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Book Details
Abstract
Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology, a volume in the Mosby Physiology Monograph Series, explains the fundamentals of endocrine and reproductive physiology in a clear and concise manner. This medical textbook gives you a basic understanding of how endocrine and metabolic physiology affects other body systems in health and disease, including the clinical dimensions of reproductive endocrinology.
- Bridge the gap between normal function and disease with pathophysiology content throughout the book.
- Easily master the material in your systems-based curriculum with learning objectives, Clinical Concept boxes, chapter summaries, and self-study questions.
- Understand complex concepts by examining almost 200 clear, 2-color diagrams.
- Apply what you've learned to real-life clinical situations using featured clinical commentaries.
- Take your learning wherever you go!
- Stay abreast of recent advances in endocrine physiology with expanded material on reproductive endocrinology and metabolism, and many updates at the molecular and cellular level.
Learn the latest developments in fertilization, pregnancy, and lactation, as well as fetal development, puberty, and the decline of reproductive function with age.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction to the Endocrine System | 1 | ||
| Chemical nature of hormones | 3 | ||
| Proteins/Peptides | 3 | ||
| Catecholamines | 5 | ||
| Steroid Hormones | 6 | ||
| Thyroid Hormones | 7 | ||
| Transport of hormones in the circulation | 9 | ||
| Cellular responses to hormones | 9 | ||
| Transmembrane Receptors | 9 | ||
| Transmembrane Receptors Using G Proteins | 14 | ||
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases | 16 | ||
| Receptors Associated with Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinases | 17 | ||
| Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors | 18 | ||
| Membrane Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors | 18 | ||
| Signaling from Intracellular Receptors | 19 | ||
| Overview of the Termination Signals | 23 | ||
| Summary | 23 | ||
| Self-study Problems | 25 | ||
| Keywords and Concepts | 25 | ||
| Suggested readings | 25 | ||
| Chapter 2: Endocrine function of the gastrointestinal tract | 27 | ||
| Enteroendocrine hormone families and their receptors | 29 | ||
| Gastrin and the regulation of gastric function | 30 | ||
| Overview of Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility | 30 | ||
| Gastrin and the Stimulation of Gastric Function | 32 | ||
| Enteroendocrine regulation of the exocrine pancreas and gallbladder | 35 | ||
| Secretin | 37 | ||
| Cholecystokinin | 37 | ||
| Motilin and Stimulation of Gastric and Small Intestinal Contractions During the Interdigestive Period | 38 | ||
| Insulinotropic actions of gastrointestinal peptides (incretin action) | 38 | ||
| Gastric Inhibitory Peptide/Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide | 38 | ||
| Glucagon-like Peptide-1 | 39 | ||
| Enterotropic actions of gastrointestinal hormones | 39 | ||
| Gastrin | 40 | ||
| Secretin and Cholecystokinin | 40 | ||
| Glucagon-like Peptide-1 | 40 | ||
| Glucagon-like Peptide-2 | 40 | ||
| Summary | 41 | ||
| Self-study problems | 42 | ||
| Keywords and concepts | 42 | ||
| Suggested readings | 42 | ||
| Chapter 3: Energy metabolism | 43 | ||
| Overview of energy metabolism | 43 | ||
| Nutrient Partitioning | 43 | ||
| Supplement to chapter 3: overview of key pathways involved in energy metabolism | 43e1 | ||
| ATP Synthesis by Glycolysis | 43e1 | ||
| ATP Synthesis by Oxidative Phosphorylation | 43e2 | ||
| Glycolytic and TCA Cycle Intermediates Are Also Used for Biosynthetic Pathways Unrelated to ATP Synthesis | 43e3 | ||
| Making ATP from Glucose | 43e3 | ||
| Making ATP from FFAs | 43e4 | ||
| Making ATP from Amino Acids | 43e5 | ||
