BOOK
Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition E-Book
Raymond J. Geor | Manfred Coenen | Patricia Harris
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition is a comprehensive text resource on the nutrition and feeding management of horses. Over 20 experts from around the world share their wisdom on a topic of central relevance to all equine practitioners and the equine community generally. Both basic and applied (including healthy and diseased animals) nutrition and feeding management of horses and other equids (i.e. ponies, donkeys, wild equids) are covered. The book will appeal to a wide audienc: undergraduate and post-graduate students in equine science and veterinary medicine, veterinarians, equine nutritionists, horse trainers and owners. The clinical component will strengthen the appeal for equine veterinarians. Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition will be a "must have" for anyone involved in the care of horses, ponies and other equids.
The book is divided into 3 parts:
- Basic or core nutrition in this context refers to digestive physiology of the horse and the principles of nutrition.
- Applied nutrition deals with the particular types of foods, and how to maintain an optimum diet through various life stages of the horse. You might characterize this aspect as prevention of disease through diet.
- Clinical nutrition covers various diseases induced by poor diet, and their dietary treatment and management. It also looks at specific feeding regimes useful in cases disease not specifically induced by diet.
- Authoritative, international contributions
- Strong coverage of clinical aspects either omitted from or only sparsely dealt with elsewhere
- Full colour throughout
- The only clinical equine nutrition book
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Contributors | xiii | ||
| A Nutritional Foundations | 1 | ||
| 1 Gastrointestinal physiology | 3 | ||
| Enteric Nervous System | 3 | ||
| Mouth | 4 | ||
| Secretion | 4 | ||
| Host source enzymatic digestion | 5 | ||
| Digestive ecosystem and digestion/fermentation | 5 | ||
| B Nutrition for Lifestage, Type or Function | 229 | ||
| 11 Feeding stallions and broodmares | 231 | ||
| Introduction | 231 | ||
| Stallions | 231 | ||
| Requirements | 231 | ||
| Feeding programs | 231 | ||
| Semen quality | 233 | ||
| Pregnant mares | 234 | ||
| Requirements | 234 | ||
| Feeding programs | 235 | ||
| Lactating mares | 236 | ||
| Requirements | 236 | ||
| Feeding programs | 238 | ||
| Reproductive efficiency in the mare | 240 | ||
| Body condition | 240 | ||
| Conclusion | 240 | ||
| References | 241 | ||
| 12 Feeding the growing horse | 243 | ||
| Introduction | 243 | ||
| Growth | 243 | ||
| Growth curves | 244 | ||
| Growth rate | 245 | ||
| Growth composition | 246 | ||
| Energy requirements | 248 | ||
| Dietary energy source | 248 | ||
| Excessive energy intake | 248 | ||
| Compensatory growth | 249 | ||
| Protein requirements | 251 | ||
| Protein quality/amino acid composition | 251 | ||
| Amino acids and bone quality | 251 | ||
| Mineral and vitamin requirements | 252 | ||
| Practical application | 253 | ||
| Birth to 3 months | 254 | ||
| Months 4 to 6 | 256 | ||
| Weanlings | 256 | ||
| Yearlings | 257 | ||
| Two-year-olds | 258 | ||
| Conclusions | 258 | ||
| Growth | 258 | ||
| Requirements | 258 | ||
| References | 258 | ||
| 13 Practical considerations for feeding racehorses | 261 | ||
| Performance metrics | 261 | ||
| Nutrition and performance | 261 | ||
| Body condition | 261 | ||
| Protein | 262 | ||
| Minerals | 263 | ||
| Electrolytes | 264 | ||
| Vitamins | 264 | ||
| Water | 264 | ||
| Typical feeding programs | 265 | ||
| Conserved forages | 265 | ||
| Complementary feed/concentrate | 266 | ||
| High starch versus high oil or fat diets | 266 | ||
| Recommendations for pre-exercise feeding | 267 | ||
| Supplements | 268 | ||
| Poor appetite | 268 | ||
| Conclusion | 269 | ||
