BOOK
Antenatal Consults: A Guide for Neonatologists and Paediatricians - E-Book
Mark Davies | Garry Inglis | Luke Jardine | Pieter Koorts
(2012)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This book informs the multidisciplinary team (including maternity staff, obstetricians and materno-foetal medicine specialists) which counsel parents expecting a foetus at risk. It contains concise chapters contributed by numerous neonatal specialists in Australia. It is also useful to Midwifery, Nursing and Allied Health staff that care for mothers and babies.
The chapters cover the most common reasons for an antenatal consultation. This will range from the baby that is threatening to deliver prematurely or is severely growth restricted to those with significant abnormalities such as congenital heart disease, spina bifida or gastroschisis, etc.
- This handbook deals with the issues presented in a concise manner.
- Material is suitable for all multidisciplinary clinical markets.
- Definitions of pathologies and conditions provided in each chapter.
- Strengths with possible “problems expected at birth with advice on how to manage them are presented.
- Logical outline of management.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Antenatal Consults: A Guide for Neonatologists and Paediatricians | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| List of Authors | xi | ||
| List of Contributors | xiii | ||
| List of Reviewers | xviii | ||
| Preface | xix | ||
| 1 General Principles | 1 | ||
| 1 The Antenatal Consult | 1 | ||
| The Nature of Antenatal Consultations | 1 | ||
| Common Points for Discussion | 6 | ||
| To Deliver or Not Deliver? | 6 | ||
| Non-initiation of Life Support | 7 | ||
| Reference | 8 | ||
| Further Reading | 8 | ||
| 2 Conditions that Require Palliative Care | 9 | ||
| Congenital Malformations | 9 | ||
| Options Available to Families | 9 | ||
| Steps in Creating a Birth Plan | 10 | ||
| Bereavement Follow-Up | 11 | ||
| Extreme Prematurity | 12 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| 2 Prematurity | 13 | ||
| 3 Preterm Delivery at 22 Weeks Gestational Age | 13 | ||
| Management–Antenatal | 13 | ||
| Immediate Postnatal Management | 14 | ||
| Hospital Stay | 14 | ||
| Long-Term Outcome | 15 | ||
| Recurrence | 15 | ||
| References | 15 | ||
| 4 Preterm Delivery at 23 Weeks Gestational Age | 16 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 16 | ||
| Immediate Postnatal Management | 16 | ||
| Hospital Stay | 17 | ||
| Long-Term Outcome | 18 | ||
| Recurrence | 18 | ||
| References | 18 | ||
| 5 Preterm Delivery at 24 Weeks Gestational Age | 19 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 19 | ||
| Immediate Postnatal Management | 19 | ||
| Hospital Stay | 20 | ||
| Long-Term Outcome | 21 | ||
| Recurrence | 22 | ||
| References | 22 | ||
| 6 Preterm Delivery at 25 Weeks Gestational Age | 23 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 23 | ||
| Immediate Postnatal Management | 23 | ||
| Hospital Stay | 24 | ||
| Long-Term Outcome | 25 | ||
| Recurrence | 25 | ||
| References | 26 | ||
| 7 Preterm Delivery at 26 Weeks Gestational Age | 27 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 27 | ||
| Immediate Postnatal Management | 27 | ||
| Hospital Stay | 28 | ||
| Long-Term Outcome | 29 | ||
| Recurrence | 29 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| 8 Preterm Delivery at 27 Weeks Gestational Age | 30 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 30 | ||
| Immediate Postnatal Management | 30 | ||
| Hospital Stay | 31 | ||
| Long-Term Outcome | 32 | ||
| Recurrence | 32 | ||
| References | 32 | ||
| 9 Preterm Delivery at 28–32 Weeks Gestational Age | 33 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 33 | ||
| Immediate Postnatal Management | 34 | ||
| Survival And Hospital Stay | 34 | ||
| Long-Term Outcome | 36 | ||
| Recurrence | 36 | ||
| References | 36 | ||
| 10 Morbidity and Mortality Statistics for Births at Less Than 32 Weeks Gestational Age | 37 | ||
| Survival | 37 | ||
| Morbidity | 37 | ||
| Long-Term Outcome | 45 | ||
