BOOK
Patient Centered Care in Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy E-Book
Aarthi Ramlaul | Martin Vosper
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Health investigation and treatment have moved from a clinician-centred approach to a patient-centred approach during the past few decades. Patients are now rightly regarded as empowered and informed users of health services, not passive recipients.
Motivated by this philosophical shift, this new book identifies the key issues underpinning the complete delivery of ‘good’ patient care and considers their application in the medical radiation sciences. Taking a UK/European perspective, the authors examine how a holistic approach is related to legislation, human rights and perceived patient needs. Medical imaging and radiotherapy are front line services experienced by vast numbers of patients with acute and chronic medical conditions, including trauma and cancer.
The book includes coverage of behavioural science and health psychology together with practical applications such as safe manual handling, infection control and radiation safety. This provides the reader with a comprehensive understanding of what contributes to the patient’s experience in diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy. It also considers other aspects of the patient experience, such as inter-professional team working, disability, communication, clinical procedures and practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Patient Centred Care in Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy | iii | ||
| Copyright\r | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| Introduction | xi | ||
| Acknowledgements | xiii | ||
| Contributors | xiii | ||
| List of abbreviations | xv | ||
| Section | 1 | - Communication\r | 1 | ||
| Chapter | 1 | - Principles of communication\r | 3 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3 | ||
| WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? | 4 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 6 | ||
| Chapter | 2 | - Communication with specific patient groups | 7 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 7 | ||
| CHANGED EMOTIONAL STATUS – THE CANCER PATIENT | 7 | ||
| CHANGED PHYSICAL STATUS – THE TRAUMA PATIENT | 8 | ||
| CHANGED AGE STATUS – CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS | 10 | ||
| DIFFERING AGE STATUS – THE ELDERLY PATIENT | 11 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 12 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 12 | ||
| Chapter | 3 | - Communication with patients with disabilities and additional needs | 13 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 13 | ||
| COMMUNICATING WITH PEOPLE WITH COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES | 14 | ||
| BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION | 14 | ||
| PHYSICAL DISABILITIES | 15 | ||
| HEARING IMPAIRED AND DEAF PEOPLE | 15 | ||
| VISUAL IMPAIRED AND BLIND PEOPLE | 17 | ||
| COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT | 17 | ||
| DEMENTIA | 17 | ||
| COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES DUE TO STROKE | 18 | ||
| COMMUNICATING WITH PEOPLE WITH A LEARNING DISABILITY | 18 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 19 | ||
| Chapter | 4 | - Interprofessional communication | 21 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 21 | ||
| UNRAVELLING INTERPROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION | 21 | ||
| TEAMWORK: INTERPROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION AND PROFESSIONAL COLLABORATION | 22 | ||
| INTERPROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION EDUCATION | 23 | ||
| ORGANISATIONAL COMMUNICATION | 23 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 25 | ||
| Section | 2 | - Psychosocial aspects of patient care\r | 27 | ||
| Chapter | 5 | - Cultural and social diversity issues in patient care\r | 29 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 29 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTIONS WITHIN HEALTHCARE | 29 | ||
| HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERACTION | 31 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 34 | ||
| Chapter | 6 | - Psychological aspects of patient care | 35 | ||
