Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A new textbook on the practical use of dental materials suitable for undergraduate dental students and qualified dental practitioners taking post-graduate exams in dental materials, restorative dentistry, operative techniques, advanced conservative dentistry, endodontics, removable prosthodontics and implantology.
- Highly practical and evidenced-based throughout – closing the gap between theory and practice to give readers confidence in selecting and preparing the right material for the patient and circumstance
- Amply illustrated in full colour with over 1000 photographs, artworks and tables to clearly demonstrate both materials and techniques
- Helps readers appreciate the important relationship between clinical manipulation and the practical use of dental materials
- Describes how to properly select a given material for any situation, how to use materials to best effect and when and how not to use them
- ‘Good practice’ and ‘Warning’ boxes help readers recall important information
- Uniquely written by a practising dentist with academic experience and an academic in biomaterials with extensive clinical experience
- Self-assessment questions with full answers helps readers consolidate learning and prepare for exams
- Designed to improve clinical success and improve patient outcomes
- Perfect for all undergraduate and postgraduate students studying dental material science and/or restorative dentistry
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| A Clinical Guide to Applied Dental Materials | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Acknowledgements | vi | ||
| Figure Credits | vi | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Scope of the Book and Background | viii | ||
| How to use this book | ix | ||
| Section I: General principles | 1 | ||
| 1. Dental materials in the oral environment | 2 | ||
| Introduction | 2 | ||
| The Hostile Oral Environment | 2 | ||
| The influence of the presentation of materials on success | 3 | ||
| Powder and liquid presentations | 3 | ||
| Powder versus granules | 4 | ||
| Rate of reaction | 5 | ||
| Effect of temperature and humidity | 5 | ||
| Clinical implications of the setting phase | 6 | ||
| Evolution of Material Presentations | 6 | ||
| Encapsulation | 6 | ||
| Mechanical mixers | 7 | ||
| Limitation of capsules | 8 | ||
| Compules | 8 | ||
| Limitations of compules | 9 | ||
| Automated paste/paste delivery systems | 9 | ||
| Cartridges | 10 | ||
| Summary | 12 | ||
| 2. Clinical manipulation of materials | 13 | ||
| Introduction | 13 | ||
| Moisture Control | 13 | ||
| Shade Taking | 14 | ||
| Matching like with like | 14 | ||
| New digital technology for shade taking | 17 | ||
| Light Polymerization | 17 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages of light curing | 17 | ||
| Mechanism of photo-polymerization | 18 | ||
| Photo-initiator | 18 | ||
| Wavelength of light | 19 | ||
| Types of lights available | 19 | ||
| Halogen light | 19 | ||
| Plasma light | 20 | ||
| Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) | 21 | ||
| Effects of incomplete curing | 21 | ||
| Factors affecting cure | 21 | ||
| Factors under the manufacturer’s control | 21 | ||
| Factors under the clinician’s control | 22 | ||
| Irradiance | 23 | ||
| Curing light maintenance and care | 24 | ||
| Summary | 26 | ||
| Further reading | 26 | ||
| 3. Biological effects and safety aspects of dental materials | 27 | ||
| Introduction | 27 | ||
| Interaction with the Host (the Patient) | 27 | ||
| Thermal Changes During Setting | 27 | ||
| Allergy and Hypersensitivity | 28 | ||
| Reporting of Hazards/Interactions | 28 | ||
| Summary | 31 | ||