| 3 Non-Specific Antenatal Findings | 47 | ||
| 11 Reduced Liquor Volumes | 47 | ||
| Definition | 47 | ||
| Incidence | 47 | ||
| Causes | 47 | ||
| Maternal Causes | 48 | ||
| Obstetric Complications | 48 | ||
| Fetal Anomalies | 48 | ||
| Idiopathic | 48 | ||
| Timing of Onset | 48 | ||
| Consequences | 49 | ||
| Timing of Onset | 50 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 50 | ||
| Pre-Labour Rupture of Membranes | 51 | ||
| Fetal Anomaly | 51 | ||
| Uteroplacental Insufficiency | 52 | ||
| Maternal Dehydration | 52 | ||
| Idiopathic Isolated Oligohydramnios | 52 | ||
| Post-Term Pregnancy Beyond 40 Weeks | 52 | ||
| Postnatal Management | 52 | ||
| Ethics | 53 | ||
| References | 58 | ||
| Further Reading | 59 | ||
| 12 Polyhydramnios | 60 | ||
| Incidence | 60 | ||
| Causes | 60 | ||
| Idiopathic | 61 | ||
| Maternal | 61 | ||
| Obstetric Complications | 61 | ||
| Placental Pathology | 61 | ||
| Fetal Growth | 61 | ||
| Fetal Anomalies | 61 | ||
| Fetal Medical Conditions | 62 | ||
| Timing of Onset | 62 | ||
| Complications | 62 | ||
| Antenatal Management | 63 | ||
| Neonatal Management | 65 | ||
| References | 66 | ||
| 13 Hydrops | 67 | ||
| Prevalence | 67 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Aetiology | 67 | ||
| Consequences | 69 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 71 | ||
| Delivery | 72 | ||
| Management—postnatal | 72 | ||
| References | 73 | ||
| Further Reading | 73 | ||
| 4 Maternal Disorders that Affect the Fetus | 75 | ||
| 14 Maternal Diabetes Mellitus | 75 | ||
| Prevalence | 75 | ||
| Preconception Counselling | 75 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 76 | ||
| Physiology of Glucose Metabolism in Pregnancy | 76 | ||
| Fetal and Neonatal Effects of Pre-Existing Diabetes | 76 | ||
| Early Pregnancy Effects | 77 | ||
| Late Pregnancy Fetal and Neonatal Effects | 77 | ||
| Long-Term Effects | 78 | ||
| Fetal and Neonatal Effects of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | 78 | ||
| Delivery | 78 | ||
| Postnatal Care | 79 | ||
| References | 79 | ||
| Further Reading | 80 | ||
| 15 Maternal Thyroid Disease | 81 | ||
| Maternal Hyperthyroidism | 81 | ||
| Definition | 81 | ||
| Aetiology | 81 | ||
| Prevalence | 81 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 81 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 81 | ||
| Consequences | 81 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 82 | ||
| Management—Labour / Delivery / Immediate Postnatal Management | 82 | ||
| Postnatal Management | 83 | ||
| Recurrence | 83 | ||
| Maternal Hypothyroidism | 83 | ||
| Definition | 83 | ||
| Aetiology | 84 | ||
| Prevalence | 84 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 84 | ||
| Consequences | 84 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 85 | ||
| Management—Labour / Delivery / Immediate Postnatal Management | 85 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 85 | ||
| Recurrence | 85 | ||
| References | 85 | ||
| 5 Infection | 87 | ||
| 16 Cytomegalovirus | 87 | ||
| Epidemiology | 87 | ||
| Congenital Cytomegalovirus | 87 | ||
| Outcome | 88 | ||
| Diagnosis | 88 | ||
| Maternal | 88 | ||
| Fetal | 88 | ||
| 6 Multiple Pregnancy and Growth Problems | 123 | ||
| 23 Multiple Pregnancy | 123 | ||
| Pathophysiology—Zygosity, Chorionicity and Amnionicity | 123 | ||
| Significance | 124 | ||
| Monoamniotic Pregnancies | 124 | ||
| Twin-To-Twin Transfusion Syndrome | 124 | ||
| Selective Fetal Growth Restriction | 124 | ||
| Twin Anaemia-Polycythaemia Sequence | 125 | ||
| Discordant Fetal Abnormality | 126 | ||
| Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) | 126 | ||
| Single Twin Death | 126 | ||
| Conjoined Twins | 127 | ||
| Preterm Birth and Multiple Pregnancy | 127 | ||
| Fetal Growth Restriction and Multiple Pregnancy | 128 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 128 | ||
| Labour and Delivery | 129 | ||
| Postnatal Management | 129 | ||
| Ethics | 130 | ||
| References | 130 | ||
| Further Reading | 130 | ||