| Making ATP from Ketone Bodies | 43e6 | ||
| Storage Forms of Energy | 43e6 | ||
| Glycogen | 43e6 | ||
| Triglyceride | 43e7 | ||
| Dietary Triglyceride | 43e7 | ||
| Endogenous Triglyceride | 43e9 | ||
| Low-Density Lipoprotein | 43e10 | ||
| High-Density Lipoprotein | 43e13 | ||
| Protein | 43e14 | ||
| Gluconeogenesis: Making Glucose from Glycerol, Lactate, and Amino Acids | 43e14 | ||
| Summary of Key Metabolic Pathways | 43e15 | ||
| General pathways involved in energy metabolism | 45 | ||
| Key hormones involved in metabolic homeostasis | 46 | ||
| Endocrine Pancreas | 46 | ||
| Insulin | 46 | ||
| Insulin Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion | 46 | ||
| Insulin Receptor | 49 | ||
| Glucagon | 51 | ||
| Glucagon Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion | 51 | ||
| Glucagon Receptor | 51 | ||
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | 51 | ||
| Metabolic homeostasis: the integrated outcome of hormonal and substrate/product regulation of metabolic pathways | 51 | ||
| Energy Metabolism During the Fed State | 52 | ||
| Hepatic Metabolism of Nutrients in the Fed State | 52 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 52 | ||
| The Big Picture | 53 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Key Reactions in the Liver During the Fed State | 54 | ||
| Intracellular Transport and Trapping of Monosaccharides | 54 | ||
| Storage of Glucose as Glycogen | 55 | ||
| Glycolysis | 56 | ||
| Phosphofructokinase-1 | 56 | ||
| Pyruvate Kinase | 56 | ||
| Entry of Pyruvate into the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | 57 | ||
| Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | 57 | ||
| De Novo Lipogenesis | 57 | ||
| NADPH Production Through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway | 58 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 59 | ||
| Adipose Tissue | 59 | ||
| Overview of Energy Metabolism During the Fasting State | 60 | ||
| Liver | 63 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Key Reactions in the Liver During the Fasting State | 63 | ||
| Hepatic Glucose Production | 63 | ||
| Glycogenolysis | 63 | ||
| Gluconeogenesis | 63 | ||
| Pyruvate Carboxylase | 63 | ||
| Pepck | 63 | ||
| Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase | 63 | ||
| Switch to Use of FFAs for ATP and Ketogenesis | 64 | ||
| Skeletal muscle | 65 | ||
| Adipose Tissue | 66 | ||
| Adipose tissue-derived hormones and adipokines | 66 | ||
| Appetite control and obesity | 67 | ||
| Body Mass Index | 69 | ||
| Hypothalamic Neurons and Appetite Control | 69 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 70 | ||
| Long-Term Sequelae of Diabetes Mellitus | 72 | ||
| Summary | 73 | ||
| Self-study Problems | 75 | ||
| Keywords and Concepts | 75 | ||
| Suggested readings | 75 | ||
| Chapter 4: Calcium and phosphate homeostasis | 77 | ||
| Calcium and phosphorus are important dietary elements that play many crucial roles in cellular physiology | 77 | ||
| Physiologic regulation of calcium and phosphate: parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D | 78 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 78 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 78 | ||
| Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone | 79 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone Receptor | 80 | ||
| Vitamin D | 80 | ||
| Structure, Synthesis, and Transport of Active Vitamin D Metabolites | 80 | ||
| Vitamin D Receptor | 83 | ||
| Small intestine, bone, and kidney determine Ca2+ And Pi Levels | 83 | ||
| Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by the Small Intestine | 83 | ||
| Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by Bone | 86 | ||
| Histophysiology of Adult Bone | 86 | ||
| Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by the Kidneys | 88 | ||