| 4. The role of the manufacturer | 32 | ||
| Introduction | 32 | ||
| Material Development | 33 | ||
| Problem identification and means of resolution | 33 | ||
| Prototype production | 33 | ||
| Dental materials testing | 33 | ||
| Laboratory tests and their clinical relevance | 33 | ||
| Test specimen size | 33 | ||
| Mechanical Tests | 34 | ||
| Modulus of elasticity | 36 | ||
| Combination of properties | 37 | ||
| The limitations of laboratory testing | 37 | ||
| Other properties to consider | 37 | ||
| Radiodensity | 39 | ||
| Clinical handling properties | 39 | ||
| Laboratory versus ‘ideal’ intraoral conditions | 40 | ||
| Minimum standards of materials | 40 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 40 | ||
| Scale-Up | 41 | ||
| Quality Assurance and Control | 41 | ||
| Product Presentation and Labelling | 41 | ||
| Technique Cards | 43 | ||
| Product Promotion and Marketing | 44 | ||
| Promotional literature | 44 | ||
| Pitfalls in interpreting product promotional literature | 44 | ||
| Naming other competing products | 44 | ||
| Misleading graphs | 44 | ||
| Scale adjustment | 44 | ||
| Error bars | 45 | ||
| Company representatives – an educational resource | 45 | ||
| Weibull Modulus | 46 | ||
| Effect of the Number of Stages for Placement | 46 | ||
| Material Handling | 46 | ||
| Material Exchanges and Promotions | 46 | ||
| Summary | 46 | ||
| Further reading | 46 | ||
| 5. Control and use of materials in practice | 47 | ||
| Introduction | 47 | ||
| Stock Control Management | 47 | ||
| Economics and stock balance | 47 | ||
| Rationalize materials | 47 | ||
| Same material, multiple indications | 47 | ||
| Importance of the use-by date | 48 | ||
| Stock ordering | 49 | ||
| Stock Room Environment | 49 | ||
| Use in the Clinic | 50 | ||
| Protective product packaging | 51 | ||
| Cross-contamination considerations | 51 | ||
| Material wastage | 52 | ||
| Material selection | 53 | ||
| Summary | 53 | ||
| Section II: Direct restorative dental materials | 55 | ||
| 6. Dental amalgam | 56 | ||
| Definition | 56 | ||
| History | 56 | ||
| When to Use Dental Amalgam | 56 | ||
| Composition of Dental Amalgam | 57 | ||
| Mercury | 57 | ||
| The alloy | 57 | ||
| Conventional alloys | 57 | ||
| Amalgamation reaction of a conventional alloy | 57 | ||
| The role of zinc | 57 | ||
| The gamma (γ)2 phase | 57 | ||
| High copper amalgam alloys (Figure 6.5)\r | 58 | ||
| Setting reaction of high copper amalgam | 58 | ||
| Types of high copper amalgam alloy | 58 | ||
| Implications of the composition of the alloy for corrosion | 59 | ||
| Types of alloy | 59 | ||
| Lathe cut (irregular) alloys | 59 | ||
| Spherical alloys | 59 | ||
| Admixed alloys | 59 | ||
| Properties of Dental Amalgam | 59 | ||
| Strength | 59 | ||
| Thermal diffusivity and thermal expansion | 60 | ||
| Dimensional stability | 60 | ||
| Working time | 60 | ||
| Cavity design | 60 | ||
| Bonding of Amalgam Restorations | 61 | ||
| Materials for bonding | 61 | ||
| Encapsulated Amalgam | 62 | ||
| Commercially available products | 62 | ||
| Manipulation of Amalgam | 63 | ||
| Trituration | 63 | ||
| Amalgamators | 63 | ||
| Over/undertrituration | 63 | ||
| Condensation | 63 | ||
| Finishing | 65 | ||
| Burnishing | 65 | ||
| Polishing | 65 | ||
| Amalgam Disposal | 65 | ||
| Mercury Spillage | 66 | ||
| Mercury Toxicity | 66 | ||
| Mercury vapour release | 67 | ||
| Dental amalgam and legislation | 67 | ||
| Contraindications to the Use of Dental Amalgam | 67 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Dental Amalgam USE | 67 | ||
| Enamel discolouration | 67 | ||
| Amalgam tattoo | 67 | ||
| Galvanic cell | 68 | ||
| Lichenoid reaction | 68 | ||
| Summary | 68 | ||