| References | 269 | ||
| 14 Nutritional management of elite endurance horses | 272 | ||
| Energy metabolism | 272 | ||
| Energy requirements | 273 | ||
| Meeting energy requirements | 274 | ||
| Forage should be the foundation | 274 | ||
| Supplemental energy sources | 275 | ||
| Cereal grains | 275 | ||
| Highly digestible fiber sources | 275 | ||
| Vegetable oils | 275 | ||
| Muscle glycogen storage | 276 | ||
| Timing of feeding relative to exercise | 276 | ||
| Protein nutrition | 277 | ||
| Branch chain amino acids (BCAA) | 277 | ||
| Antioxidants | 277 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte losses accompanying endurance exercise | 278 | ||
| Sweat electrolyte losses | 279 | ||
| Attenuation of involuntary dehydration | 280 | ||
| Active cooling during exercise | 280 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte supplementation | 280 | ||
| Factorial approach to estimating requirements | 282 | ||
| Practical recommendations for electrolyte supplementation | 282 | ||
| During competition | 283 | ||
| Suggested feeding and management strategies for race days | 284 | ||
| Pre-ride | 284 | ||
| During the ride | 285 | ||
| Post-ride | 285 | ||
| Conclusion | 285 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 286 | ||
| References | 286 | ||
| 15 Nutritional considerations for aged horses | 289 | ||
| Introduction | 289 | ||
| Key aspects of aging in humans and other species | 289 | ||
| Definition and prevalence of the “geriatric” or “aged” horse | 290 | ||
| Common causes of mortality in aged horses | 291 | ||
| Clinical conditions most commonly associated with aging (not necessarily mortality) in horses | 291 | ||
| Age, exercise, muscle tone and skeletal strength | 292 | ||
| Age, body condition and body composition | 293 | ||
| Age and digestive function | 293 | ||
| Age, inflammation and immunity | 294 | ||
| Insulin resistance and age | 294 | ||
| Changes in nutritional requirements with age | 295 | ||
| General considerations regarding feeding and management of the old horse | 295 | ||
| Management considerations | 295 | ||
| Nutritional considerations | 296 | ||
| Water | 296 | ||
| Forage | 296 | ||
| Feed | 297 | ||
| Specific considerations | 297 | ||
| Horses with PPID | 297 | ||
| Horses with inadequate dentition | 298 | ||
| Possible additional nutritional support | 299 | ||
| Vitamins and other antioxidants | 299 | ||
| Oral chondroprotective agents | 300 | ||
| Conclusion | 300 | ||
| References | 300 | ||
| 16 Practical donkey and mule nutrition | 304 | ||
| The donkey | 304 | ||
| The structure of the donkey’s gut | 304 | ||
| Physical breakdown | 304 | ||
| Water requirements | 305 | ||
| Energy requirements | 305 | ||
| Feeding for pregnancy, lactation and growth | 306 | ||
| Protein requirements | 307 | ||
| Vitamin requirements | 308 | ||
| Minerals | 308 | ||
| Body condition scoring | 309 | ||
| Practical feeding | 310 | ||
| The donkey’s natural feeding behavior | 310 | ||
| Practical rationing | 311 | ||
| Practical feeding for problem donkeys | 312 | ||
| Elderly and sick donkeys | 312 | ||
| Feeding obese donkeys | 313 | ||
| Feeding mules | 313 | ||
| Special considerations for working donkeys | 314 | ||
| Summary | 315 | ||
| References | 315 | ||
| C Applied Nutrition – Feeds | 317 | ||
| 17 Feedstuffs for horses | 319 | ||
| Introduction | 319 | ||
| Roughage | 319 | ||
| Nutritional properties | 319 | ||
| Forage protein utilization | 321 | ||
| Impact of preservation | 321 | ||
| Impact of forage on performance | 322 | ||
| Concentrate ingredients | 322 | ||
| Cereals | 322 | ||
| Impact of processing of cereals | 324 | ||
| Cereal by-products | 324 | ||
| Protein feedstuffs | 325 | ||
| Non-starch carbohydrate feedstuffs | 326 | ||
| Sugar-rich feedstuffs | 326 | ||
| Pectin-rich feedstuffs | 326 | ||
| Cellulose-rich feedstuffs | 327 | ||
| Distillery by-products | 327 | ||
| Fats and oils | 328 | ||
| Mineral and vitamin supply | 328 | ||