| Integrated Physiologic Regulation of Ca2+/Pi Metabolism: Response of PTH and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D to a Hypocalcemic Challeng | 89 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Pharmacologic Regulators | 90 | ||
| Calcitonin | 90 | ||
| Parafollicular C Cells | 91 | ||
| Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion of Calcitonin | 91 | ||
| Calcitonin Receptor | 91 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Regulators Overexpressed by Cancers | 91 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide | 91 | ||
| Regulation of Ca2+/Pi Metabolism by Immune and Inflammatory Cells | 92 | ||
| Regulation of Ca2+/Pi Metabolism by Gonadal and Adrenal Steroid Hormones | 92 | ||
| Pathologic disorders of calcium and phosphate balance | 92 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism (Primary) | 92 | ||
| Pseudohypoparathyroidism | 94 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 94 | ||
| Vitamin D Deficiency | 95 | ||
| Paget Disease | 95 | ||
| Bone Problems of Renal Failure (Renal Osteodystrophy) | 96 | ||
| Summary | 97 | ||
| Self-study Problems | 98 | ||
| Keywords and Concepts | 98 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 98 | ||
| Chapter 5: Hypothalamus-pituitary complex | 99 | ||
| Embryology and anatomy | 99 | ||
| Neurohypophysis | 101 | ||
| Synthesis of Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin | 101 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone | 103 | ||
| Actions of ADH | 103 | ||
| Regulation of ADH Secretion | 104 | ||
| Relationship Between Osmotic and Volume Stimuli | 106 | ||
| Other Factors Altering ADH Secretion | 106 | ||
| Regulation of Thirst | 106 | ||
| Degradation | 106 | ||
| Oxytocin | 107 | ||
| Oxytocin and Uterine Motility | 107 | ||
| Oxytocin and Milk Letdown | 108 | ||
| Degradation | 108 | ||
| Pathologic Conditions Involving Oxytocin | 108 | ||
| Adenohypophysis | 108 | ||
| Endocrine Axes | 108 | ||
| Endocrine Function of the Anterior Pituitary | 111 | ||
| Corticotropes | 111 | ||
| Thyrotropes | 114 | ||
| Gonadotropes | 115 | ||
| Somatotropes | 118 | ||
| Direct Versus Indirect Actions of Growth Hormone | 120 | ||
| Direct Actions of GH on Metabolism | 120 | ||
| Indirect Effects of GH on Growth | 121 | ||
| Insulin-like Growth Factors | 121 | ||
| Interaction of Role of Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor, and Insulin in Different Metabolic States | 122 | ||
| Pathologic Conditions Involving Growth Hormone | 122 | ||
| Dwarfism | 122 | ||
| Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults | 123 | ||
| Growth Hormone Excess Before Puberty | 123 | ||
| Acromegaly | 124 | ||
| Lactotropes | 124 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 125 | ||
| Panhypopituitarism | 125 | ||
| Growth | 126 | ||
| Summary | 127 | ||
| Self-study Problems | 128 | ||
| Keywords and Concepts | 128 | ||
| Suggested readings | 128 | ||
| Chapter 6: The Thyroid Gland | 129 | ||
| Anatomy and histology of the thyroid gland | 129 | ||
| Production of thyroid hormones | 130 | ||
| Iodide Balance | 132 | ||
| Overview of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis | 132 | ||
| Synthesis of Iodothyronines Within a Thyroglobulin Backbone | 133 | ||
| Secretion of Thyroid Hormones | 135 | ||
| Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones | 135 | ||
| Regulation of Thyroid Function | 136 | ||
| Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action | 138 | ||
| Physiologic Effects of Thyroid Hormone | 139 | ||
| Cardiovascular Effects | 139 | ||
| Effects on Basal Metabolic Rate | 141 | ||
| Respiratory Effects | 142 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Effects | 142 | ||
| Effects on the Autonomic Nervous System and Catecholamine Action | 142 | ||
| Effects on Growth and Maturation | 142 | ||
| Effects on Bone, Hard Tissues, and Dermis | 143 | ||
| Effects on the Nervous System | 143 | ||