| 24 Twin-To-Twin Transfusion Syndrome | 131 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 131 | ||
| Significance | 131 | ||
| Associated Complications | 131 | ||
| Management | 132 | ||
| Antenatal | 132 | ||
| Labour and Delivery | 132 | ||
| Neonatal and Long-Term Outcomes | 133 | ||
| Ethics | 133 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| 25 Intrauterine Growth Restriction | 134 | ||
| Causes of Intrauterine Growth Restriction | 134 | ||
| Placental Insufficiency | 136 | ||
| Consequences | 136 | ||
| Short-Term Risks to the Fetus or Infant | 136 | ||
| Long-Term Risks Following Intrauterine Growth Restriction | 137 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 138 | ||
| Fetal Surveillance | 138 | ||
| Decision to Deliver | 139 | ||
| Delivery | 140 | ||
| Postnatal Management | 140 | ||
| Recurrence Rate | 141 | ||
| References | 141 | ||
| 7 Alloimmune Problems | 145 | ||
| 26 Red Cell Alloimmunisation Haemolytic Disease | 145 | ||
| Aetiology | 145 | ||
| Prevalence | 145 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 145 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 146 | ||
| Consequences | 146 | ||
| Fetus | 146 | ||
| Neonate | 146 | ||
| Management | 146 | ||
| Antenatal—Detection of Pregnancies at Risk | 146 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 147 | ||
| Management—Labour and Delivery | 147 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 147 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 147 | ||
| Recurrence | 148 | ||
| Ethics | 148 | ||
| Further Reading | 148 | ||
| 27 Fetomaternal Alloimmune Thrombocytopaenia (FMAIT) | 149 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 149 | ||
| Epidemiology | 150 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 150 | ||
| Consequences | 150 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 150 | ||
| Management—Labour / Delivery | 151 | ||
| Neonatal Management | 151 | ||
| Recurrence | 151 | ||
| Further Reading | 152 | ||
| 8 Aneuploidy | 153 | ||
| 28 Down Syndrome | 153 | ||
| Aetiology | 153 | ||
| Epidemiology | 153 | ||
| Prenatal Testing | 154 | ||
| Screening | 154 | ||
| Diagnosis | 155 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 155 | ||
| Associated Findings | 155 | ||
| Consequences | 156 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 157 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 157 | ||
| Management—Labour and Delivery | 157 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 157 | ||
| Recurrence | 158 | ||
| Ethics | 158 | ||
| Further Reading | 159 | ||
| 29 Patau and Edwards Syndromes | 160 | ||
| Patau Syndrome | 160 | ||
| Aetiology | 160 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 160 | ||
| Consequences | 160 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 161 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 161 | ||
| Recurrence Risk | 161 | ||
| Edwards Syndrome | 161 | ||
| Aetiology | 161 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 162 | ||
| Consequences | 162 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 162 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 162 | ||
| Recurrence Risk | 162 | ||
| Ethics | 163 | ||
| Further Reading | 163 | ||
| 9 Lung Problems | 165 | ||
| 30 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia | 165 | ||
| Aetiology/Pathophysiology/Embryology | 165 | ||
| Prevalence | 165 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 166 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 166 | ||
| Consequences | 166 | ||
| Mortality | 166 | ||
| Morbidity | 166 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 167 | ||
| Management—Labour / Delivery / Immediate Postnatal Management | 168 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 169 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 169 | ||
| Recurrence | 170 | ||
| Ethics | 170 | ||
| References | 170 | ||
| Further Reading | 170 | ||
| 31 Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation | 171 | ||
| Aetiology | 171 | ||