| Minerals | 328 | ||
| Vitamins | 329 | ||
| References | 329 | ||
| 18 Pastures and pasture management | 332 | ||
| Introduction | 332 | ||
| Pastures | 332 | ||
| Grass (Family Poaceae) | 332 | ||
| Grass developmental stages | 332 | ||
| Grass reproduction | 333 | ||
| Legumes (family Fabaceae or Leguminosae) | 333 | ||
| Chemical composition of forages | 334 | ||
| Seasonal growth | 336 | ||
| Over-wintering of pasture species | 336 | ||
| Pasture species for horses | 337 | ||
| Grazing behavior | 338 | ||
| Pasture intake | 338 | ||
| Pasture palatability | 339 | ||
| Horse requirements | 339 | ||
| Stocking density and grazing systems | 340 | ||
| Grazing systems | 341 | ||
| Continuous grazing | 341 | ||
| Rotational grazing | 341 | ||
| Strip grazing | 343 | ||
| Sacrificial paddocks | 343 | ||
| Pasture manipulation | 343 | ||
| Pastures for laminitis-prone equidae | 343 | ||
| Weed control | 344 | ||
| Pasture toxicity | 344 | ||
| Inherent plant toxins | 344 | ||
| Microbial contamination | 344 | ||
| Mineral contamination | 345 | ||
| Soil | 345 | ||
| Seminatural grasslands | 346 | ||
| Manure management | 346 | ||
| Fertilization | 346 | ||
| Renovation and reseeding | 347 | ||
| Management practices – a yearly calendar and summary | 348 | ||
| Conclusion | 348 | ||
| References | 349 | ||
| 19 Specialized dietary supplements | 351 | ||
| Introduction | 351 | ||
| Nutrients with established requirements (but fed in amounts far greater than minimal requirements, as defined by the NRC 2007) | 352 | ||
| Vitamin E | 352 | ||
| Potential rationale for use | 352 | ||
| Data on efficacy | 352 | ||
| Safety | 352 | ||
| Recommended dosage | 352 | ||
| D Applied Nutrition | 391 | ||
| 22 Assessment of body condition and bodyweight | 393 | ||
| Introduction | 393 | ||
| Methods of assessing bodyweight | 393 | ||
| Direct measurement | 393 | ||
| Indirect measurement | 393 | ||
| Methods of assessing body condition | 396 | ||
| Assessment of body condition score (BCS) | 396 | ||
| Morphometric measurements | 396 | ||
| Ultrasonic measurement of subcutaneous fat depth | 398 | ||
| Total body water (TBW) | 399 | ||
| Assessment of regional fat distribution | 400 | ||
| Morphometric measurements | 400 | ||
| Cresty neck scoring (CNS) | 400 | ||
| Ultrasonic fat depth | 401 | ||
| Implications for health and performance | 401 | ||
| Risk for disease | 402 | ||
| Reproductive performance | 402 | ||
| Athletic performance | 402 | ||
| Categorization of body condition | 402 | ||
| Choosing an assessment method | 403 | ||
| What resources are available? | 403 | ||
| Is an assessment of bodyweight or body condition needed? | 403 | ||
| Is the method being used for inter-horse or intra-horse comparisons? | 403 | ||
| Which fat depots are of interest? | 403 | ||
| Conclusions | 403 | ||
| References | 403 | ||
| 23 Ration evaluation and formulation | 405 | ||
| Information needed for ration evaluation | 405 | ||
| Integrity of the information | 405 | ||
| Remote ration evaluation | 405 | ||
| Predicted versus actual analysis | 406 | ||
| Assessment of current ration | 406 | ||
| Energy content of feeds and forages | 406 | ||
| Forage and feed sampling | 406 | ||
| Forage sampling | 406 | ||
| Complementary feed assessment and sampling | 407 | ||
| Chain of custody for feed or forage samples | 407 | ||
| Assessment of vitamin–mineral and specialized supplements | 408 | ||
| Assessment of pasture | 408 | ||
| Laboratory analysis of feed and forage samples | 408 | ||
| Assessment of forage consumption | 408 | ||
| Assessment of grazing consumption | 409 | ||
| Matching intake to requirements | 410 | ||
| Assessment of energy and micronutrient intake | 410 | ||
| Bodyweight and condition | 410 | ||
| Physiological state of the horse | 410 | ||
| Establishing forage intake and a suitable forage to concentrate ratio | 411 | ||
| Calculated versus actual energy intake | 412 | ||