| Effects on Reproductive Organs and Endocrine Glands | 144 | ||
| Summary | 145 | ||
| Self-study Problems | 146 | ||
| Keywords and Concepts | 146 | ||
| Suggested readings | 146 | ||
| Chapter 7: The Adrenal Gland | 147 | ||
| Anatomy | 147 | ||
| Adrenal medulla | 150 | ||
| Synthesis of Epinephrine | 150 | ||
| Mechanism of Action of Catecholamines | 151 | ||
| Physiologic Actions of Adrenomedullary Catecholamines | 152 | ||
| Metabolism of Catecholamines | 152 | ||
| Adrenal cortex | 154 | ||
| Zona Fasciculata | 155 | ||
| The Zona Fasciculata Makes Cortisol | 155 | ||
| Transport and Metabolism of Cortisol | 159 | ||
| Mechanism of Action of Cortisol | 159 | ||
| Physiologic Actions of Cortisol | 159 | ||
| Metabolic Actions | 160 | ||
| Cardiovascular Actions | 160 | ||
| Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Actions | 160 | ||
| Action on Reproductive Systems | 162 | ||
| Actions on Bone | 162 | ||
| Actions on Connective Tissue | 162 | ||
| Actions on Kidney | 162 | ||
| Actions on Muscle | 162 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Actions | 162 | ||
| Psychological Actions | 162 | ||
| Actions of Cortisol During Fetal Development | 162 | ||
| Regulation of Cortisol Production | 162 | ||
| Zona Reticularis | 163 | ||
| The Zona Reticularis Makes Adrenal Androgens | 163 | ||
| Metabolism and Fate: DHEAS and DHEA | 164 | ||
| Physiologic Actions of Adrenal Androgens | 164 | ||
| Regulation of Zona Reticularis Function | 166 | ||
| Zona glomerulosa | 166 | ||
| The Zona Glomerulosa Makes Aldosterone | 166 | ||
| Transport and Metabolism of Aldosterone | 167 | ||
| Mechanism of Aldosterone Action | 167 | ||
| Physiologic Actions of Aldosterone* | 167 | ||
| Actions on Kidney | 167 | ||
| Actions on Other Epithelia | 170 | ||
| Actions on Heart Muscle | 170 | ||
| Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion | 170 | ||
| Pathologic conditions involving the adrenal cortex | 172 | ||
| Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison Disease) | 172 | ||
| Adrenocortical Excess | 172 | ||
| Cushing Syndrome | 172 | ||
| Conn Syndrome | 174 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 174 | ||
| Summary | 175 | ||
| Self-study Problems | 176 | ||
| Keywords and Concepts | 176 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 176 | ||
| Chapter 8: Life Cycle of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems | 177 | ||
| General components of a reproductive system | 177 | ||
| Overview of meiosis | 178 | ||
| Basic anatomy of the reproductive systems | 180 | ||
| Overview of the Male Reproductive System | 180 | ||
| The Female Reproductive System | 180 | ||
| Sexual development in utero | 181 | ||
| Male Development | 182 | ||
| Female Development | 185 | ||
| Puberty | 187 | ||
| Regulation of Timing of Puberty | 187 | ||
| Physiologic Changes Associated with Puberty | 188 | ||
| Males | 189 | ||
| Females | 189 | ||
| Menopause and andropause | 190 | ||
| Menopause | 190 | ||
| Andropause | 191 | ||
| Summary | 191 | ||
| Self-study Problems | 193 | ||
| Keywords and Concepts | 193 | ||
| Suggested readings | 193 | ||
| Chapter 9: The Male Reproductive System | 195 | ||
| Histophysiology of the testis | 195 | ||
| The Intratubular Compartment | 196 | ||
| Developing Sperm Cells | 196 | ||
| The Sertoli Cell | 199 | ||
| The Peritubular Compartment | 201 | ||
| The Leydig Cell | 201 | ||
| Transport, actions, and metabolism of androgens | 201 | ||
| Intratesticular Androgen | 201 | ||
| Peripheral Conversion to Estrogen | 201 | ||
| Peripheral Conversion to Dihydrotestosterone | 203 | ||
| Peripheral Testosterone Actions | 203 | ||
| Mechanism of Androgen Action | 203 | ||
| Transport and Metabolism of Androgens | 204 | ||
| Hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis | 205 | ||
| Regulation of Leydig Cell Function | 205 | ||
| Regulation of Sertoli Cell Function | 205 | ||