| Further reading | 68 | ||
| 7. The tooth-coloured restorative materials I: Resin composites | 69 | ||
| Introducing the Tooth-Coloured Restorative Materials | 69 | ||
| The Resin Composites | 69 | ||
| Definition | 70 | ||
| Constituents of a Resin Composite | 71 | ||
| Resin component | 71 | ||
| Principal and diluent monomers | 71 | ||
| Filler component | 71 | ||
| Filler types | 72 | ||
| Glasses | 72 | ||
| Ceramics | 73 | ||
| Effect of filler particle size and shape | 73 | ||
| Macrofilled | 73 | ||
| Fine particle | 73 | ||
| Microfilled | 73 | ||
| Hybrid | 74 | ||
| Nanofilled | 75 | ||
| Effect of filler loading | 75 | ||
| Silane coupler | 76 | ||
| Chemicals required for the curing process | 76 | ||
| Chemically cured resin composites | 76 | ||
| Light cured resin composites | 76 | ||
| Mechanism of cure | 76 | ||
| Dual cured | 77 | ||
| Ultraviolet stabilizers | 77 | ||
| Polymerization inhibitors | 77 | ||
| Radiopaque materials | 77 | ||
| Pigments and opacifiers | 77 | ||
| Properties | 77 | ||
| Polymerization shrinkage | 77 | ||
| Strategies to overcome polymerization shrinkage | 78 | ||
| Sensitivity to ambient light | 78 | ||
| Sensitivity to water and water uptake | 79 | ||
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 79 | ||
| Biocompatibility | 79 | ||
| Durability | 80 | ||
| Resin Composite Categories | 80 | ||
| Chemically cured resin composites | 80 | ||
| Commercially available products | 80 | ||
| Mixing | 80 | ||
| Light cured resin composites | 81 | ||
| Dual-cured resin composites | 81 | ||
| Commercially available products | 81 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Resin Composites | 81 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 81 | ||
| General Subtypes of Resin Composite Materials on the Market | 81 | ||
| Universal resin composites | 82 | ||
| Commercially available products | 83 | ||
| Flowable composites | 83 | ||
| Commercially available products | 84 | ||
| Applications | 85 | ||
| Non-carious tooth surface loss lesions | 85 | ||
| Preventive resin restoration | 85 | ||
| Fissure sealants | 86 | ||
| Section III: Materials used with indirect techniques | 217 | ||
| 14. Materials used in temporization | 218 | ||
| Introduction | 218 | ||
| The Biological Importance of Good Temporization | 218 | ||
| The Benefits of Quality Temporization | 218 | ||
| Benefits for the dentist | 218 | ||
| Benefits to the patient | 219 | ||
| The Temporization ‘Balance’ | 219 | ||
| Types of Temporary Restoration | 219 | ||
| Direct Temporary Restorations | 219 | ||
| Preformed crown forms | 219 | ||
| Crown forms used to construct tooth-coloured temporaries | 220 | ||
| Polycarbonate crown forms | 220 | ||
| Clinical technique | 220 | ||
| Cellulose acetate crown forms | 220 | ||
| Metal crown forms | 221 | ||
| Aluminium crown forms | 221 | ||
| Stainless steel crown forms | 222 | ||
| Acrylic materials used to refine temporary crown forms | 222 | ||
| Higher Methacrylates | 222 | ||
| Setting reaction | 222 | ||
| Properties | 223 | ||
| Clinical technique | 223 | ||
| Commercially available products | 224 | ||
| Composite-Based Materials | 224 | ||
| Chemistry and setting reaction | 224 | ||
| Properties | 224 | ||
| The working ‘time line’ | 225 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages | 225 | ||
| Indications | 225 | ||
| Commercially available products | 226 | ||
| Presentation | 226 | ||
| Clinical manipulation | 226 | ||
| Composite-Based Crown Template | 227 | ||
| Light-Cured Temporary Resin Materials | 228 | ||
| Constituents | 228 | ||
| Chemistry and setting reaction | 229 | ||
| Properties | 229 | ||
| Presentation | 229 | ||
| Manipulation | 229 | ||
| Indications and contraindications | 230 | ||