| WHY DO PRACTITIONERS NEED AN UNDERSTANDING OF PSYCHOLOGY? | 35 | ||
| THEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGY | 35 | ||
| STRESS, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION | 37 | ||
| ANGER AND AGGRESSION | 38 | ||
| MAKING CHOICES DURING TIMES OF STRESS, ANXIETY AND ILLNESS | 38 | ||
| COMPLIANCE | 39 | ||
| PAIN | 40 | ||
| PHOBIAS | 41 | ||
| CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND OLDER ADULTS | 41 | ||
| DYING AND BEREAVEMENT | 44 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 44 | ||
| Chapter | 7 | - Beyond a diagnosis of cancer | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| BEYOND A DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER: THE EFFECT ON FAMILY AND FRIENDS | 48 | ||
| PRACTITIONER RECOGNITION AND RESPONSE | 50 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 52 | ||
| Chapter | 8 | - End-of-life care | 53 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 53 | ||
| PALLIATIVE AND END-OF-LIFE CARE | 53 | ||
| EDUCATION | 54 | ||
| PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND HOLISTIC APPROACH | 55 | ||
| CARING FOR THE DYING | 55 | ||
| NEONATES, CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE | 56 | ||
| OLDER PEOPLE | 57 | ||
| END-OF-LIFE CHOICES | 57 | ||
| ENDING TREATMENT | 58 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES | 58 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 58 | ||
| Section | 3 | - Radiation hazards and safety\r | 61 | ||
| Chapter | 9 | - Ionising radiations\r | 63 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 63 | ||
| SOURCES OF RADIATION DOSES TO HUMANS | 63 | ||
| EFFECTS OF IONISING RADIATIONS ON THE HUMAN BODY | 64 | ||
| SAFEGUARDING PEOPLE FROM THE EFFECTS OF IONISING RADIATION | 66 | ||
| RADIATION SAFEGUARDING MEASURES | 69 | ||
| ESTIMATION OF RADIATION RISKS FROM IONISING RADIATION PROCEDURES | 73 | ||
| MANAGING ACCIDENTS AND OVEREXPOSURES | 73 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 74 | ||
| Chapter | 10 | - Non-ionising radiations and ultrasound | 75 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 75 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) | 75 | ||
| MEDICAL ULTRASOUND | 78 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 80 | ||
| Section | 4 | - Physical and medical aspects\rof patient safety\r | 81 | ||
| Chapter | 11 | - Drugs and contrast agents\r | 83 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 83 | ||
| BASIC DRUG PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 83 | ||
| SAFE ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS | 84 | ||
| CONTRAST AGENTS | 86 | ||
| ADVERSE REACTIONS TO CONTRAST AGENTS | 88 | ||
| MANAGING CONTRAST REACTIONS | 91 | ||
| ULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENTS | 91 | ||
| CONTRAST AGENTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) | 92 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS CONTRAST AGENTS | 92 | ||
| ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS | 93 | ||
| ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS | 93 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS | 93 | ||
| ANALGESIA AND SEDATION | 95 | ||
| ANTIEMETICS | 96 | ||
| ANTISPASMODICS | 97 | ||
| LOCAL ANAESTHETICS | 98 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 98 | ||
| Chapter | 12 | - Cancer chemotherapy drugs | 101 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 101 | ||
| THE CELL CYCLE | 101 | ||
| CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS | 102 | ||
| CHEMOTHERAPY ADMINISTRATION | 107 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY | 107 | ||
| RESISTANCE TO CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY | 108 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 108 | ||
| Chapter | 13 | - Radiotherapy-related treatment reactions | 109 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 109 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF RADIOTHERAPY SIDE-EFFECTS | 109 | ||
| THE CONCEPT OF ‘SURVIVORSHIP’ AND LATE EFFECTS | 110 | ||
| AN OVERVIEW OF RADIOBIOLOGY FOR RADIOTHERAPY | 110 | ||
| ACUTE AND LATE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY (EBRT) | 113 | ||
| TOXICITY SCORING TOOLS | 113 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF RADIOTHERAPY-INDUCED SIDE-EFFECTS | 114 | ||