| Prevalence | 171 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 171 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 172 | ||
| Consequences | 172 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 173 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 173 | ||
| References | 175 | ||
| Further Reading | 175 | ||
| 10 Cardiac Problems | 177 | ||
| 32 Congenital Heart Disease in the Fetus | 177 | ||
| Aetiology | 177 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 177 | ||
| Counselling—Antenatal | 178 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 181 | ||
| Reference | 181 | ||
| Further Reading | 181 | ||
| 33 Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) Abnormalities | 182 | ||
| Conditions | 182 | ||
| Aetiology / Pathophysiology / Embryology | 182 | ||
| Prevalence | 183 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 184 | ||
| Consequences | 184 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 184 | ||
| Management—labour / Delivery / Immediate Postnatal | 184 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 185 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 185 | ||
| Recurrence | 186 | ||
| References | 186 | ||
| Further Reading | 186 | ||
| 34 Transposition of the Great Arteries | 187 | ||
| Incidence | 187 | ||
| Associated Anomalies | 187 | ||
| Aetiology | 187 | ||
| Consequences | 187 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 188 | ||
| Management—postnatal | 189 | ||
| Recurrence | 189 | ||
| References | 189 | ||
| Further Reading | 190 | ||
| 35 Hypoplastic Left-Heart Syndrome | 191 | ||
| Incidence | 191 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Aetiology | 191 | ||
| Associated Findings | 191 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 192 | ||
| Prognosis | 193 | ||
| Recurrence Risk | 193 | ||
| Treatment Options | 193 | ||
| Ethics | 194 | ||
| Aspects of Counselling | 194 | ||
| References | 195 | ||
| Further Reading | 195 | ||
| 36 Other Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) Abnormalities | 196 | ||
| Incidence | 196 | ||
| Aetiology / Pathophysiology / Embryology | 196 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 198 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 198 | ||
| Consequences | 198 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 199 | ||
| Management—labour / Delivery / Immediate Postnatal | 199 | ||
| Management—postnatal | 199 | ||
| Ethics | 200 | ||
| Reference | 200 | ||
| Further Reading | 200 | ||
| 37 Fetal Arrhythmias | 201 | ||
| Bradycardia | 201 | ||
| Aetiology | 201 | ||
| Consequences | 202 | ||
| Management | 202 | ||
| Antenatal Management | 202 | ||
| Post Delivery | 203 | ||
| Outcomes | 204 | ||
| Recurrence | 204 | ||
| Tachycardia | 204 | ||
| Associations | 205 | ||
| Consequences | 205 | ||
| Antenatal Management | 206 | ||
| Postnatal Management | 207 | ||
| Recurrence | 207 | ||
| Ethics | 207 | ||
| References | 207 | ||
| 11 Gut Problems | 209 | ||
| 38 Gastroschisis | 209 | ||
| Antenatal Diagnosis | 209 | ||
| Delivery | 209 | ||
| Problems Expected at Birth | 209 | ||
| Early Neonatal Management | 210 | ||
| Subsequent Management | 212 | ||
| The Parents Also Need to Know | 212 | ||
| Recurrence | 213 | ||
| Further Reading | 213 | ||
| 39 Omphalocoele | 214 | ||
| Classification | 214 | ||
| Aetiology/Pathophysiology/Embryology | 214 | ||
| Prevalence | 214 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 214 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 215 | ||
| Consequences | 215 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 216 | ||
| Management—Labour/Delivery/Immediate Postnatal Management | 216 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 216 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 216 | ||
| Recurrence | 217 | ||
| Ethics | 217 | ||
| Further Reading | 217 | ||
| 40 Oesophageal Atresia and Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula | 218 | ||
| Embryology | 218 | ||
| Prevalence | 218 | ||
| Associated Anomalies | 218 | ||
| Consequences | 220 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 220 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 220 | ||