| Commercially available products | 230 | ||
| Putties | 230 | ||
| Commercially available products | 231 | ||
| Temporary Luting Cements | 231 | ||
| Purpose | 231 | ||
| Eugenol-free products | 231 | ||
| Modifier | 231 | ||
| Chemistry | 232 | ||
| Mixing | 232 | ||
| Temporary cement removal | 233 | ||
| Variations in temporary cement products | 234 | ||
| Temporary cements used as definitive lute | 235 | ||
| Commercially available products | 235 | ||
| Non Hardening Temporary Cements | 235 | ||
| Summary | 236 | ||
| 15. Impression materials | 237 | ||
| Introduction | 237 | ||
| Desirable Properties of an Impression Material | 237 | ||
| Impression Trays and Tray Selection | 238 | ||
| Stock trays | 238 | ||
| Plastic stock trays | 239 | ||
| Adequate extension | 239 | ||
| Correct size and shape of the dental arch | 239 | ||
| Importance of rigidity | 239 | ||
| Anchor 22 | 240 | ||
| Metal stock trays | 240 | ||
| Special trays | 241 | ||
| Tray Adhesives | 241 | ||
| Types of tray adhesive | 242 | ||
| Types of Impression Material | 242 | ||
| Non-Rigid Impression Materials | 243 | ||
| Hydrocolloids | 243 | ||
| Reversible hydrocolloid | 243 | ||
| Chemical constituents | 243 | ||
| Setting | 243 | ||
| Making the impression | 244 | ||
| Properties | 244 | ||
| Dimensional stability | 244 | ||
| Tear resistance | 245 | ||
| Practical issues | 245 | ||
| Irreversible hydrocolloid | 245 | ||
| Chemical constituents | 245 | ||
| Setting reaction | 246 | ||
| Properties | 246 | ||
| Mixing time | 246 | ||
| Working time | 246 | ||
| Setting time | 246 | ||
| Permanent deformation | 246 | ||
| Strength | 247 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages | 247 | ||
| Indications and contraindications | 247 | ||
| Mixing | 247 | ||
| Disinfection | 249 | ||
| Storage and care of alginate impressions | 249 | ||
| Long-term accuracy of alginate impression materials | 250 | ||
| Commercially available products | 251 | ||
| Non-aqueous elastomeric impression materials (elastomers) | 251 | ||
| Polysulphides | 251 | ||
| Chemical constituents | 251 | ||
| Section IV: Other clinical materials | 285 | ||
| 17. Preventive and periodontal materials, implants and biomaterials | 286 | ||
| Introduction | 286 | ||
| Preventive Materials | 286 | ||
| Toothpastes | 286 | ||
| Composition | 286 | ||
| Mode of action of desensitizing agents | 288 | ||
| Fluoride agents | 288 | ||
| Anticalculus agents | 289 | ||
| Abrasives | 289 | ||
| Commercially available products | 289 | ||
| Mouthwashes | 291 | ||
| Chlorhexidine | 291 | ||
| Commercially available products | 291 | ||
| Other fluoride products | 293 | ||
| Fluoride gels | 293 | ||
| Fluoride varnishes | 293 | ||
| Desensitizing agents | 294 | ||
| Desensitizing varnishes | 294 | ||
| Resin-based composite desensitizing products | 295 | ||
| Tooth mousse | 295 | ||
| Denture care-related materials | 296 | ||
| Denture cleansers | 296 | ||
| Commercially available products | 296 | ||
| Denture adhesives | 296 | ||
| Commercially available products | 297 | ||
| Aids to Diagnosis of Dental Diseases | 297 | ||
| Disclosing products | 297 | ||
| Dental caries indicators | 298 | ||
| Dental caries removal solution | 298 | ||
| Saliva buffering capacity-checking materials | 298 | ||
| Products to treat xerostomia | 299 | ||
| Oral cancer testing | 299 | ||
| Materials Used in Periodontics | 300 | ||
| Topical antimicrobials | 300 | ||
| Gels | 300 | ||
| Other vehicles for antimicrobial delivery in periodontal cases | 301 | ||
| Regeneration | 301 | ||
| Guided tissue regeneration | 302 | ||
| Non-resorbable products | 302 | ||
| Resorbable products | 302 | ||
| Commercially available products | 303 | ||
