BOOK
Equine Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction - E-Book
Tim Mair | Sandy Love | James Schumacher | Roger K. W. Smith | Grant Frazer
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The new edition of this introductory-level textbook continues to offer a concise and approachable bridge between student lecture notes and more detailed clinical reference works. All aspects of equine medicine, surgery and reproduction are covered in a single, convenient volume. The second edition has been subject to an extensive revision, with each chapter updated and new chapters added to cover wound management, critical care, anaesthesia and sedation, and diagnostic imaging. While offering key information in an easily and quickly digested format for clinical veterinary students and practising veterinary surgeons, this second edition of Equine Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction will also be relevant to students undertaking equine science degrees, and to professional horse owners and trainers.
The wide range of international contributors, highly experienced and all experts in their fields, ensures that the new edition of this popular all-in-one resource remains as indispensable as ever.
- Comprehensive coverage of all areas of equine medicine, surgery and reproduction
- Easy-to-use format
- Completely revised since the first edition with new chapters added
- Now with over 100 new illustrations including colour photographs
- Includes diagnostic and therapeutic information as well as descriptions of commonly employed clinical techniques
- Includes lists of important differential diagnoses for common clinical signs
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Equine Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| 1 Upper alimentary system | 1 | ||
| Contents | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Normal upper alimentary tract function: deglutition | 2 | ||
| Oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal phases of deglutition | 2 | ||
| Prehension | 2 | ||
| Mastication | 2 | ||
| Lingual function | 2 | ||
| Elevation of palate | 2 | ||
| Pharyngeal constriction | 2 | ||
| Laryngeal protection | 2 | ||
| Crico-pharyngeal relaxation | 2 | ||
| Primary and secondary oesophageal peristalsis | 2 | ||
| 1.2 Diagnostic approach to cases of dysphagia | 2 | ||
| History – signs of dysphagia | 2 | ||
| Physical examination, external and oral inspection | 3 | ||
| Endoscopy per nasum | 3 | ||
| Radiography and fluoroscopy | 4 | ||
| Other imaging techniques | 4 | ||
| Oral examination under general anaesthesia | 4 | ||
| 1.3 Aetiology of dysphagia: oral phase abnormalities | 4 | ||
| Facial palsy and lip lesions | 4 | ||
| Temporo-mandibular joint and hyoid disorders | 4 | ||
| Lingual abnormalities | 5 | ||
| Dental disorders | 5 | ||
| Congenital and acquired palatal defects | 5 | ||
| Other oral conditions: foreign bodies, neoplasia | 5 | ||
| 1.4 Aetiology of dysphagia: pharyngeal phase abnormalities | 5 | ||
| Pharyngeal paralysis | 5 | ||
| Pharyngeal compression: strangles abscessation | 5 | ||
| Pharyngeal cysts, palatal cysts | 5 | ||
| Epiglottal lesions, including sub-epiglottic cysts | 5 | ||
| Laryngeal abnormalities | 6 | ||
| Fourth branchial arch defects (4-BAD) | 6 | ||
| 1.5 Aetiology of dysphagia: oesophageal phase abnormalities | 6 | ||
| Megaoesophagus | 6 | ||
| Oesophageal obstruction (‘choke’) | 6 | ||
| Oesophageal strictures/stenosis | 6 | ||
| Intra-mural oesophageal cysts | 6 | ||
| Oesophageal rupture | 6 | ||
| Neoplasia | 6 | ||
| ‘Wind-sucking’ | 6 | ||
| Grass sickness (See Chapter 3) | 7 | ||
| 1.6 Oral trauma, mandibular fractures etc. | 7 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 7 | ||
| 2 Gastroenterology 1. Colic | 21 | ||
| Contents | 21 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 21 | ||
| False colics | 22 | ||
| Alimentary (true) colic | 22 | ||
| Classfication of colic | 22 | ||
| 2.2 Pathophysiology of intestinal obstruction | 22 | ||
| Simple obstruction | 22 | ||
| Small intestine | 22 | ||
| Large intestine | 23 | ||
| Strangulating obstruction | 24 | ||
| Small intestine | 24 | ||
| Large intestine | 25 | ||
| 2.3 Pharmacological management of colic | 25 | ||
| Aims of therapy | 25 | ||
| Relief of pain | 25 | ||
| Types of drug | 25 | ||
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | 25 | ||
| Dipyrone | 25 | ||
| Phenylbutazone | 25 | ||
| Meloxicam | 25 | ||
| Firocoxib | 25 | ||
| Flunixin meglumine | 25 | ||
| Sedatives | 26 | ||
| Xylazine | 26 | ||
| Detomidine | 26 | ||
| Romifidine | 26 | ||
| Acepromazine | 26 | ||
| Narcotic analgesics | 26 | ||
| Morphine | 26 | ||
| Pethidine | 26 | ||
| Butorphanol | 26 | ||
| Pentazocine | 26 | ||
| Spasmolytics | 26 | ||
| Atropine | 26 | ||
| Hyoscine | 26 | ||
| Laxatives | 26 | ||
| Mineral oil | 26 | ||
| Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid | 26 | ||
| Osmotic laxatives | 26 | ||
| Dioctyl sodium succinate (DSS) | 27 | ||
| Intravenous and enteral fluids | 27 | ||
| Drugs that alter intestinal motility | 27 | ||
| Neostigmine methyl sulphate | 27 | ||
| Metoclopramide | 27 | ||
| Domperidone | 27 | ||
| Cisapride | 27 | ||
| Erythromicin | 27 | ||
| Lidocaine | 27 | ||
| Fluids | 27 | ||
| 2.4 Common types of colic | 27 | ||
| Spasmodic colic | 27 | ||
| Aetiology and pathogenesis | 27 | ||
| Clinical signs | 27 | ||
| Treatment | 27 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 28 | ||
| Impaction colics | 28 | ||
| Prevention | 28 | ||
| Clinical signs | 28 | ||
| Diagnosis | 28 | ||
| Treatment | 29 | ||
| Flatulent / tympanitic colic | 29 | ||
| Aetiology and pathogenesis | 29 | ||
| Clinical signs | 30 | ||
| Therapy | 30 | ||
| Prognosis | 30 | ||
| 2.5 Grass sickness | 30 | ||
| 2.6 Anterior enteritis (proximal enteritis, gastroduodenal jejunitis) | 30 | ||
| Clinical signs and diagnosis | 30 | ||
| Laboratory data | 31 | ||
| Gross intestinal lesions | 31 | ||
| Histopathology | 31 | ||
| Aetiology | 31 | ||
| Treatment | 31 | ||