| Management—Immediate Postnatal | 220 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 221 | ||
| Recurrence | 222 | ||
| Further Reading | 222 | ||
| 41 Other Gut Atresias | 223 | ||
| Embryology | 223 | ||
| Incidence | 225 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 225 | ||
| Antenatal Presentation | 225 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 225 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 226 | ||
| Management—Surgical | 227 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 227 | ||
| Complications | 227 | ||
| Prognosis | 228 | ||
| Recurrence | 228 | ||
| Further Reading | 228 | ||
| 42 Echogenic Bowel | 229 | ||
| Prevalence | 229 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 229 | ||
| Associated Findings | 229 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 231 | ||
| Further Reading | 231 | ||
| 12 Renal Tract Problems | 233 | ||
| 43 Developmental Kidney Disorders | 233 | ||
| Epidemiology | 233 | ||
| Embryology | 233 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Consequences | 234 | ||
| Disorders of Induction | 234 | ||
| Disorders of ascent | 235 | ||
| Bladder abnormalities | 235 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 235 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 236 | ||
| Management—labour / Delivery / Immediate Postnatal Management | 236 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 237 | ||
| Recurrence | 237 | ||
| Ethics | 237 | ||
| References | 237 | ||
| Further Reading | 238 | ||
| 44 Dilated Renal Pelvis | 239 | ||
| Definition | 239 | ||
| Prevalence | 239 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 239 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 240 | ||
| Investigations | 240 | ||
| Consequences | 240 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 240 | ||
| Management—labour / Delivery / Immediate Postnatal Management | 240 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 241 | ||
| Recurrence | 241 | ||
| Further Reading | 241 | ||
| 45 Dilated Bladder | 242 | ||
| Definition of Dilated Bladder | 242 | ||
| Epidemiology | 242 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 242 | ||
| Significance | 243 | ||
| 13 Neurological Problems | 247 | ||
| 46 Dandy-Walker Complex | 247 | ||
| Prevalence | 247 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 247 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 247 | ||
| Investigations | 249 | ||
| Prognosis | 249 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 250 | ||
| Post Delivery | 250 | ||
| Ethics | 251 | ||
| Recurrence | 251 | ||
| References | 251 | ||
| Further Reading | 251 | ||
| 47 Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum | 252 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 252 | ||
| Aetiology | 252 | ||
| Prevalence | 253 | ||
| Prognosis of Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum | 253 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 254 | ||
| Management—Labour / Delivery / Immediate Postnatal | 254 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 254 | ||
| Long-Term Follow-Up | 254 | ||
| Ethics | 255 | ||
| Recurrence | 255 | ||
| Reference | 255 | ||
| Further Reading | 255 | ||
| 48 Ventriculomegaly | 256 | ||
| Prevalence | 256 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 256 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 256 | ||
| Investigations | 258 | ||
| Prognosis | 258 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 258 | ||
| Management—Postnatal | 259 | ||
| Recurrence | 260 | ||
| References | 260 | ||
| 49 Neural Tube Defects | 261 | ||
| Aetiology / Pathophysiology / Embryology | 261 | ||
| Prevalence | 262 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities—Spina Bifida | 263 | ||
| Consequences | 263 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 264 | ||
| Management—Labour | 264 | ||
| Management—Immediate Postnatal Care | 264 | ||
| Meningocoeles and Myelomeningocoeles | 264 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 265 | ||