| Sensitivity analysis | 412 | ||
| Other considerations | 412 | ||
| Meal size and/or frequency | 412 | ||
| Feed refusals | 413 | ||
| Feed safety | 413 | ||
| Prohibited substances | 414 | ||
| Consideration of health status | 414 | ||
| The use of supplements | 414 | ||
| Ration evaluation software | 415 | ||
| Input data | 415 | ||
| Data output | 415 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages | 416 | ||
| Examples of ration evaluation | 418 | ||
| Example 1: Recommending a ration (Table 23-5) | 418 | ||
| Example 2: Evaluating current ration (Table 23-6) | 418 | ||
| Advantages, disadvantages/limitations of various manufacturing processes | 418 | ||
| Mechanical treatment of cereals | 421 | ||
| Pelleting | 421 | ||
| E Clinical Nutrition | 467 | ||
| 27 Laminitis | 469 | ||
| Epidemiology and risk factors | 469 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 471 | ||
| Carbohydrate overload | 471 | ||
| Lamellar leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory signaling | 472 | ||
| Oxidative tissue injury | 473 | ||
| Enzymatic dysregulation | 473 | ||
| Alterations in vascular and endothelial function | 473 | ||
| Clinical relevance | 473 | ||
| Insulin-induced laminitis | 474 | ||
| Clinical relevance | 474 | ||
| Other factors potentially increasing susceptibility to laminitis | 475 | ||
| Management of cases | 476 | ||
| Emergency treatment of grain overload | 477 | ||
| Dietary management | 477 | ||
| Countermeasures to nutritionally associated laminitis | 478 | ||
| Identification of high-risk animals | 478 | ||
| Evaluation of insulin sensitivity and dynamics | 479 | ||
| Decreasing intake of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates | 479 | ||
| Countering endocrine-metabolic risk factors | 480 | ||
| Restriction of dietary nonstructural carbohydrates | 480 | ||
| Dietary supplements | 482 | ||
| Medical treatment | 483 | ||
| Monitoring | 483 | ||
| Summary | 484 | ||
| References | 484 | ||
| 28 Obesity | 487 | ||
| Definition of obesity | 487 | ||
| Prevalence | 488 | ||
| Potential contributing factors | 489 | ||
| Overfeeding | 489 | ||
| Disruption of seasonal patterns of feed intake and body weight regulation | 489 | ||
| Genetics | 490 | ||
| Altered hormonal regulation of appetite and energy balance | 490 | ||
| Lack of physical activity | 491 | ||
| Disease associations | 491 | ||
| Pathophysiology of obesity | 492 | ||
| Adipose tissue | 492 | ||
| Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity | 493 | ||
| Is location of fat deposition important? | 493 | ||
| Management of obesity | 494 | ||
| Controlled weight loss programs | 495 | ||
| Rate of weight loss | 495 | ||
| Effect of dietary restriction on metabolic variables and overall health | 496 | ||
| Feeding recommendations for weight loss | 496 | ||
| Initial approach | 496 | ||
| More severe restriction | 498 | ||
| Feed non-structural carbohydrate content | 498 | ||
| Physical activity | 499 | ||
| Additional considerations | 499 | ||
| Monitoring weight loss | 499 | ||
| Conclusion | 500 | ||
| References | 500 | ||
| 29 Feeding thin and starved horses | 503 | ||
| Aetiology | 503 | ||
| Case evaluation | 503 | ||
| Pathophysiology of food deprivation | 504 | ||
| Metabolic changes | 504 | ||
| Physical changes | 506 | ||
| Gastrointestinal tract changes | 506 | ||
| Nutritional management of the thin horse | 506 | ||
| Rehabilitation of the chronically starved horse or pony | 507 | ||
| Nutritional management of the chronically starved horse | 507 | ||
| The refeeding syndrome | 507 | ||
| Rehydration protocols | 508 | ||
| Refeeding protocols | 508 | ||
| Chronically starved, appetent horses | 508 | ||
| Chronically starved inappetant horses | 509 | ||
| Monitoring rehabilitation | 510 | ||
| References | 510 | ||
| 30 Hyperlipemia | 512 | ||
| Epidemiology and risk factors | 512 | ||
| Predisposing factors | 512 | ||
| Precipitating factors | 512 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 512 | ||