| 2.7 Approach to diagnosis in colic cases | 32 | ||
| Signalment | 32 | ||
| History | 32 | ||
| Clinical examination | 33 | ||
| Observation | 33 | ||
| Examination of the cardiovascular system | 33 | ||
| Heart rate and pulse character | 33 | ||
| Mucous membranes | 34 | ||
| Capillary refill time | 34 | ||
| Examination of the abdomen | 34 | ||
| Abdominal distension | 34 | ||
| Auscultation and palpation | 34 | ||
| Rectal examination | 34 | ||
| Abdominal paracentesis (abdominocentesis) | 34 | ||
| Nasogastric intubation | 35 | ||
| State of peripheral perfusion and hydration | 35 | ||
| Packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein | 35 | ||
| Imaging techniques | 35 | ||
| Classification into categories | 35 | ||
| 2.8 The decision for surgery | 35 | ||
| 2.9 Preparation of the horse prior to transport to a surgical centre | 37 | ||
| 2.10 The surgical management of the equine colic case – general points | 37 | ||
| Premedication and anaesthesia | 37 | ||
| Induction and maintenance | 37 | ||
| Recovery from anaesthesia | 38 | ||
| Celiototomy (laparotomy) techniques | 38 | ||
| Examination of the small intestine | 38 | ||
| Examination of the large colon | 38 | ||
| Evaluation of gut viability | 39 | ||
| Resection of small intestine | 40 | ||
| Resection and anastomosis | 40 | ||
| Closure of the mesentery | 40 | ||
| Anastomosis of intestinal segments of different diameters | 40 | ||
| Resection of the ileum | 40 | ||
| Automated mechanical stapling techniques | 41 | ||
| Resection of large intestine | 42 | ||
| Caecum | 42 | ||
| Large colon | 42 | ||
| Small colon | 42 | ||
| Closure of the midline incision (Figure 2.4) | 43 | ||
| 2.11 Postoperative management of the colic case | 44 | ||
| Monitoring protocol | 44 | ||
| Food and water | 44 | ||
| Fluid therapy | 44 | ||
| Catheter care | 44 | ||
| Analgesia and anti-inflammatory therapy | 44 | ||
| Antibiotics | 45 | ||
| 2.12 Postoperative complications | 45 | ||
| Complications during recovery from anaesthetic | 45 | ||
| Myopathy | 45 | ||
| Long-bone fractures | 45 | ||
| Complications during the hospitalization period | 45 | ||
| Shock | 45 | ||
| Endotoxamis and SIRS | 45 | ||
| Postoperative ileus (POI) | 45 | ||
| POI falls into one of two categories: | 46 | ||
| Colic | 46 | ||
| Wound complications | 46 | ||
| Thrombophlebitis | 46 | ||
| Laminitis | 46 | ||
| Adhesions | 47 | ||
| Postoperative diarrhoea | 47 | ||
| Septic Peritonitis | 47 | ||
| Further reading | 47 | ||
| 3 Gastroenterology 2. Hepatic and intestinal disorders | 49 | ||
| Contents | 49 | ||
| Liver disease | 49 | ||
| 3.1 Diagnostic approach to liver disease | 50 | ||
| History | 50 | ||
| Physical examination | 51 | ||
| Laboratory investigation of liver disease | 51 | ||
| Liver biopsy | 51 | ||
| Diagnostic ultrasound in liver disease | 51 | ||
| 3.2 Pyrrolizidine toxicity | 51 | ||
| 3.3 Theiler’s disease (acute hepatic necrosis, serum hepatitis, serum sickness) | 52 | ||
| 3.4 Cirrhosis | 52 | ||
| 3.5 Liver fluke | 52 | ||
| 3.6 Cholangiohepatitis and choledocholithiasis (biliary calculi) | 52 | ||
| 3.7 Chronic active hepatitis | 53 | ||
| 3.8 Iron overload (haemochromatosis) | 53 | ||
| 3.9 Hydatid cysts | 54 | ||
| 3.10 Other hepatic diseases | 54 | ||
| 3.11 Treatment for liver failure | 54 | ||
| Pancreatic diseases | 54 | ||
| 3.12 Pancreatic diseases | 54 | ||
| Equine grass sickness | 54 | ||
| 3.13 Equine grass sickness (equine dysautonomia) | 54 | ||
| Epidemiology | 55 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 55 | ||
| Clinical signs | 55 | ||
| Acute form | 55 | ||
| Sub-acute form | 55 | ||
| 4 Abdominal cavity | 67 | ||
| Contents | 67 | ||
| 4.1 Hernias | 67 | ||
| Definitions | 67 | ||
| Types of hernia | 67 | ||
| Umbilical hernias | 67 | ||
| Examination of the hernia | 68 | ||
| Closed reduction | 68 | ||
| Open reduction | 68 | ||
| Ventral hernias | 69 | ||
| Diagnosis | 69 | ||
| Treatment | 69 | ||
| Incisional hernias | 69 | ||
| Prepubic tendon rupture | 70 | ||
| Epiploic foramen incarceration | 70 | ||
| 5 Disorders of the ear, nose and throat | 77 | ||
| Contents | 77 | ||
| 5.1 Diseases of the external ear | 78 | ||
| Anatomical considerations | 78 | ||
| Clinical signs of otitis externa | 78 | ||
| Investigation of ear disorders | 78 | ||
| Temporal teratoma | 78 | ||
| Parasitic otitis | 79 | ||
| Chronic keratinization plaques | 79 | ||
| Foreign bodies | 79 | ||
| Neoplasia: sarcoids | 79 | ||
| Neoplasia: other ear tumours | 79 | ||
| 5.2 Diseases of the middle ear | 79 | ||
| Anatomy and function of the middle ear | 79 | ||
| Otitis media | 79 | ||
| Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) | 79 | ||
| Otitis interna/peripheral vestibular disease | 79 | ||
| 5.3 Diseases of the auditory tube diverticulum (ATD) (guttural pouches) | 80 | ||
| Anatomy and function of ATDs | 80 | ||
| Signs of ATD diseases | 80 | ||
| Physical examination of ATDs | 80 | ||
| Endoscopy of ATDs | 80 | ||
| Radiographic examination of ATDs | 80 | ||
| Topical treatment of ATDs | 80 | ||
| Surgical approaches to ATD | 80 | ||
| 5.4 Guttural pouch tympany | 81 | ||
| Aetiology | 81 | ||
| Clinical signs and diagnosis | 81 | ||
| Treatment | 81 | ||
| Prognosis | 81 | ||
| 5.5 Diverticulitis of the guttural pouch | 81 | ||
| Aetiopathogenesis | 81 | ||
| ‘Strangles’ | 81 | ||
| Chronic ATD empyema and chondroids | 81 | ||
| Chronic ATD diverticulitis | 81 | ||
| 5.6 Guttural pouch mycosis | 82 | ||
| Aetiopathogenesis | 82 | ||
| Clinical signs | 82 | ||
| Diagnosis | 82 | ||
| Treatment | 82 | ||
| Prognosis | 82 | ||
| 5.7 Other ATD disorders | 83 | ||
| 6 Lower respiratory tract | 111 | ||
| Contents | 111 | ||
| 6.1 Diagnostic approach to lower respiratory tract diseases | 111 | ||
| History | 111 | ||
| Physical examination | 111 | ||
| Respiratory rate, pattern and character | 112 | ||
| Nasal discharge | 112 | ||
| Cough | 112 | ||
| Palpation | 112 | ||
| Auscultation | 112 | ||
| Percussion | 113 | ||
| Endoscopy | 113 | ||
