Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This E-book provides an easy-to-read introduction to the basic principles of sports medicine for people of all sporting backgrounds and interests. It gives readers practical knowledge in areas such as injury prevention, injury management, crisis management techniques and optimising performance. Topics covered include: management of common sporting injuries; how to conduct warm up, stretching and cool down sessions; using taping to prevent or reduce severity of injuries; and principles of sports nutrition. Examples are drawn from a wide variety of sports. Developed by Sports Medicine Australia, it provides you with the information you need to help athletes prevent injuries, to reduce the severity of injuries that occur, and to prevent injuries from re-occurring.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Logos page | iii | ||
| Sports Medicine for Sports Trainers, 10/e | v | ||
| Copyright Page | vi | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Editor’s Note and Acknowledgements | ix | ||
| Picture credits | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| Introduction | xv | ||
| About this book | xv | ||
| Sports Medicine Australia Safer Sport Program | xv | ||
| The SMA Safer Sport Program and the Australian Qualifications Framework | xv | ||
| Recognition of prior learning (RPL) | xv | ||
| Applying for recognition of prior learning | xvi | ||
| Career prospects | xvi | ||
| One The sports trainer in action | 1 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 2 | ||
| What is a sports trainer? | 2 | ||
| Sports trainers and the law | 3 | ||
| Consent | 3 | ||
| Duty of care | 3 | ||
| Negligence | 3 | ||
| Scope of practice | 3 | ||
| Restricted practices | 4 | ||
| Insurance | 4 | ||
| Safety, health and wellbeing | 4 | ||
| Physical health and fitness | 4 | ||
| Sun protection | 4 | ||
| Obstructed, slippery or untidy working areas | 5 | ||
| Serviceability of and faulty sports medicine equipment and incorrect storage | 5 | ||
| Relationships with other health care professionals | 5 | ||
| The sports trainer and professionalism | 6 | ||
| Professional conduct | 6 | ||
| Dress and presentation | 6 | ||
| Communication skills | 6 | ||
| Hand signals and other non-verbal communication | 6 | ||
| Assistance required | 7 | ||
| Unconscious athlete | 7 | ||
| Athlete not breathing | 7 | ||
| Suspected spinal injury | 7 | ||
| Stretcher required | 7 | ||
| Additional first aid supplies required | 7 | ||
| Removing an athlete from play | 8 | ||
| Sports trainer continuing education and development | 8 | ||
| Sports trainer equipment | 8 | ||
| Documentation for sports trainers | 8 | ||
| Injury report form | 9 | ||
| Why use an injury report form? | 9 | ||
| Athlete medical profile forms | 9 | ||
| Why use a medical profile form? | 9 | ||
| Equity issues in sport | 9 | ||
| What is fair discrimination? | 10 | ||
| What is unlawful discrimination? | 10 | ||
| Sports trainer code of ethics | 11 | ||
| Two Functional musculoskeletal anatomy | 13 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 13 | ||
| Introduction | 14 | ||
| Anatomical terminology | 14 | ||
| Description of anatomical movements | 14 | ||
| The skeletal system | 14 | ||
| Structure of bone | 15 | ||
| The major bones of the skeleton | 17 | ||
| Injuries to bone | 17 | ||
| Joints | 17 | ||
| Classification of joints | 17 | ||
| Saddle joint | 17 | ||
| Hinge joint | 17 | ||
| Plane joint | 18 | ||
| Ellipsoid joint | 18 | ||
| Ball-and-socket joint | 18 | ||
| Condyloid joint | 18 | ||
| Pivot joint | 18 | ||
| Structure of joints | 18 | ||
| Injuries to joints | 18 | ||
| Ligaments | 18 | ||
| Injuries to ligaments | 19 | ||
| The muscular system | 19 | ||
| Function of skeletal muscle | 19 | ||
| Structure of skeletal muscle | 20 | ||
| Muscle contraction | 20 | ||
| Injuries to skeletal muscle | 21 | ||
| Tendons | 21 | ||
| Function of tendons | 21 | ||
| Common injuries to tendons | 21 | ||
| Bursae | 21 | ||
| Common injuries to bursae | 22 | ||
| Three Preventing sports injuries | 23 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 23 | ||
| Introduction | 24 | ||
| General injury prevention principles | 24 | ||
| Sports injury surveillance | 24 | ||
| Medical emergency planning | 24 | ||
| Extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors for injury | 25 | ||
| The sporting environment | 25 | ||
| Warm-up and injury prevention programs | 25 | ||
| Warm-up | 25 | ||
| Planning a warm-up – general principles and other considerations | 26 | ||
| Components of the warm-up | 26 | ||
| Maintaining flexibility and keeping warm during an event | 28 | ||
| Injury prevention programs | 28 | ||
| Stretching and flexibility | 29 | ||