| Processes controlling fat mobilization | 512 | ||
| Adipose lipolysis | 513 | ||
| Mechanisms (Fig. 30.2, section 1) | 513 | ||
| Regulation (Table 30-2a) | 514 | ||
| Hepatic VLDL synthesis and export | 514 | ||
| Mechanisms (Fig. 30.2, section 2) | 514 | ||
| Regulation (Table 30-2b) | 514 | ||
| Extraction of FAs from plasma VLDL-TG | 514 | ||
| Mechanisms (Fig. 30.2, section 3) | 514 | ||
| Regulation (Table 30-2c) | 514 | ||
| Pathophysiology of hyperlipemia | 514 | ||
| Clinical signs | 515 | ||
| Diagnosis | 515 | ||
| Blood analysis | 515 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 515 | ||
| Further clinical chemistry and hematology | 516 | ||
| Further diagnostic techniques | 516 | ||
| Treatment | 516 | ||
| Treatment of precipitating factors (Table 30-1) | 516 | ||
| Treatment of secondary clinical problems | 516 | ||
| Fluid therapy | 517 | ||
| Electrolytes | 517 | ||
| Frusemide | 517 | ||
| Glucose | 517 | ||
| Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) | 517 | ||
| Reduction of plasma VLDL | 517 | ||
| Nutritional supplementation | 517 | ||
| Enteral nutrition | 517 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 518 | ||
| Insulin | 518 | ||
| Heparin | 518 | ||
| Further pharmacologic considerations | 518 | ||
| Conclusions | 519 | ||
| References | 519 | ||
| 31 Exercise-associated muscle disorders | 521 | ||
| Epidemiology and risk factors | 521 | ||
| Classification and etiology | 522 | ||
| An intrinsic muscle defect is not present | 522 | ||
| Vitamin E and selenium deficiency | 523 | ||
| Electrolyte imbalances | 523 | ||
| Intrinsic muscle defect is present | 523 | ||
| Clinical signs | 525 | ||
| Diagnosis | 525 | ||
| Management and prevention | 527 | ||
| Return to exercise | 528 | ||
| Standardization of regimens | 528 | ||
| Dietary management | 529 | ||
| Forage | 529 | ||
| Which type of complementary feed? | 529 | ||
| PSSM | 529 | ||
| RER | 529 | ||
| What about pasture turnout? | 529 | ||
| Conclusion | 534 | ||
| References | 534 | ||
| 32 Developmental orthopedic disease | 536 | ||
| Introduction | 536 | ||
| Etiology and pathology of DOD | 536 | ||
| Physitis (synonyms: epiphysitis, physiolysis) | 536 | ||
| Osteochondrosis (OC, synonyms: dyschondroplasia, OCD: osteochondrosis dissecans) | 537 | ||
| Angular limb deformities (synonym: bent legs) | 538 | ||
| Flexural deformities (synonyms: contracted tendons, ballerina syndrome) | 538 | ||
| Tarsal bone collapse (synonyms: incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones, cuboidal disease, tarsal bone necrosis) | 538 | ||
| Cervical vertebral malformation (synonyms: Wobbler disease, equine spinal ataxia) | 538 | ||
| Acquired vertebral deformities (synonyms: lordosis, kyphosis) | 539 | ||
| Impact of nutrition on DOD | 539 | ||
| Quantity and quality of energy intake | 539 | ||
| Nutritional influence on hormonal regulation of bone growth | 539 | ||
| Protein | 541 | ||
| Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) | 541 | ||
| Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) | 543 | ||
| Other trace elements | 544 | ||
| Vitamins | 544 | ||
| Vitamin A | 544 | ||
| Vitamin D | 544 | ||
| Nutritional recommendations for avoidance of DOD | 544 | ||
| References | 547 | ||
| 33 Oral joint supplements in the management of osteoarthritis | 549 | ||
| Introduction | 549 | ||
| Indications for OJSs | 549 | ||
| Types of OJSs | 549 | ||
| Glucosamine and/or chondroitin sulfate | 551 | ||
| Mechanisms of action and in vitro studies | 551 | ||
| Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics | 552 | ||
| Clinical trials and experimental studies | 553 | ||
| Horses | 553 | ||
| Humans | 554 | ||
| Product quality and purity | 554 | ||
| Sasha’s Blend | 554 | ||
| Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) | 555 | ||
| Avocado soy unsaponified (ASU) | 555 | ||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) | 555 | ||