| Tracheal aspiration | 114 | ||
| Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) | 115 | ||
| Endoscopic BAL technique | 115 | ||
| Blind BAL technique | 115 | ||
| Thoracic radiography | 116 | ||
| Diagnostic ultrasound | 116 | ||
| Thoracocentesis | 117 | ||
| Pleuroscopy (thoracoscopy) | 117 | ||
| Haematology | 117 | ||
| Other diagnostic tests | 117 | ||
| 6.2 Diagnostic features of the common lower respiratory tract diseases of the adult horse | 117 | ||
| 6.3 Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) | 117 | ||
| Aetiology | 117 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 118 | ||
| Epidemiology | 119 | ||
| Clinical signs | 119 | ||
| Subclinical disease | 119 | ||
| Mild clinical disease | 119 | ||
| Severe clinical disease | 119 | ||
| Diagnosis | 119 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 120 | ||
| Treatment | 120 | ||
| To relieve clinical signs | 120 | ||
| Systemic and oral corticosteroid therapy | 120 | ||
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 120 | ||
| To prevent recurrence of disease | 121 | ||
| Prognosis | 121 | ||
| Prevention | 121 | ||
| 6.4 Acute obstructive pulmonary disease | 121 | ||
| Clinical signs | 121 | ||
| 7 Cardiovascular system | 133 | ||
| Contents | 133 | ||
| 7.1 Overview of heart disease in the horse | 133 | ||
| 7.2 Evaluation of cardiovascular function | 133 | ||
| Signalment | 133 | ||
| Medical history | 133 | ||
| Physical examination | 134 | ||
| Inspection and palpation | 134 | ||
| Auscultation | 134 | ||
| Ancillary diagnostics | 138 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 138 | ||
| Echocardiography | 140 | ||
| Exercise testing | 140 | ||
| Clinical laboratory tests | 141 | ||
| Arterial blood pressure | 142 | ||
| Radiography | 142 | ||
| Cardiac catheterization | 142 | ||
| 7.3 Structural heart disease | 142 | ||
| Congenital malformations | 142 | ||
| Ventricular septal defect (VSD) | 142 | ||
| Acquired valvular heart disease | 143 | ||
| Mitral regurgitation (MR) | 144 | ||
| Aortic insufficiency (AI) | 144 | ||
| Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) | 145 | ||
| Pulmonic insufficiency (PI) | 146 | ||
| Endocarditis | 146 | ||
| Pericardial disease | 147 | ||
| Myocardial disease | 147 | ||
| 7.4 Heart failure | 148 | ||
| 7.5 Cardiac rhythm disturbances | 149 | ||
| Physiological arrhythmias | 150 | ||
| First and second degree atrioventricular (AV) block | 150 | ||
| Sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia, sinus tachycardia | 150 | ||
| Sinoatrial (SA) block, sinus arrest | 150 | ||
| Pathological arrhythmias | 151 | ||
| Atrial premature complexes and atrial tachycardia | 151 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 151 | ||
| Junctional and ventricular arrhythmias | 153 | ||
| Conduction disturbances | 155 | ||
| 7.6 Vascular disease | 156 | ||
| Jugular thrombophlebitis | 156 | ||
| Aorto-iliac thrombosis | 157 | ||
| Vascular ruptures | 158 | ||
| Further reading | 158 | ||
| 8 Diseases of the equine urinary tract | 159 | ||
| Contents | 159 | ||
| 8.1 Evaluation of the urinary system | 159 | ||
| Renal function and water balance in the normal horse | 159 | ||
| Physical examination | 160 | ||
| Ultrasonographic examination | 160 | ||
| Endoscopic examination | 160 | ||
| Percutaneous renal biopsy | 160 | ||
| Laboratory assessment of urinary tract disease | 160 | ||
| Renal disease vs. renal failure | 161 | ||
| 8.2 Prerenal azotaemia | 161 | ||
| Aetiology | 161 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 161 | ||
| Clinical signs | 161 | ||
| Clinicopathological signs | 161 | ||
| Diagnosis | 161 | ||
| Treatment | 161 | ||
| 8.3 Acute renal failure due to renal disease | 162 | ||
| Aetiology | 162 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 162 | ||
| Clinical signs of renal tubular necrosis | 162 | ||
| Diagnosis | 162 | ||
| Treatment | 162 | ||
| Prognosis | 162 | ||
| 8.4 Chronic renal failure (CRF) | 162 | ||
| Aetiology and pathogenesis | 162 | ||
| 9 Endocrinology | 181 | ||
| Contents | 181 | ||
| 9.1 Anhidrosis (dry coat syndrome) | 181 | ||
| Aetiology | 181 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 181 | ||
| Clinical signs | 181 | ||
| Diagnosis | 182 | ||
| Treatment and prevention | 182 | ||
| 9.2 Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) or equine Cushing’s disease (ECD) | 182 | ||
| Aetiology | 182 | ||
| Clinical signs and proposed pathogenesis | 183 | ||
| Diagnosis | 184 | ||
| Treatment | 184 | ||
| 9.3 Hypoadrenocorticism (adrenal insufficiency, turn-out syndrome, steroid let down syndrome) | 185 | ||
| Aetiology and pathogenesis | 185 | ||
| Clinical signs | 185 | ||
| Diagnosis | 185 | ||
| Treatment | 185 | ||
| 9.4 Phaeochromocytoma | 185 | ||
| Clinical and clinicopathological signs | 185 | ||
| 10 Haematopoietic and immune systems | 195 | ||
| Contents | 195 | ||
| 10.1 Diagnostic approach to haematopoietic and immune system diseases | 195 | ||
| History | 195 | ||
| Physical examination | 196 | ||
| Non-specific systemic signs | 196 | ||
| Mucous membranes | 196 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 196 | ||
| Palpation | 196 | ||
| Peripheral blood evaluation | 196 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 196 | ||
| Leukocytes | 197 | ||
| Platelets | 197 | ||
| Miscellaneous tests | 198 | ||
| Bone marrow evaluation | 198 | ||
| Evaluation of haemostatic function | 198 | ||
| Ancillary diagnostic tests | 198 | ||
| Immune function evaluation | 199 | ||
| Immunoglobulin assays. | 199 | ||
| Lymphocyte typing. | 199 | ||
| Blood typing. | 199 | ||
| Cellular immune function. | 199 | ||
| 10.2 Diagnostic features of common haematopoietic and immune disorders of horses | 199 | ||
| 10.3 Anaemia secondary to haemorrhage | 200 | ||
| Haemorrhage: aetiology and pathogenesis | 200 | ||
| Clinical signs | 201 | ||
| Diagnosis | 201 | ||
| Treatment | 201 | ||
| 10.4 Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia | 201 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 201 | ||