| SOME EXAMPLES OF EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY-INDUCED REACTIONS | 114 | ||
| BRACHYTHERAPY REACTIONS | 115 | ||
| HORMONE THERAPY REACTIONS | 117 | ||
| IMMUNOTHERAPY REACTIONS | 117 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 119 | ||
| Chapter | 14 | - Moving and handling | 121 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 121 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND BIOMECHANICS OF THE SPINE | 122 | ||
| BACK INJURIES | 122 | ||
| LEGAL MATTERS | 123 | ||
| MANUAL HANDLING RISK ASSESSMENT | 125 | ||
| MANUAL HANDLING PRINCIPLES | 126 | ||
| ‘COMMON SENSE’ ERGONOMICS | 127 | ||
| SAFE HANDLING PRACTICE | 128 | ||
| DANGEROUS OR PROBLEMATIC SITUATIONS | 131 | ||
| UNSAFE HANDLING PRACTICES TO AVOID | 132 | ||
| SOME TIPS FOR EVERYDAY BACK CARE | 133 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 134 | ||
| Section | 5 | - Infection control\r | 135 | ||
| Chapter | 15 | - Immunology and infectious diseases\r | 137 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 137 | ||
| PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 137 | ||
| IMMUNE DEFENCE | 138 | ||
| KEY PRINCIPLES OF INFECTIVE MECHANISMS | 139 | ||
| BARRIERS AGAINST INFECTION | 140 | ||
| SPECIFIC IMMUNE MECHANISMS | 142 | ||
| HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS | 142 | ||
| ANAPHYLAXIS | 143 | ||
| AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSES | 143 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGY RELEVANT TO CANCER PATIENTS | 143 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 148 | ||
| Chapter | 16 | - Methods of infection prevention | 149 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 149 | ||
| MICROORGANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR DISEASE COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN HEALTHCARE | 149 | ||
| POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF INFECTIVE TRAVEL | 151 | ||
| THE CLINICAL ENVIRONMENT | 159 | ||
| CLEANING, DISINFECTION AND STERILISATION OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT | 159 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 160 | ||
| Section | 6 | - Medical imaging procedures\r | 161 | ||
| Chapter | 17 | - Fluoroscopy | 163 | ||
| FLUOROSCOPY IMAGING EQUIPMENT AND DOSE | 163 | ||
| FLUOROSCOPY AND THE PATIENT | 164 | ||
| FLUOROSCOPY AND SKILLS MIX | 165 | ||
| FLUOROSCOPY EXAMINATIONS | 165 | ||
| PROCTOGRAM | 166 | ||
| INTIMATE FLUOROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS | 166 | ||
| PAEDIATRIC FLUOROSCOPY | 167 | ||
| PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT BEFORE AND AFTER FLUOROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS | 167 | ||
| PATIENT INFORMATION LEAFLETS | 167 | ||
| RESPECT, PRIVACY AND DIGNITY DURING FLUOROSCOPY EXAMINATIONS | 167 | ||
| CONSENT FOR FLUOROSCOPY EXAMINATIONS | 169 | ||
| ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MEDICAL IMAGING PRACTITIONER WITHIN FLUOROSCOPY | 170 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 171 | ||
| Chapter | 18 | - Interventional radiology | 173 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 173 | ||
| GROWTH OF INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY | 173 | ||
| THE HEART OF IR: THE SELDINGER TECHNIQUE | 173 | ||
| INFORMED CONSENT | 174 | ||
| ANALGESIA AND SEDATION | 175 | ||
| VASCULAR INTERVENTIONS | 175 | ||
| NON-VASCULAR INTERVENTIONS | 177 | ||
| NEW FRONTIERS | 181 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 181 | ||
| Chapter | 19 | - Ultrasound | 183 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 183 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RISKS | 183 | ||
| INTERVENTIONAL ULTRASOUND | 184 | ||
| ACCESSIBILITY AND PROVISION OF SERVICES | 185 | ||
| PATIENT CHOICE | 186 | ||
| SOCIAL SCANNING | 187 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 187 | ||
| ORGAN SPECIFIC SCANNING | 188 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 188 | ||
| Chapter | 20 | - Nuclear medicine | 189 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 189 | ||
| RADIATION DOSES IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE | 189 | ||
| DURING THE PROCEDURE | 190 | ||