| Male reproductive tract | 207 | ||
| Disorders involving the male reproductive system | 210 | ||
| Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis) | 210 | ||
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome | 211 | ||
| Summary | 212 | ||
| Self-study Problems | 213 | ||
| Keywords and Concepts | 213 | ||
| Suggested readings | 213 | ||
| Chapter 10: The Female Reproductive System | 215 | ||
| Anatomy and histology of the ovary | 215 | ||
| Growth, development, and function of the ovarian follicle | 217 | ||
| Resting Primordial Follicle | 217 | ||
| Growth and Structure | 217 | ||
| The Gamete | 218 | ||
| Endocrine Function | 218 | ||
| Growing Preantral Follicles | 218 | ||
| Growth and Structure | 218 | ||
| The Gamete | 219 | ||
| Endocrine Function | 219 | ||
| Growing Antral Follicles | 219 | ||
| Growth and Structure | 219 | ||
| The Gamete | 220 | ||
| Endocrine Function | 221 | ||
| Dominant Follicle | 222 | ||
| Chapter 11: Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Lactation | 239 | ||
| Fertilization, early embryogenesis, implantation, and placentation | 239 | ||
| Synchronization with Maternal Ovarian and Reproductive Tract Function | 239 | ||
| Fertilization | 241 | ||
| Early Embryogenesis and Implantation | 243 | ||
| Structure of the Mature Placenta | 246 | ||
| Endocrine Function of the Placenta | 250 | ||
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | 250 | ||
| Progesterone | 252 | ||
| Estrogen | 253 | ||
| Human Placental Lactogen | 253 | ||
| Other Placental Hormones | 254 | ||
| Placental transport | 255 | ||
| The fetal endocrine system | 255 | ||
| Maternal endocrine changes during pregnancy | 255 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 255 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 256 | ||
| Adrenal Gland | 256 | ||
| Maternal physiologic changes during pregnancy | 257 | ||
| Cardiovascular Changes | 257 | ||
| Respiratory Changes | 257 | ||
| Renal Changes | 258 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Changes | 258 | ||
| Diabetogenicity of Pregnancy | 258 | ||
| Parturition | 258 | ||
| Placental Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and the Fetal Adrenal Axis | 258 | ||
| Estrogen | 258 | ||
| Oxytocin | 259 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 259 | ||
| Uterine Size | 259 | ||
| Mammogenesis and lactation | 259 | ||
| Structure of the Mammary Gland | 259 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Mammary Gland Development | 260 | ||
| Contraception | 261 | ||
| Behavioral and Mechanical Approaches | 261 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 262 | ||
| Hormonal Treatment for Emergency Contraception and Abortion | 262 | ||
| In vitro fertilization | 262 | ||
| Summary | 262 | ||
| Self-study Problems | 264 | ||
| Keywords and Concepts | 264 | ||
| Suggested readings | 264 | ||
| Answers to Self-Study Problems | 265 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 265 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 265 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 266 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 267 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 267 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 268 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 268 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 269 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 270 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 270 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 271 | ||
| Appendix B: Comprehensive Multiple-Choice Examination | 273 | ||
| Answers to comprehensive multiple-choice exam | 279 | ||
| Appendix C: Hormone Ranges | 281 | ||
| Appendix D: Abbreviations and Symbols | 285 | ||
| Index | 289 | ||
| Blank Appendix | 301 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | 1 | ||
| Inside Front Cover | 1 |