| 11 Neurology | 211 | ||
| Contents | 211 | ||
| 11.1 Diagnostic approach to neurological diseases | 212 | ||
| History | 212 | ||
| Physical examination | 212 | ||
| Examination of the head | 212 | ||
| Examination of gait and posture | 213 | ||
| Examination of the neck and forelimbs | 214 | ||
| Examination of the trunk and hind limbs | 214 | ||
| Examination of the tail and anus | 214 | ||
| Neurological examination of foals | 215 | ||
| Ancillary diagnostic tests | 215 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection | 215 | ||
| Atlanta-occipital (AO) space. | 215 | ||
| Lumbosacral (LS) space. | 215 | ||
| CSF analysis | 215 | ||
| Radiology | 215 | ||
| Electrodiagnostics | 215 | ||
| Necropsy | 215 | ||
| The brain | 216 | ||
| 11.2 Foals | 216 | ||
| Anencephaly | 216 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 216 | ||
| Perinatal asphyxia syndrome/hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy/neonatal encephalopathy/neonatal maladjustment syndrome (dummies, barkers, wanderers) | 216 | ||
| Congenital cerebellar disease | 216 | ||
| Cerebellar abiotrophy of Arabs | 216 | ||
| Clinical signs | 216 | ||
| Other cerebellar conditions | 216 | ||
| Idiopathic seizures | 216 | ||
| 11.3 Trauma | 217 | ||
| Forebrain syndrome | 217 | ||
| 12 Ophthalmology | 235 | ||
| Contents | 235 | ||
| 12.1 Examination of the eye and adnexa | 235 | ||
| History | 236 | ||
| Ophthalmic equipment and examination techniques | 236 | ||
| Focal light source | 236 | ||
| Magnification | 236 | ||
| Restraint | 236 | ||
| Protocol for ophthalmic examination | 236 | ||
| Examination in daylight | 236 | ||
| Examination in a darkened area | 237 | ||
| Ancillary diagnostic techniques | 238 | ||
| 12.2 Techniques in ocular therapeutics | 239 | ||
| Local therapy | 239 | ||
| Topical medication | 239 | ||
| Subconjunctival injection | 242 | ||
| Subconjunctival micro-osmotic pumps | 242 | ||
| Intracameral injection | 242 | ||
| Intralesional medication | 242 | ||
| Intravitreal cyclosporine A implant | 242 | ||
| Systemic medication | 242 | ||
| Surgery | 242 | ||
| 12.3 Globe and orbit | 243 | ||
| Congenital abnormalities | 243 | ||
| Acquired abnormalities | 243 | ||
| Phthisis bulbi | 243 | ||
| Exophthalmos | 243 | ||
| Endophthalmos | 244 | ||
| Prolapse of orbital fat | 244 | ||
| Glaucoma | 244 | ||
| Endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis | 244 | ||
| Clinical signs | 244 | ||
| 13 Dermatology | 261 | ||
| Contents | 261 | ||
| 13.1 Diagnostic approach to skin diseases | 261 | ||
| History | 261 | ||
| Physical examination | 262 | ||
| Differential diagnosis list | 262 | ||
| Diagnostic tests | 262 | ||
| Skin scrapings | 262 | ||
| Skin cytology | 262 | ||
| Trichogram | 263 | ||
| Microbial culture | 263 | ||
| Skin biopsies | 263 | ||
| Specialized tests | 263 | ||
| Skin diseases in the horse | 263 | ||
| 13.2 Skin diseases characterized by pruritus (itch) | 263 | ||
| Ectoparasitic skin diseases characterized by pruritus | 264 | ||
| Pediculosis (lice) | 264 | ||
| 14 Reproduction | 283 | ||
| Contents | 283 | ||
| 14.1 The non-pregnant mare | 283 | ||
| Stages of the oestrous cycle | 283 | ||
| Oestrus | 283 | ||
| Dioestrus | 284 | ||
| Vernal and autumn transition stages | 285 | ||
| Seasonal anoestrus | 285 | ||
| Examination of the mare for breeding soundness | 285 | ||
| History | 285 | ||
| General physical | 285 | ||
| Examination of external genitalia | 285 | ||
| Examination of internal genital tract | 285 | ||
| Endometrial swabbings for microbiological culture | 286 | ||
| Endometrial cytology | 286 | ||
| Vaginal examination | 286 | ||
| Endometrial biopsy | 287 | ||
| Endoscopy | 287 | ||
| Hormone analysis | 287 | ||
| Diseases of the mare’s reproductive tract | 287 | ||
| A. Enlarged ovaries | 287 | ||
| Ovarian neoplasm | 287 | ||
| Clinical signs | 287 | ||
| 15 Orthopaedics 1. Diagnosis of lameness/diseases of joints and bones | 309 | ||
| Contents | 309 | ||
| 15.1 Diagnostic approach to lameness | 309 | ||
| History | 309 | ||
| Physical examination | 310 | ||
| Gait evaluation | 310 | ||
| Provocative tests | 311 | ||
| Regional analgesic techniques | 311 | ||
| Peripheral nerve blocks of the lower limb | 312 | ||
| Anatomy | 312 | ||
| Perineural analgesia of the distal limb | 313 | ||
| Palmar/plantar digital nerve block (PDNB) (Figure 15.1) | 313 | ||
| Abaxial sesamoid nerve block (ASNB) (Figure 15.1) | 313 | ||
| Low 4-point nerve block (low palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve block) (L4-PNB) (Figure 15.1) | 313 | ||
| High 4-point nerve block (high palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve block) (H4-PNB) (Figure 15.1) | 313 | ||
| Desensitization of the origin of the suspensory ligament (SL) | 313 | ||
| Peripheral nerve blocks of the upper limb | 314 | ||
| Median and ulnar nerve blocks | 314 | ||
| Median nerve block | 314 | ||
| Ulnar nerve block | 314 | ||
| Tibial and peroneal nerve blocks | 314 | ||
| Tibial nerve block | 314 | ||
| Peroneal nerve block | 314 | ||
| Intrasynovial analgesia | 314 | ||
| Analgesia of the navicular bursa | 314 | ||
| Analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint | 314 | ||
| Analgesia of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) | 314 | ||
| Anaesthesia of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint | 314 | ||
| Analgesia of the digital synovial sheath | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the middle carpal joint | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the antebrachiocarpal joint | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the elbow joint | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the shoulder joint | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the tarsometatarsal joint | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the distal intertarsal joint | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the tarsocrural joint | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the femoropatellar joint | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the medial compartment of the femorotibial joint | 315 | ||