| Cetyl myristoleate | 555 | ||
| Conclusions | 556 | ||
| References | 556 | ||
| 34 Gastric ulceration | 558 | ||
| Epidemiology of equine gastric ulcers | 558 | ||
| Anatomical distribution of gastric ulcers | 558 | ||
| Risk factors and pathophysiology | 559 | ||
| Age, breed, gender | 560 | ||
| Exercise | 560 | ||
| Fasting | 560 | ||
| Pasture turnout | 560 | ||
| Starch intake | 561 | ||
| Forage feeding and type of forage | 561 | ||
| Water intake | 561 | ||
| Electrolyte administration | 561 | ||
| NSAIDs | 562 | ||
| Potential role of bile acids and bacteria within the stomach | 562 | ||
| Bile acids | 562 | ||
| Bacterial contamination, including Helicobacter pylori | 562 | ||
| Clinical signs of EGUS | 562 | ||
| Diagnosis of gastric ulceration | 563 | ||
| Nutritional management to reduce risk of gastric ulceration (Box 34.1) | 564 | ||
| Medical management | 565 | ||
| Conclusions | 566 | ||
| References | 566 | ||
| 35 Intestinal disease | 568 | ||
| Introduction | 568 | ||
| Diets and feeding behaviors | 568 | ||
| Epidemiology and risk factors for intestinal disease | 568 | ||
| Nutritional risk factors for diarrhea | 569 | ||
| Nutritional risk factors for colic | 569 | ||
| Risk-factors for colic in general | 569 | ||
| Risk factors for duodenitis-proximal jejunitis | 571 | ||
| Risk factors for enterolithiasis | 572 | ||
| Risk factors for intestinal impactions | 572 | ||
| Risk factors for equine grass sickness | 572 | ||
| Risk factors for epiploic foramen entrapment | 572 | ||
| Risk factors for other types of colic | 573 | ||
| Pathophysiology of nutritional colic and diarrhea | 573 | ||
| Dietary principles for promoting intestinal health | 575 | ||
| Diarrhea | 576 | ||
| Colic | 577 | ||
| Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis | 578 | ||
| Enterolithiasis | 578 | ||
| Intestinal impactions and displacements | 578 | ||
| Equine grass sickness | 578 | ||
| Epiploic foramen entrapment | 578 | ||
| Conclusion | 579 | ||
| References | 579 | ||
| 36 Urinary tract disease | 582 | ||
| Acute kidney injury and acute renal failure | 582 | ||
| Metabolic changes accompanying AKI and ARF | 583 | ||
| Nutritional management of AKI and ARF | 583 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 584 | ||
| Nutritional management of CKD | 585 | ||
| Urolithiasis | 587 | ||
| Nutritional management of urolithiasis | 588 | ||
| References | 590 | ||
| 37 Hepatic insufficiency | 592 | ||
| Metabolic consequences of hepatic insufficiency | 592 | ||
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 592 | ||
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 592 | ||
| Dietary principles in hepatic insufficiency | 593 | ||
| Basic features of the ration | 593 | ||
| Grazing and forage | 593 | ||
| Concentrate feeding | 594 | ||
| Vitamin and mineral supplementation | 594 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 595 | ||
| Conclusions | 595 | ||
| References | 595 | ||
| 38 Nutritional considerations in grass sickness, botulism, equine motor neuron disease and equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy | 597 | ||
| Grass sickness | 597 | ||
| Epidemiology and risk factors | 597 | ||
| Etiology | 597 | ||
| Clinical signs and diagnosis | 598 | ||
| Prevention of GS | 598 | ||
| Management of GS | 599 | ||
| Botulism | 600 | ||
| Epidemiology and risk factors | 600 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 601 | ||
| Clinical signs | 601 | ||
| Diagnosis | 601 | ||
| Management | 602 | ||
| Prevention | 602 | ||
| Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) | 602 | ||
| Epidemiology, risk factors and etiopathogenesis | 602 | ||
| Clinical signs | 603 | ||
| Diagnosis | 603 | ||
| Management and prevention | 603 | ||
| Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM) | 604 | ||
| Epidemiology, risk factors and etiology | 604 | ||
| Clinical signs | 604 | ||
| Diagnosis | 604 | ||