| Renal | 266 | ||
| Bowel | 266 | ||
| Orthopaedic | 266 | ||
| Management—Long Term | 266 | ||
| Recurrence | 267 | ||
| Ethics | 267 | ||
| References | 267 | ||
| Further Reading | 267 | ||
| 50 Cerebellar Hypoplasia | 268 | ||
| Prevalence | 268 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 268 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 269 | ||
| Investigations | 269 | ||
| Consequences | 269 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 270 | ||
| Management—postnatal | 270 | ||
| Recurrence | 271 | ||
| Further Reading | 271 | ||
| 14 Musculoskeletal Problems | 273 | ||
| 51 Skeletal Dysplasias | 273 | ||
| Management—Antenatal | 273 | ||
| Management of Patients with Presumed Lethal Skeletal Dysplasias | 274 | ||
| Management of Patients with Presumed Non-Lethal Skeletal Dysplasias | 274 | ||
| References | 279 | ||
| Further Reading | 280 | ||
| 52 Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot) | 281 | ||
| Epidemiology | 281 | ||
| Deformities | 281 | ||
| Causes | 281 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 282 | ||
| Antenatal Management | 282 | ||
| Management—postnatal | 282 | ||
| Management of isolated clubfoot | 283 | ||
| Consequences | 283 | ||
| Other Consults | 284 | ||
| Ethics | 284 | ||
| References | 284 | ||
| 53 Fetal Dyskinesia (Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita) | 285 | ||
| Definition | 285 | ||
| Prevalence | 285 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 285 | ||
| Assessment | 287 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities in Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita | 288 | ||
| Labour and Delivery | 288 | ||
| Postnatal Management | 288 | ||
| Other Consults | 290 | ||
| Recurrence | 290 | ||
| Outcome | 290 | ||
| Further Reading | 290 | ||
| 15 Tumours | 293 | ||
| 54 Cystic Hygroma | 293 | ||
| Embryology and Pathology | 293 | ||
| Aetiology | 293 | ||
| Prevalence | 293 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 293 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 294 | ||
| Antenatal Investigations | 294 | ||
| Imaging | 294 | ||
| Combined First Trimester Screening Test | 295 | ||
| Amniocentesis | 295 | ||
| Consequences | 295 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 296 | ||
| Management—intrapartum | 296 | ||
| Management—immediate Postnatal | 296 | ||
| Management—postnatal | 296 | ||
| Expectant Management | 296 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 297 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 297 | ||
| Other Treatments | 297 | ||
| Recurrence | 297 | ||
| Further Reading | 297 | ||
| 55 Teratomas—Sacrococcygeal and Neck | 298 | ||
| Aetiology / Pathophysiology / Embryology | 298 | ||
| Prevalence | 298 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 298 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 299 | ||
| Consequences | 299 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 300 | ||
| Management—labour / Delivery / Immediate Postnatal Management | 301 | ||
| Other Consults Required | 301 | ||
| Management—postnatal | 301 | ||
| Recurrence | 302 | ||
| Ethics | 302 | ||
| Further Reading | 303 | ||
| 16 Facial Clefts | 305 | ||
| 56 Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate | 305 | ||
| Diagnosis | 305 | ||
| Aetiology | 305 | ||
| Prevalence | 306 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 306 | ||
| Associated Abnormalities | 306 | ||
| Investigations | 307 | ||
| Potential Consequences | 307 | ||
| Management—antenatal | 307 | ||
| Management—immediate Postnatal | 308 | ||
| Management—long Term | 308 | ||
| Recurrence | 309 | ||
| Further Reading | 310 | ||
| INDEX | 311 | ||
| A | 311 | ||
| B | 312 | ||
| C | 312 | ||
| D | 314 | ||
| E | 315 | ||
| F | 315 | ||
| G | 315 | ||
| H | 316 | ||
| I | 317 | ||
| J | 318 | ||
| K | 318 | ||
| L | 318 | ||
| M | 318 | ||
| N | 319 | ||
| O | 319 | ||
| P | 319 | ||
| R | 321 | ||
| S | 322 | ||
| T | 322 | ||
| U | 323 | ||
| V | 323 | ||
| Z | 324 |