| When and how to stretch | 29 | ||
| Types of stretching used in sport | 29 | ||
| Static stretching | 29 | ||
| Dynamic stretches | 30 | ||
| PNF stretches | 30 | ||
| Stretches and exercises to avoid | 30 | ||
| Cool-down and recovery | 31 | ||
| Prevention of re-injury | 31 | ||
| Introduction to sports massage | 31 | ||
| Basic massage strokes | 31 | ||
| Protective equipment | 32 | ||
| Preventive taping and bracing | 32 | ||
| Shin and leg guards | 32 | ||
| Wrist, elbow and knee guards | 32 | ||
| Shoulder padding and body protectors | 33 | ||
| Eye protection | 33 | ||
| Helmets/headgear | 33 | ||
| Gloves | 34 | ||
| Mouthguards | 34 | ||
| Footwear | 35 | ||
| Torsion of the shoe | 35 | ||
| Flexion of the shoe | 35 | ||
| Mid-sole density | 35 | ||
| Heel counter | 36 | ||
| Traction characteristics of the sole | 36 | ||
| Four Sports nutrition | 37 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 37 | ||
| Introduction | 38 | ||
| Food for Health dietary guidelines | 38 | ||
| Energy sources and nutrients for sport | 39 | ||
| Carbohydrate | 39 | ||
| Protein | 40 | ||
| Fats (lipids) | 41 | ||
| Vitamins | 41 | ||
| Vitamin A | 41 | ||
| B group vitamins | 41 | ||
| Vitamin C | 42 | ||
| Vitamin D | 42 | ||
| Vitamin E | 42 | ||
| Vitamin K | 42 | ||
| Minerals | 42 | ||
| Sodium | 42 | ||
| Potassium | 42 | ||
| Calcium | 42 | ||
| Iron | 42 | ||
| Zinc | 42 | ||
| Water | 42 | ||
| Sports drinks | 43 | ||
| Dietary fibre | 43 | ||
| Pre-event and recovery nutrition | 44 | ||
| Pre-event nutrition | 44 | ||
| Nutrition during and after exercise | 44 | ||
| Hydration | 45 | ||
| Food labelling | 45 | ||
| Five Drugs in sport | 47 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 47 | ||
| Introduction | 48 | ||
| What is a drug? | 48 | ||
| General classification of drugs | 48 | ||
| Effects | 48 | ||
| Stimulants | 48 | ||
| Depressants | 48 | ||
| Hallucinogens | 49 | ||
| Availability of drugs | 49 | ||
| Illegal drugs | 49 | ||
| Legal drugs | 49 | ||
| Prescription drugs | 49 | ||
| Over-the-counter drugs | 49 | ||
| Why athletes take drugs | 49 | ||
| Which athletes can be tested for drugs? | 50 | ||
| Doping | 50 | ||
| Inadvertent doping | 50 | ||
| Prohibited substances and procedures | 50 | ||
| Prohibited classes of substances | 50 | ||
| Prohibited procedures | 51 | ||
| Classes of prohibited substances in certain circumstances | 51 | ||
| The therapeutic use of banned medications (Therapeutic Use Exemptions) | 52 | ||
| Advice for sports trainers and other coaching staff | 52 | ||
| ASADA | 52 | ||
| Other useful websites and resources | 52 | ||
| Six Principles of injury management | 53 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 53 | ||
| Introduction | 54 | ||
| Chain of survival | 54 | ||
| DRSABCD principles | 55 | ||
| Dangers? | 56 | ||
| Responsive? | 57 | ||
| Send for help | 57 | ||
| Open airway | 57 | ||
| Breathing? | 58 | ||
| Start CPR | 58 | ||
| Attach a defibrillator (AED) | 58 | ||
| Approach to the management of an injured athlete | 59 | ||
| On-field assessment (STOP principles) | 59 | ||
| Complete assessment (TOTAPS principles) | 60 | ||
| Talk | 60 | ||
| Observe | 61 | ||
| Touch | 61 | ||
| Active movement | 61 | ||
| Passive movement | 62 | ||
| Skills test | 62 | ||
| Handover to other medical personnel | 62 | ||
| SAMPLE principles | 62 | ||
| Seven Common sporting illnesses and injuries | 65 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 65 | ||
| Introduction | 66 | ||
| Shock | 66 | ||
| Causes of shock | 66 | ||
| Signs of shock | 66 | ||
| Symptoms of shock | 66 | ||
| Management of shock | 66 | ||
| Serious bleeding | 66 | ||
| Hard tissue injuries | 67 | ||
| Fractures | 67 | ||
| Signs of a fracture | 67 | ||
| Symptoms of a fracture | 67 | ||
| Management of fractures | 67 | ||
| Management of skull fractures | 68 | ||
| Management of upper and lower arm fractures | 68 | ||
| Management of upper and lower leg fractures | 68 | ||
| Management of hip fractures | 69 | ||
| Management of pelvic fractures | 69 | ||
| Management of rib fractures | 69 | ||
| Hard tissue injuries in young athletes | 70 | ||
| Dislocations | 70 | ||
| Signs of a dislocation | 70 | ||
| Symptoms of a dislocation | 70 | ||
| Management of a dislocation | 70 | ||
| Rules for managing dislocations | 70 | ||
| Subluxation | 70 | ||
| Soft tissue injuries | 70 | ||
| Strains | 71 | ||
| Signs of a strain | 71 | ||
| Symptoms of a strain | 71 | ||
| Sprains | 71 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of a sprain | 71 | ||
| Contusions | 71 | ||
| Signs of a contusion | 71 | ||
| Symptoms of a contusion | 71 | ||
| Process of injury and repair in soft tissue injuries | 71 | ||
| Initial tissue damage | 71 | ||
| