture materials | 255 | ||
| Suture needles | 257 | ||
| Suture patterns | 258 | ||
| Interrupted suture patterns | 259 | ||
| Procedure: Simple interrupted suture | 262 | ||
| Procedure: Horizontal mattress suture | 263 | ||
| Procedure: Vertical mattress suture | 263 | ||
| Procedure: Gambee suture (Fig. 10.9) | 264 | ||
| Continuous suture patterns | 265 | ||
| Procedure: Simple continuous suture (Fig. 10.10) | 265 | ||
| Procedure: Ford interlocking suture (Fig. 10.12) | 266 | ||
| Specialized suture techniques | 267 | ||
| Procedure: Purse ring suture | 268 | ||
| Procedure: Quilled sutures | 268 | ||
| Procedure: To tie a Chinese finger-trap suture | 269 | ||
| Knots | 270 | ||
| Types of knot | 270 | ||
| Procedure: Tying a square knot using instruments | 270 | ||
| Other methods of tissue repair | 271 | ||
| Common surgical procedures | 272 | ||
| Abscesses | 272 | ||
| Procedure: Surgical treatment of abscesses in dogs and cats | 272 | ||
| Procedure: Surgical treatment of abscesses in rabbits | 273 | ||
| Procedure: Placing a Penrose drain in an abscess | 275 | ||
| Aural haematomata | 276 | ||
| Procedure: Treatment of an aural haematoma | 276 | ||
| Cystotomy | 278 | ||
| Procedure: Cystotomy for the removal of cystic calculi | 278 | ||
| Dew claws | 280 | ||
| Procedure: Dew claw removal in neonatal puppies | 281 | ||
| Procedure: Dew claw removal in adult dogs | 281 | ||
| Gastrointestinal foreign bodies | 283 | ||
| Procedure: Gastrotomy | 283 | ||
| Procedure: Enterotomy | 285 | ||
| Lumpectomy | 289 | ||
| Procedure: Lumpectomy | 289 | ||
| Neutering | 290 | ||
| 1. Ovariohysterectomy | 291 | ||
| Procedure: Ovariohysterectomy in the bitch | 292 | ||
| Procedure: Ovariohysterectomy in the queen | 295 | ||
| Procedure: Ovariohysterectomy in the doe | 298 | ||
| 2. Orchidectomy | 300 | ||
| Procedure: Castration in the dog using the open method | 301 | ||
| Procedure: Castration in the dog using the closed method | 304 | ||
| Procedure: Castration in the young cat (i.e. 4–5 months old) | 305 | ||
| Procedure: Castration in the mature cat | 306 | ||
| Procedure: Castration in the rabbit | 309 | ||
| Bibliography | 311 | ||
| Index | 313 | ||
| A | 313 | ||
| B | 313 | ||
| C | 314 | ||
| D | 315 | ||
| E | 315 | ||
| F | 316 | ||
| G | 316 | ||
| H | 317 | ||
| I | 317 | ||
| J | 317 | ||
| K | 317 | ||
| L | 317 | ||
| M | 318 | ||
| N | 318 | ||
| O | 318 | ||
| P | 319 | ||
| Q | 319 | ||
| R | 319 | ||
| S | 320 | ||
| T | 320 | ||
| U | 321 | ||
| V | 321 | ||
| W | 321 | ||
| X | 321 |