| Grafts to replace missing bone | 303 | ||
| Natural bone | 303 | ||
| Human bone | 303 | ||
| Animal bone | 304 | ||
| Artificial grafts | 304 | ||
| Commercially available products | 305 | ||
| Periodontal dressings | 305 | ||
| Oral Surgical Materials | 307 | ||
| Achieving haemostasis | 307 | ||
| Commercially available products | 307 | ||
| Treatment of infected (dry) socket (‘fibrinolytic alveolitis’) | 307 | ||
| Sutures | 308 | ||
| Types of suture material | 308 | ||
| Commercially available products | 308 | ||
| Dental Implants | 309 | ||
| Implant materials | 309 | ||
| A brief description of the restoration of dental implants | 310 | ||
| Summary | 310 | ||
| 18. Dental bleaching systems | 311 | ||
| Introduction | 311 | ||
| Chemical Reaction: An Oxidizing Process | 311 | ||
| Mode of action | 312 | ||
| Common Ingredients in Tooth Whitening Products | 312 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 313 | ||
| Side Effects, Risks and Hazards | 313 | ||
| Thermal sensitivity | 313 | ||
| Gingival and soft tissue irritation | 313 | ||
| Gastric irritation | 313 | ||
| Altered taste sensation | 313 | ||
| External cervical resorption | 314 | ||
| Risk of mutagenic effects | 314 | ||
| Adverse structural changes in the dental hard tissues and changes in translucency of enamel | 314 | ||
| Effects on restorative materials | 314 | ||
| Factors Affecting Outcome | 315 | ||
| Duration of application and patient compliance | 315 | ||
| Type of darkened tooth tissue | 315 | ||
| Bleaching Systems and Products | 315 | ||
| Over-the-counter products | 315 | ||
| Bleaching strips | 315 | ||
| Paint-on gels | 316 | ||
| Commercially available products | 316 | ||
| Whitening toothpastes | 316 | ||
| Professionally supervised techniques | 316 | ||
| Home bleaching | 317 | ||
| Bleaching of vital teeth | 318 | ||
| Bleaching of non-vital teeth | 319 | ||
| Commercially available products | 320 | ||
| In-office techniques | 320 | ||
| ‘Walking bleach’ | 320 | ||
| Assisted bleaching | 321 | ||
| Power bleaching | 321 | ||
| Commercially available products | 322 | ||
| Use of light | 322 | ||
| Commercially available lights | 322 | ||
| Long-Term Prognosis | 322 | ||
| Legal Position in the UK | 323 | ||
| Summary | 323 | ||
| Further reading | 323 | ||
| 19. Cutting instruments | 324 | ||
| Introduction | 324 | ||
| Dental Handpieces | 324 | ||
| Working at high speeds (in excess of 180 000 rpm) | 324 | ||
| High-speed handpiece | 325 | ||
| Internal structure | 325 | ||
| Cooling | 326 | ||
| Illumination | 326 | ||
| Balance | 327 | ||
| Grip | 327 | ||
| Size of head | 327 | ||
| The importance of torque | 327 | ||
| Indications for using an air rotor handpiece | 328 | ||
| Speed-increasing handpiece | 328 | ||
| Torque | 328 | ||
| Mode of cutting | 328 | ||
| Comparison of high-speed and speed-increasing dental handpieces | 329 | ||
| Slow-speed handpieces | 329 | ||
| Indications for slow-speed handpieces | 329 | ||
| Speed-decreasing | 330 | ||
| Indications for use of speed-decreasing handpieces | 330 | ||
| Reciprocating handpieces | 331 | ||
| Decontamination of handpieces | 331 | ||
| Handpiece maintenance | 332 | ||
| Dental handpieces – the future | 332 | ||
| Dental Burs | 332 | ||
| Parts of a bur | 332 | ||
| Diamond burs | 333 | ||
| Abrasivity | 333 | ||
| Tungsten carbide burs | 333 | ||
| Straight handpiece burs | 335 | ||
| Stainless steel burs | 335 | ||
| Quality products – quality results! | 336 | ||
| Air Abrasion | 336 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages | 337 | ||
| Sandblasting | 338 | ||
| (Cutting) Lasers | 339 | ||
| How they work | 339 | ||
| Using lasers in dentistry | 339 | ||
| Carbon dioxide laser | 339 | ||
| Nd:YAG laser | 340 | ||
| Er:YAG laser | 340 | ||
| Abrasives and Polishers | 342 | ||
| Abrasives | 342 | ||
| Effect of heat during finishing | 342 | ||
| Types of abrasive | 342 | ||
| Finishing discs | 342 | ||
| Finishing strips | 342 | ||
| Rubber wheels | 343 | ||
| Interproximal saw (serrated strip) | 343 | ||
| Polishing | 343 | ||
| Polishing stones | 344 | ||
| Brushes | 344 | ||
| Conventional brushes | 344 | ||
| Brushes for polishing resin composite | 344 | ||
| Polishing materials | 344 | ||
| Lustre paste | 344 | ||
| Pumice slurry | 344 | ||
| Other polishing materials | 345 | ||
| Prophylaxis paste | 345 | ||
| Electrolytic polishing | 346 | ||
| Summary | 346 | ||
| Section V: Laboratory materials | 347 | ||
| 20. Model and investment materials | 348 | ||
| Introduction | 348 | ||
| Types of Model | 348 | ||
| Dental Plaster and Dental Stones | 349 | ||
| Dental modelling plaster | 349 | ||
| Dental stone | 349 | ||
| High-strength dental stone (die stone) | 350 | ||
| Commercially available products | 351 | ||
| Chemical consituents | 351 | ||
| Setting process | 351 | ||
| Properties | 351 | ||
| Indications | 352 | ||
| Compatibility of gypsum-based materials with impression materials | 354 | ||
| Manipulation | 354 | ||
| Epoxy resin and other die materials | 355 | ||
| Die spacers | 357 | ||
| Implant fabrication models | 357 | ||
| Mounting plasters | 357 | ||
| Cleaning of dental stones | 357 | ||
| Casting Investment Materials | 357 | ||
| Chemical constituents | 358 | ||
| Types of investment material | 358 | ||
| Properties | 358 | ||
| Effect of heating the investment | 358 | ||
| Manipulation | 359 | ||
| Commercially available products | 359 | ||
| Summary | 359 | ||
| Further Reading | 360 | ||
| 21. Alloys used in dentistry | 361 | ||
| Introduction | 361 | ||
| Alloys | 361 | ||
| Structure of alloys | 361 | ||
| General mechanical properties | 362 | ||
| Strength | 362 | ||
| Effect of heat on alloys | 363 | ||
| Biocompatibility | 363 | ||
| Economic considerations | 363 | ||
| Types of alloy | 363 | ||
| Casting alloys for tooth restorations | 364 | ||
| High noble and noble alloys | 364 | ||
| Addition of copper: order hardening | 364 | ||
| Other constituents | 366 | ||
| Indications | 366 | ||
| Contraindications | 366 | ||
| Bonding gold alloys to tooth tissue | 366 | ||
| Alternative metal alloys used for metal crowns | 367 | ||
| Chemical constituents of alternative metal alloys and their functions | 367 | ||
| Properties | 367 | ||
| Commercially available products | 368 | ||
| Bonding alloys | 368 | ||
| Bonding ceramic to metal | 369 | ||
| Chemical compositions of bonding alloys | 370 | ||
| Compatibility of the alloy with the ceramic | 370 | ||
| Properties | 370 | ||
| Base metal bonding alloys | 371 | ||
| Constituents | 372 | ||
| Properties | 372 | ||
| Advantages and disadvantages | 372 | ||
| Chemical bonding | 373 | ||
| Acid treatment versus sandblasting | 373 | ||
| Titanium | 373 | ||
| Alloys for denture substructures | 373 | ||
| Constituents | 373 | ||
| Casting and finishing | 374 | ||
| Methods of manufacture | 374 | ||
| Casting | 374 | ||
| Dimensional accuracy of the lost wax process | 377 | ||
| Ease of casting | 378 | ||
| Coring | 378 | ||
| Troubleshooting with casting | 378 | ||
| Porosity | 378 | ||
| Sprue placement | 379 | ||
| Wrought alloys | 379 | ||
| Swaging | 379 | ||
| Other base metal alloys used in dentistry | 379 | ||
| Stainless steel | 379 | ||
| Tempering | 380 | ||
| Annealing | 380 | ||
| Nickel titanium | 380 | ||
| Summary of indications of base metal alloys | 381 | ||
| Soldering and Welding | 381 | ||
| Soldering | 381 | ||
| Welding | 382 | ||