| PET-CT IMAGING | 194 | ||
| LABORATORY STUDIES | 195 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC NUCLEAR MEDICINE | 195 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 195 | ||
| Chapter | 21 | - Magnetic resonance imaging | 197 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 197 | ||
| MRI SCREENING | 197 | ||
| STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE PROJECTILE EFFECT | 199 | ||
| GRADIENTS, NOISE AND EAR PROTECTION | 201 | ||
| RADIOFREQUENCY WAVES AND HEATING | 202 | ||
| CLAUSTROPHOBIA/ANXIETY IN CLINICAL MRI | 202 | ||
| UNCONSCIOUS PATIENTS, SEDATION AND GENERAL ANAESTHESIA | 203 | ||
| PREGNANCY AND MRI | 203 | ||
| MEDICAL EMERGENCIES IN CLINICAL MRI | 204 | ||
| CRYOGENS | 204 | ||
| MRI TRAINING AND EDUCATION | 204 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 204 | ||
| Chapter | 22 | - Mammography | 205 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 205 | ||
| KEY SKILLS REQUIRED FOR PROMOTING WELLBEING DURING MAMMOGRAPHY | 205 | ||
| POTENTIAL ADVERSE INCIDENTS IN MAMMOGRAPHY | 208 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGICAL RISKS TO THE MAMMOGRAPHY PATIENT/CLIENT | 209 | ||
| INFORMED CONSENT AND THE BENEFITS AND HARMS OF BREAST SCREENING | 210 | ||
| OTHER PROCEDURES IN THE BREAST IMAGING DEPARTMENT | 210 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 210 | ||
| Chapter | 23 | - Computed Tomography | 211 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 211 | ||
| APPROACHES TO GOOD PATIENT CARE | 211 | ||
| PATIENT CARE BEFORE IMAGING | 211 | ||
| PATIENT CARE DURING THE PROCEDURE | 214 | ||
| AFTERCARE OF THE PATIENT | 214 | ||
| PATIENT PREPARATION FOR CONTRAST MEDIA ADMINISTRATION | 215 | ||
| CARE FOR INTRAVENOUS DRIPS | 216 | ||
| PATIENT CARE FOR CRITICALLY ILL OR TRAUMATISED PATIENTS | 216 | ||
| PATIENT CARE FOR THOSE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SUBSTANCES | 217 | ||
| PHYSICAL RISKS IN CT | 217 | ||
| BIOLOGICAL RISKS IN CT – RADIATION DOSES | 218 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 221 | ||
| Section | 7 | -\rCancer therapy procedures | 223 | ||
| Chapter | 24 | - External beam therapy\r | 225 | ||
| THE PATIENT REFERRAL PATHWAY | 225 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP | 230 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 230 | ||
| Chapter | 25 | - Brachytherapy | 231 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 231 | ||
| PREPARATION FOR BRACHYTHERAPY | 232 | ||
| PRE-ASSESSMENT FOR BRACHYTHERAPY | 232 | ||
| ANALGESIA/ANAESTHESIA | 232 | ||
| PRACTITIONER-LED SERVICES IN BRACHYTHERAPY | 234 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 234 | ||
| Chapter | 26 | - Chemotherapy | 235 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 235 | ||
| THE MECHANISMS OF CHEMOTHERAPY | 235 | ||
| ADMINISTRATION OF CHEMOTHERAPY | 237 | ||
| SIDE-EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY | 238 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 240 | ||
| Chapter | 27 | - Immunotherapy | 243 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 243 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE | 244 | ||
| TREATMENT USING CYTOKINES | 245 | ||
| OTHER TREATMENTS | 246 | ||
| CONDITIONS THAT CAN DEVELOP AFTER TREATMENT | 247 | ||
| VACCINATIONS | 247 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 247 | ||
| Section | 8 | - Performance and ethico-legal\raspects of care\r | 249 | ||
| Chapter | 28 | - Performance measures – measuring care \r | 251 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 251 | ||
| USE OF HEALTHCARE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS | 252 | ||
| QUALITY INDICATORS IN MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIOTHERAPY | 253 | ||
| QUALITY REGULATORY AGENCIES | 253 | ||
| ACCREDITATION STANDARDS | 254 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 255 | ||
| Chapter | 29 | - Ethical and legal considerations in professional practice | 257 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 257 | ||
| WHAT IS MEANT BY ETHICS? | 257 | ||
| LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE | 265 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 269 | ||
| Glossary | 271 | ||
| Bibliography | 275 | ||
| References | 279 | ||
| Index | 295 |