| Analgesia of the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint | 315 | ||
| Arthrocentesis and analysis of synovial fluid | 315 | ||
| Radiography (see Chapter 25) | 316 | ||
| Foot | 316 | ||
| Pastern | 316 | ||
| Fetlock | 316 | ||
| Carpus | 316 | ||
| Elbow | 316 | ||
| Shoulder | 316 | ||
| Hock | 316 | ||
| Stifle | 316 | ||
| Hip | 316 | ||
| Ultrasonography (see Chapter 25) | 316 | ||
| Technique | 316 | ||
| Metacarpal region (Figure 15.2) | 317 | ||
| Pastern region (Figure 15.3) | 317 | ||
| Interpretation | 317 | ||
| Indications for the use of ultrasonography | 318 | ||
| Nuclear scintigraphy (see Chapter 25) | 318 | ||
| Thermography | 318 | ||
| Computed tomography (CT) (see Chapter 25) | 318 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (see Chapter 25) | 318 | ||
| Diagnostic arthroscopy | 318 | ||
| 15.2 Joint diseases | 319 | ||
| Idiopathic synovitis | 319 | ||
| Definition | 319 | ||
| Aetiopathogenesis | 319 | ||
| Treatment | 319 | ||
| Traumatic arthritis/synovitis | 319 | ||
| Aetiology | 319 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 319 | ||
| Pathology | 319 | ||
| Clinical signs | 319 | ||
| Further tests | 320 | ||
| Treatment | 320 | ||
| Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) | 320 | ||
| Definition | 320 | ||
| Classification | 320 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 320 | ||
| Pathology | 320 | ||
| Clinical signs | 321 | ||
| Diagnosis | 321 | ||
| Imaging techniques. | 321 | ||
| Radiology (see Chapter 25) | 321 | ||
| Scintigraphy | 321 | ||
| MRI | 321 | ||
| Arthroscopy (Figure 15.5) | 321 | ||
| Treatment | 321 | ||
| Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) | 321 | ||
| Epidemiology | 322 | ||
| 16 Orthopaedics 2. Diseases of the foot and distal limbs | 329 | ||
| Contents | 329 | ||
| 16.1 Diseases of the foot | 330 | ||
| Cracks of the hoofwall | 330 | ||
| Classification | 330 | ||
| 17 Orthopaedics 3. The proximal limbs | 369 | ||
| Contents | 369 | ||
| 17.1 Carpus | 370 | ||
| Anatomy | 370 | ||
| Bones | 370 | ||
| Joints | 370 | ||
| Traumatic arthritis, osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) | 370 | ||
| Aetiology and pathogenesis | 370 | ||
| Carpal fractures | 370 | ||
| Clinical signs | 371 | ||
| Radiology | 371 | ||
| Soft-tissue swelling | 371 | ||
| Entheseophytes | 371 | ||
| Osteophytes | 371 | ||
| Paramarginal subchondral bone lysis | 372 | ||
| Subchondral bone densification | 372 | ||
| OA of the carpometacarpal joint | 372 | ||
| Treatment | 372 | ||
| Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) (see Chapter 15) | 372 | ||
| Subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs) (see Chapter 15) | 372 | ||
| Septic arthritis | 372 | ||
| Angular limb deformities | 372 | ||
| Aetiology | 372 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 372 | ||
| History | 373 | ||
| Physical examination | 373 | ||
| Radiography | 373 | ||
| Radiology | 373 | ||
| Treatment | 373 | ||
| Carpal canal syndrome | 374 | ||
| 18 Orthopaedics 4. The back and pelvis | 389 | ||
| Contents | 389 | ||
| 18.1 Anatomy of the horse’s back | 389 | ||
| 18.2 Diagnostic approach to diseases of the horse’s back | 389 | ||
| History | 389 | ||
| Examination at rest | 390 | ||
| Conformation | 390 | ||
| Muscle wastage | 390 | ||
| Swellings and marks | 391 | ||
| Palpation/manipulation | 391 | ||
| Examination at exercise | 391 | ||
| In hand | 391 | ||
| Lunging | 391 | ||
| Riding | 391 | ||
| Aids to diagnosis | 391 | ||
| Clinical biochemistry | 391 | ||
| Radiography (see Chapter 25) | 391 | ||
| Scintigraphy (see Chapter 25) | 391 | ||
| Ultrasonography (see Chapter 25) | 391 | ||
| Local analgesia | 392 | ||
| Systemic analgesia | 392 | ||
| Other diagnostic tests | 392 | ||
| 18.3 Disorders of the horse’s back – conditions that may present as a back problem | 392 | ||
| Hind limb lameness | 392 | ||
| Temperamental or managerial difficulties | 392 | ||
| Hind limb incoordination – neurological disease | 392 | ||
| 18.4 Vertebral column deformities | 392 | ||
| 19 Infectious diseases and parasitology | 399 | ||
| Contents | 399 | ||
| 19.1 Investigation of infectious disease | 400 | ||
| 19.2 Diagnosis of viral and bacterial infections | 400 | ||
| Diagnosis of viral infections | 400 | ||
| Diagnosis of bacterial infections | 401 | ||
| 19.3 Equine influenza | 401 | ||
| The virus | 401 | ||
| Epidemiology | 401 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 401 | ||
| Clinical signs | 401 | ||
| Diagnosis | 401 | ||
| Treatment | 401 | ||
| Control of outbreak | 401 | ||
| Prevention | 402 | ||
| 19.4 The equine herpesviruses | 402 | ||
| The viruses | 402 | ||
| Equine herpesvirus 1 (rhinopneumonitis) | 402 | ||
| Pathogenesis and epidemiology | 402 | ||
| Clinical signs | 402 | ||
| Respiratory disease | 402 | ||
| Abortion (see Chapter 14). | 402 | ||
| Neonatal disease (see Chapter 20). | 402 | ||
| Neurological disease (see Chapter 11). | 402 | ||
| Diagnosis | 403 | ||
| 20 Diseases of the foal | 423 | ||
| Contents | 423 | ||
| 20.1 Prematurity/dysmaturity | 424 | ||
| Gestational length | 424 | ||
| Definitions | 424 | ||
| Risk factors | 424 | ||
| Clinical characteristics of prematurity | 424 | ||
| Clinical characteristics of postmaturity | 424 | ||
| Pathophysiology and diagnostic findings | 424 | ||
| Treatment (see Chapter 26) | 424 | ||
| Prognosis | 425 | ||
| Prevention | 425 | ||
| 20.2 Systemic diseases involving multiple body systems | 425 | ||
| Sepsis | 425 | ||
| Definitions | 425 | ||
| Aetiology | 426 | ||
| Clinical signs | 426 | ||
| Diagnosis | 426 | ||
| Treatment | 426 | ||
| Prognosis | 426 | ||
| Prevention | 426 | ||
| Shock (see Chapter 26) | 426 | ||
| Classifications | 426 | ||
| 21 Muscle disorders and performance problems | 451 | ||
| Contents | 451 | ||
| 21.1 Examination of the muscular system | 451 | ||