| Communication with the Dental Laboratory | 382 | ||
| Metal-Free Dentistry | 382 | ||
| Summary | 382 | ||
| Further reading | 382 | ||
| 22. Dental ceramics | 383 | ||
| Introduction | 383 | ||
| Conventional Dental Ceramics | 384 | ||
| Manufacture of the ceramic powder | 385 | ||
| Types of dental ceramic | 385 | ||
| Dental laboratory procedure | 386 | ||
| Building up the restoration: dentine portion | 386 | ||
| Building up the restoration: enamel portion | 386 | ||
| Firing: first bake | 386 | ||
| Firing: subsequent bakes | 387 | ||
| Some considerations in firing | 387 | ||
| Staining | 388 | ||
| Glazing | 388 | ||
| Properties of fired dental ceramics | 388 | ||
| Aesthetics | 388 | ||
| Chemical stability | 389 | ||
| Thermal properties | 389 | ||
| Dimensional stability | 389 | ||
| Mechanical properties | 389 | ||
| Effects of tooth preparation | 389 | ||
| Vacuum versus air firing | 389 | ||
| Methods of Reinforcing Dental Ceramics | 390 | ||
| Producing a coping in a stronger material | 390 | ||
| Metal alloy | 390 | ||
| Methods of ceramic retention on the metal coping | 390 | ||
| Problems to overcome with the metal-ceramic system | 392 | ||
| Alumina | 393 | ||
| Glass-infiltrated alumina | 394 | ||
| Laboratory fabrication stages | 394 | ||
| Spinel | 396 | ||
| Zirconia | 396 | ||
| Commercially available products | 397 | ||
| Casting and pressing ceramics | 397 | ||
| Casting ceramics | 398 | ||
| Pressing ceramics | 398 | ||
| Commercially available products | 399 | ||
| CAD-CAM | 399 | ||
| CAD-CAM scanner systems | 399 | ||
| Commercially available products | 401 | ||
| Laboratory scanning devices | 401 | ||
| Materials used in CAD-CAM systems | 402 | ||
| Commercially available products | 402 | ||
| Resin-Bonded Ceramics | 402 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications of Ceramic Restorations | 404 | ||
| Tooth Preparation | 404 | ||
| Biscuit Try-In | 404 | ||
| Cementation | 405 | ||
| Summary | 405 | ||
| Further reading | 405 | ||
| 23. Polymers in prosthodontics | 406 | ||
| Introduction | 406 | ||
| Denture Base Resins | 406 | ||
| What is required of a denture base resin? | 406 | ||
| Constituents | 407 | ||
| Polymer | 407 | ||
| Monomer | 407 | ||
| Alternative presentations | 408 | ||
| Setting reaction | 408 | ||
| Structure | 408 | ||
| Properties | 408 | ||
| Mechanical properties | 408 | ||
| Thermal properties | 409 | ||
| Dimensional stability | 409 | ||
| Crazing | 410 | ||
| Shade of denture base acrylics | 410 | ||
| Radiodensity | 411 | ||
| Other properties | 411 | ||
| Types of Acrylic | 411 | ||
| Heat-cured acrylic | 411 | ||
| Colouring of the acrylic | 411 | ||
| Process | 412 | ||
| Cold-cured acrylic | 413 | ||
| Constituents | 413 | ||
| Properties | 414 | ||
| Polymerization efficiency | 414 | ||
| Porosity | 414 | ||
| Mechanical properties | 414 | ||
| Stability | 414 | ||
| Indications | 414 | ||
| The procedure of a cold-cure repair | 414 | ||
| Light-cured acrylics | 414 | ||
| Injection technique | 415 | ||
| High-impact acrylics | 415 | ||
| Other dental appliances constructed with acrylic | 415 | ||
| Flexible dentures | 416 | ||
| Commercially available products | 417 | ||
| Denture Teeth | 418 | ||
| PMMA denture teeth | 418 | ||
| Choice of teeth | 418 | ||
| Bonding the denture teeth to the denture base | 419 | ||
| Commercially available products | 419 | ||
| Ceramic denture teeth | 420 | ||
| Soft Lining Materials | 420 | ||
| Plasticized acrylic resins | 420 | ||
| Silicone | 420 | ||
| Soft liners | 420 | ||
| Extra soft liners | 421 | ||
| Care and cleaning | 421 | ||
| Commercially available products | 421 | ||
| Tissue Conditioners | 421 | ||
| Index | 425 |