| Management and prevention | 604 | ||
| References | 604 | ||
| 39 Feeding management pre- and post-surgery | 607 | ||
| Introduction | 607 | ||
| Hormonal and metabolic changes associated with general anesthesia and surgery | 607 | ||
| Perioperative glucose regulation and control | 608 | ||
| Feeding management pre-surgery | 609 | ||
| Postoperative colic and ileus | 609 | ||
| Postoperative feeding management | 610 | ||
| Practical approach to feeding pre- and post-surgery | 612 | ||
| Pre-surgical starvation | 613 | ||
| Post-surgical feeding | 613 | ||
| Nongastrointestinal surgery | 613 | ||
| Dental surgery | 613 | ||
| Esophageal surgery | 613 | ||
| Gastric and small intestinal surgery | 613 | ||
| Large intestinal surgery | 614 | ||
| Small colon surgery | 614 | ||
| Intestinal surgery in foals | 614 | ||
| Feeding horses with adhesions or food intolerance after colic surgery | 615 | ||
| Summary | 615 | ||
| References | 615 | ||
| 40 Feeding orphan and sick foals | 618 | ||
| Introduction | 618 | ||
| The orphan foal | 618 | ||
| Short-term options | 618 | ||
| What to feed | 618 | ||
| How to feed | 619 | ||
| Fostering | 619 | ||
| Hand rearing | 619 | ||
| Gastric ulcer syndrome | 620 | ||
| Monitoring growth and development | 620 | ||
| Sick neonatal foals | 620 | ||
| Requirements of the sick neonatal foal | 620 | ||
| Neonatal diseases that affect gastrointestinal function | 621 | ||
| Immaturity | 621 | ||
| Perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS) | 621 | ||
| Sepsis/septic shock | 621 | ||
| Colic/enterocolitis/ileus | 621 | ||
| Lactose intolerance | 622 | ||
| Enteral feeding | 622 | ||
| Assessment of gastrointestinal function | 622 | ||
| What to feed | 622 | ||
| Enteral feeding of sick foals | 622 | ||
| How much to feed | 623 | ||
| Mare management | 623 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 623 | ||
| Formulation | 624 | ||
| Example 1: Parenteral nutrition regimen for 50-kg foal using day 1 formula (Hansen 1990, Ousey 2003) | 624 | ||
| Example 2: Formulation for a 50-kg foal with severe hypoproteinemia (Buechner-Maxwell & Thatcher 2006) | 624 | ||
| Example 3a: | 625 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition for a 50-kg foal with using Formula 1 (no lipids) | 625 | ||
| Example 3b: | 625 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition for 50-kg foal using Formula 2 | 625 | ||
| Practical considerations | 625 | ||
| Administration rate | 625 | ||
| Insulin therapy | 626 | ||
| Monitoring | 626 | ||
| Complications | 626 | ||
| References | 627 | ||
| 41 Assisted enteral and parenteral feeding | 628 | ||
| Introduction | 628 | ||
| Effects of feed deprivation | 628 | ||
| Protein/calorie malnutrition | 628 | ||
| Catabolic response to injury and inflammation | 628 | ||
| Nutritional support | 629 | ||
| Nutritional needs of the sick or injured horse | 630 | ||
| Protein requirement | 630 | ||
| Routes of nutritional support | 630 | ||
| Enteral nutrition | 631 | ||
| Esophagotomy (rewritten with permission from John Stick [Stick 2011]) | 632 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 633 | ||
| Formulating parenteral nutrition | 633 | ||
| Complications associated with parenteral nutrition | 634 | ||
| Monitoring | 635 | ||
| Conclusion | 635 | ||
| References | 636 | ||
| Appendix: Nutritional requirements, recommendations and example diets | 639 | ||
| Maintenance | 639 | ||
| Conclusion | 639 | ||
| Exercise | 640 | ||
| Pregnant mare | 641 | ||
| Lactating mare | 642 | ||
| Weanling | 643 | ||
| Glossary | 659 | ||
| Index | 661 | ||
| A | 661 | ||
| B | 662 | ||
| C | 663 | ||
| D | 664 | ||
| E | 665 | ||
| F | 666 | ||
| G | 667 | ||
| H | 668 | ||
| I | 669 | ||
| J | 670 | ||
| K | 670 | ||
| L | 670 | ||
| M | 671 | ||
| N | 672 | ||
| O | 672 | ||
| P | 673 | ||
| Q | 674 | ||
| R | 674 | ||
| S | 675 | ||
| T | 677 | ||
| U | 677 | ||
| V | 678 | ||
| W | 678 | ||
| Y | 679 | ||
| Z | 679 |