| Physical examination | 451 | ||
| Clinical pathology | 451 | ||
| Creatinine phosphokinase | 451 | ||
| Lactate dehydrogenase | 452 | ||
| Aspartate aminotransferase | 452 | ||
| Interpretation of enzyme levels | 452 | ||
| Muscle biopsy | 452 | ||
| Electromyography | 452 | ||
| 21.2 Congenital/familial disease | 452 | ||
| Myotonia | 452 | ||
| Aetiology/pathogenesis | 452 | ||
| 22 Metabolic diseases and toxicology | 461 | ||
| Contents | 461 | ||
| 22.1 Calcium metabolism | 462 | ||
| Complexed calcium | 462 | ||
| Protein-bound calcium | 462 | ||
| Ionized calcium | 462 | ||
| 22.2 Calcium homeostasis | 462 | ||
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | 462 | ||
| Calcitonin | 462 | ||
| 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol | 462 | ||
| 22.3 Hypercalcaemia | 462 | ||
| Renal failure | 462 | ||
| Plant toxicity | 462 | ||
| Other causes of hypercalcaemia | 462 | ||
| 22.4 Hypocalcaemia | 462 | ||
| Lactation tetany/transport tetany/idiopathic hypocalcaemia | 462 | ||
| Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter | 463 | ||
| Blister beetle (cantharidin) toxicosis | 463 | ||
| Other causes of hypocalcaemia | 463 | ||
| 22.5 Phosphorus metabolism | 463 | ||
| 22.6 Hyperphosphataemia | 463 | ||
| Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism | 463 | ||
| 22.7 Hypophosphataemia | 463 | ||
| 22.8 Sodium metabolism | 463 | ||
| 22.9 Hypernatraemia | 463 | ||
| 23 Principles of wound management | 469 | ||
| Contents | 469 | ||
| 23.1 Definition of a wound | 469 | ||
| 23.2 Classification of wounds | 469 | ||
| Open wounds | 469 | ||
| Closed wounds | 470 | ||
| 23.3. Assessment of the wounded horse | 470 | ||
| General assessment | 470 | ||
| Penetrating wounds over the abdomen or thorax | 470 | ||
| 23.4 Detailed assessment of the wound | 470 | ||
| Initial assessment | 470 | ||
| Suspected synovial involvement | 470 | ||
| Blood supply | 470 | ||
| Factors that impair healing | 470 | ||
| 23.5 Stages of wound healing | 473 | ||
| Inflammatory phase | 473 | ||
| Debridement phase | 474 | ||
| Repair phase (sometimes called the fibroblastic or proliferative phase) | 474 | ||
| Maturation phase (sometimes called the remodeling phase) | 474 | ||
| 23.6 Methods of wound management | 474 | ||
| 23.7 Primary (first intention) healing | 474 | ||
| Definition | 474 | ||
| Criteria for primary closure | 474 | ||
| Preparation of a wound for primary closure | 475 | ||
| Surgical debridement | 475 | ||
| Debridement by lavage | 475 | ||
| Solutions for lavage | 476 | ||
| Antiseptics added to lavage solutions | 476 | ||
| Povidone iodine (PI) | 476 | ||
| Chlorhexidine | 476 | ||
| Local anaesthesia | 476 | ||
| Options for wound closure | 476 | ||
| Drains | 476 | ||
| Disadvantages of drains | 478 | ||
| Skin tension | 478 | ||
| 23.8 Delayed primary closure (third intention healing) | 478 | ||
| 23.9 Delayed secondary closure | 479 | ||
| 23.10 Second intention healing | 479 | ||
| Wound expansion | 479 | ||
| Contraction | 479 | ||
| Epithelialization | 480 | ||
| Granulation tissue | 480 | ||
| 23.11 Skin grafting | 481 | ||
| Indications for grafting | 481 | ||
| Graft classification | 481 | ||
| Physiology of graft acceptance | 482 | ||
| Causes of graft failure | 482 | ||
| Fluid accumulation | 482 | ||
| Infection | 482 | ||
| Motion | 482 | ||
| Preparing the wound for grafting | 482 | ||
| Preparing the donor site | 482 | ||
| Sheet grafts | 482 | ||
| Full-thickness sheet grafts | 482 | ||
| Split-thickness sheet grafts | 483 | ||
| Meshing sheet grafts (Figure 23.12) | 484 | ||
| Techniques of applying sheet grafts | 484 | ||
| Acceptance and cosmesis | 485 | ||
| Island grafting | 485 | ||
| 1. Punch grafting | 485 | ||
| 2. Pinch grafts | 486 | ||
| 3. Tunnel grafting | 486 | ||
| 4. Aftercare of the donor site | 487 | ||
| 5. Aftercare of the recipient site | 487 | ||
| Allografts and xenografts | 487 | ||
| Storage of grafts | 487 | ||
| Further reading | 487 | ||
| 24 Sedation and anaesthesia | 489 | ||
| Contents | 489 | ||
| 24.1 Risks associated with equine anaesthesia | 489 | ||
| 24.2 Patient preparation | 489 | ||
| 24.3 Drugs used for sedation | 490 | ||
| Phenothiazines | 490 | ||
| Clinical use of acepromazine | 490 | ||
| Alpha2 adrenergic agonists | 490 | ||
| Clinical use of alpha2 agonists | 490 | ||
| Opioids | 490 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 490 | ||
| 24.4 Sedation of adult horses | 490 | ||
| Sedation using constant rate infusions (CRI) | 491 | ||
| 24.5 Sedation of foals | 491 | ||
| Benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam or midazolam [0.05–0.1 mg/kg i.v.]) | 491 | ||
| Benzodiazepine and ketamine | 491 | ||
| 24.6 Induction of general anaesthesia in adults | 491 | ||
| Induction regimens | 491 | ||
| Ketamine and an alpha2 agonist | 491 | ||
| Ketamine/benzodiazepine and an alpha2 agonist | 492 | ||
| Thiopental and an alpha2 agonist | 492 | ||
| Tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) and an alpha2 agonist | 492 | ||
| Guaiphenesin with thiopental or ketamine | 492 | ||
| Immobilon | 492 | ||
| 24.7 Prolonging anaesthesia with injectable drugs | 492 | ||
| 24.8 Total intravenous anaesthesia | 492 | ||
| 24.9 Inhalational anaesthesia | 493 | ||
| Advantages of inhalational anaesthetics | 493 | ||
| Disadvantages of inhalational anaesthetics | 493 | ||
| Recovery from inhalational anaesthesia | 493 | ||
| 24.10 Anaesthesia of foals | 493 | ||
| Induction with an inhalational anaesthetic | 493 | ||
| Induction with injectable anaesthetics | 493 | ||
| Maintenance of anaesthesia | 493 | ||
| 24.11 Analgesia | 494 | ||
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | 494 | ||
| Flunixin meglumine (0.25–1.1 mg/kg, i.v., q8–12 h) | 494 | ||
| Phenylbutazone (2.2–4.4 mg/kg, i.v., or per os, q12–24 h) | 494 | ||
| Ketoprofen (1–2 mg/kg, i.v.; q24 h) | 494 | ||
| Opioids | 494 | ||
| Morphine (0.1–0.3 mg/kg, i.m.; q4–6 h) | 494 | ||
| Butorphanol (0.02–0.04 mg/kg, i.v., i.m.; q2–4 h) | 494 | ||
| Meperidine (1–2 mg/kg, i.m.; q2–4 h) | 494 | ||
| Alpha2 agonists | 494 | ||
| Tramadol | 494 | ||
| Lidocaine infusions | 494 | ||
| Ketamine infusions | 494 | ||
| 24.12 Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia | 494 | ||
| Indications for epidural injections | 495 | ||
| Caudal epidural technique (See Figure 24.1) | 495 | ||
| Anterior (cranial) epidural technique | 496 | ||
| Drugs administered by the caudal epidural route | 496 | ||
| Local anaesthetics (e.g. lidocaine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine) | 496 | ||
| Alpha2 agonists (e.g. xylazine, detomidine) | 496 | ||
| Opioids (e.g. morphine, methadone, hydromorphone) | 496 | ||
| Tramadol | 496 | ||
| Ketamine | 496 | ||
| Doses and recommendations (see Table 24.1) | 496 | ||
| 24.13 Complications of general anaesthesia | 496 | ||
| Complications at induction | 496 | ||
| Intracarotid injection | 496 | ||
| Administration of the incorrect drug | 496 | ||
| Haematoma formation | 496 | ||
| Perivascular injections | 496 | ||
| Injury resulting from poor inductions | 497 | ||
| Intraoperative complications | 497 | ||
| Hypoxaemia | 497 | ||
| Hypotension | 497 | ||
| Hypercapnia | 497 | ||
| Postoperative complications | 497 | ||
| Myopathy (see Chapter 21) | 497 | ||
| Neuropathy | 497 | ||
| Further reading | 497 | ||
| 25 Equine diagnostic imaging | 499 | ||
| Contents | 499 | ||
| 25.1 Radiography | 499 | ||
| Introduction | 499 | ||
| Underlying physics | 499 | ||
| How are X-rays produced? | 499 | ||
| How do X-rays interact with matter? | 500 | ||
| How are X-rays registered and how is that transformed into an image? | 500 | ||
| What image parameters characterize a radiograph? | 500 | ||
| What can radiographs show? | 501 | ||
| When do we see changes in bone on radiographs? | 501 | ||
| How does an increase in bone production appear on radiographs? | 501 | ||
| How does a decrease in bone production appear on radiographs? | 501 | ||
| What can radiographs tell us about soft tissues? | 501 | ||
| Indications for radiography in the horse | 502 | ||
| Interpretation of radiographs | 502 | ||
| Pitfalls in radiographic interpretation | 502 | ||
| How to view radiographs? | 504 | ||
| How to assess radiographs? | 504 | ||
| Radiographic changes associated with musculoskeletal problems | 509 | ||
| Osteoarthritis (Figures 25.4, 25.6, 25.7) | 509 | ||
| Osteochondrosis (Figures 25.10, 25.11) | 510 | ||
| Infectious osteitis and osteoarthritis (Figure 25.1) | 510 | ||
| Enthesiopathies (Figures 25.5, 25.6) | 510 | ||
| (Sub)luxations (Figure 25.13) | 510 | ||
| Fractures | 510 | ||
| Advantages/disadvantages of radiography | 516 | ||
| Advantages | 516 | ||
| Disadvantages | 516 | ||
| Radiography and radiographic anatomy | 516 | ||
| Patient preparation | 516 | ||
| Radiographic projections | 516 | ||
| Exposure settings | 518 | ||
| Exposure adjustment | 518 | ||
| Focus–film distance | 519 | ||
| Labelling of cassettes | 519 | ||
| Scatter reduction | 519 | ||
| Radiography of the different anatomical regions | 519 | ||
| The foot | 519 | ||
| Indication | 519 | ||
| Equipment | 519 | ||
| Preparation | 519 | ||
| Radiographic projections | 519 | ||
| Radiographic technique | 519 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy | 522 | ||
| Radiopathology | 524 | ||
| The fetlock | 527 | ||
| Indication | 527 | ||
| Equipment | 527 | ||
| Preparation | 527 | ||
| Radiographic projections | 527 | ||
| Technique | 528 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy | 529 | ||
| Radiopathology | 531 | ||
| Carpus | 533 | ||
| Indications | 533 | ||
| Equipment | 533 | ||
| Preparation | 534 | ||
| Radiographic projections | 534 | ||
| Technique | 534 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy (Figures 25.51 to 25.54) | 534 | ||
| Radiopathology | 535 | ||
| The elbow | 537 | ||
| Indication | 537 | ||
| Equipment | 538 | ||
| Projections (mediolateral and cranio-caudal) – technique | 538 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy | 538 | ||
| Radiopathology | 538 | ||
| The shoulder | 539 | ||
| Indication | 539 | ||
| Equipment | 539 | ||
| Projections | 539 | ||
| Technique | 539 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy | 539 | ||
| Radiopathology | 539 | ||
| The tarsus | 540 | ||
| Indications | 540 | ||
| Equipment | 540 | ||
| Preparation | 540 | ||
| Radiographic projections (Figures 25.59 to 25.62) | 540 | ||
| Technique | 541 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy (Figures 25.59 to 25.62) | 542 | ||
| Radiopathology | 543 | ||
| The stifle | 543 | ||
| Indications | 543 | ||
| Equipment | 543 | ||
| Preparation | 544 | ||
| Radiographic projections | 544 | ||
| Technique | 544 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy | 544 | ||
| Radiopathology | 544 | ||
| The pelvis | 545 | ||
| Indications | 545 | ||
| Equipment | 545 | ||
| Projections | 545 | ||
| Technique | 546 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy | 546 | ||
| Radiopathology | 546 | ||
| The head | 547 | ||
| Indications | 547 | ||
| Equipment | 547 | ||
| Projections | 547 | ||
| Technique | 547 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy | 548 | ||
| Radiopathology | 548 | ||
| The thorax | 549 | ||
| Indications | 549 | ||
| Equipment | 549 | ||
| Projections | 549 | ||
| Technique | 549 | ||
| Evaluating the quality of the radiograph | 549 | ||
| Radiopathology | 549 | ||
| The neck | 550 | ||
| Indication | 550 | ||
| Equipment | 550 | ||
| Projections | 550 | ||
| Technique | 550 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy | 550 | ||
| Radiopathology | 550 | ||
| Myelography | 551 | ||
| The back | 551 | ||
| Indication | 551 | ||
| Equipment | 551 | ||
| Projections | 551 | ||
| Technique | 551 | ||
| Radiographic anatomy | 551 | ||
| Radiopathology | 551 | ||
| 25.2 Ultrasonography | 552 | ||
| Introduction | 552 | ||
| Ultrasound physics | 552 | ||
| Indications in the horse | 552 | ||
| Orthopaedic applications (see Chapter 15) | 552 | ||
| Non-orthopaedic applications (see Chapters 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 14) | 552 | ||
| Procedure | 553 | ||
| Interpretation | 553 | ||
| Ultrasonographic parameters. | 553 | ||
| Terminology | 553 | ||
| Tissue characteristics | 553 | ||
| Common artefacts | 553 | ||
| Advantages/disadvantages of ultrasonography | 554 | ||
| Advantages | 554 | ||
| Disadvantages | 554 | ||
| 25.3 Scintigraphy | 554 | ||
| Introduction | 554 | ||
| Underlying principle | 554 | ||
| Choice of radiopharmaceutical and dose | 554 | ||
| Detection of radiation and image formation | 554 | ||
| Indications in the horse | 554 | ||
| Procedure | 555 | ||
| Interpretation | 555 | ||
| Advantages/disadvantages of scintigraphy | 556 | ||
| Advantages | 556 | ||
| Disadvantages | 556 | ||
| 25.4 Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | 556 | ||
| Computed tomography (CT) | 556 | ||
| Underlying principle | 556 | ||
| Interpretation | 556 | ||
| Indications in the horse | 556 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | 558 | ||
| History | 558 | ||
| Underlying principle | 558 | ||
| Advantages/disadvantages of MRI | 558 | ||
| Indications in the horse | 558 | ||
| Further reading | 559 | ||
| Radiography and radiology | 559 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 559 | ||
| Scintigraphy | 559 | ||
| CT and MRI | 559 | ||
| Radiation safety | 559 | ||
| 26 Common problems and techniques in equine critical care | 561 | ||
| Contents | 561 | ||
| 26.1 Principles of fluid therapy | 561 | ||
| Reasons to administer fluids | 561 | ||
| Components of a fluid plan | 562 | ||
| Fluid volume | 562 | ||
| Type of fluid | 562 | ||
| Route of fluid administration | 563 | ||
| Rate of fluid administration | 563 | ||
| Management of common electrolyte and acid–base disturbances | 564 | ||
| Sodium derangements | 564 | ||
| Hyponatraemia | 564 | ||
| Hypernatraemia | 564 | ||
| Potassium derangements | 565 | ||
| Hypokalaemia | 565 | ||
| Hyperkalaemia | 565 | ||
| Other electrolyte derangements | 565 | ||
| Hypocalcaemia | 565 | ||
| Hypomagnesaemia | 565 | ||
| Metabolic acidosis | 565 | ||
| Metabolic alkalosis | 565 | ||
| Fluid therapy in neonatal foals: special considerations | 565 | ||
| 26.2 Pathophysiology and management of shock | 565 | ||
| Definition of shock | 565 | ||
| Pathophysiology of shock | 566 | ||
| Classifications and types of shock | 566 | ||
| Hypovolaemic shock | 566 | ||
| Cardiogenic shock | 566 | ||
| Distributive shock | 566 | ||
| Sepsis | 566 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 566 | ||
| Obstructive shock | 566 | ||
| Metabolic shock | 567 | ||
| Stages of shock | 567 | ||
| Stage I: Compensated (also known as hyperdynamic) shock | 567 | ||
| Stage II: Early decompensated shock | 567 | ||
| Stage III: Late decompensated (also known as irreversible) shock | 567 | ||
| Management of shock | 567 | ||
| Therapies directed at restoring cardiac output | 567 | ||
| Therapies directed at maximizing the oxygen content in the blood | 568 | ||
| Therapies directed at correcting the underlying disease | 568 | ||
| Monitoring | 568 | ||
| 26.3 Administration of blood products in equine critical care | 568 | ||
| Commonly used blood products | 568 | ||
| Plasma | 568 | ||
| Whole blood | 568 | ||
| Products used in specific circumstances | 569 | ||
| Blood transfusions | 569 | ||
| Indications for blood transfusion | 569 | ||
| General considerations for whole blood transfusion | 569 | ||
| Whole blood collection and administration | 569 | ||
| Supportive care and other management considerations in the anaemic patient | 571 | ||
| Treatment of the underlying cause | 571 | ||
| Plasma transfusions | 571 | ||
| Indications for plasma transfusion | 571 | ||
| Plasma and serum products | 571 | ||
| Fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) | 571 | ||
| Fresh plasma (FP) | 571 | ||
| High-gammaglobulin plasma | 572 | ||
| Hyperimmune plasma and serum | 572 | ||
| Administration and monitoring | 572 | ||
| Alternatives to plasma – synthetic colloids | 572 | ||
| 26.4 Nutritional support in the critically ill horse and foal | 572 | ||
| Introduction and key points | 572 | ||
| Nutritional requirements | 572 | ||
| Enteral nutrition | 572 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 573 | ||
| Circumstances necessitating parenteral nutrition | 573 | ||
| Types of parenteral nutrition | 573 | ||
| Intravenous fluids containing dextrose | 573 | ||
| Partial parenteral nutrition (PPN) | 573 | ||
| Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) | 573 | ||
| Important considerations in the administration of parenteral nutrition | 573 | ||
| Preparation and administration | 573 | ||
| Rate of administration | 573 | ||
| Monitoring and complications | 574 | ||
| Some other potential complications | 574 | ||
| Nutrition in the sick foal: special considerations | 574 | ||
| 26.5 Evaluation and management of the sick neonatal foal | 574 | ||
| Introduction | 574 | ||
| Evaluation of the neonatal foal | 574 | ||
| History | 574 | ||
| Physical examination | 574 | ||
| Ancillary diagnostics | 575 | ||
| Stabilization and management of the sick neonatal foal | 576 | ||
| General supportive/nursing care | 577 | ||
| Gastric ulcer prophylaxis | 577 | ||
| Additional management | 577 | ||
| Colic | 577 | ||
| Respiratory disease | 577 | ||
| Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) | 577 | ||
| Neonatal encephalopathy | 577 | ||
| Septic arthritis/septic physitis | 577 | ||
| 26.6 Management of acute respiratory distress (See also Chapters 5 and 6) | 578 | ||
| Causes of respiratory distress | 578 | ||
| Index | 585 | ||
| A | 585 | ||
| B | 587 | ||
| C | 587 | ||
| D | 589 | ||
| E | 590 | ||
| F | 591 | ||
| G | 592 | ||
| H | 593 | ||
| I | 594 | ||
| J | 595 | ||
| K | 595 | ||
| L | 595 | ||
| M | 596 | ||
| N | 597 | ||
| O | 597 | ||
| P | 598 | ||
| Q | 600 | ||
| R | 600 | ||
| S | 601 | ||
| T | 603 | ||
| U | 604 | ||
| V | 605 | ||
| W | 605 | ||
| X | 606 | ||
| Y | 606 | ||
| Z | 606 |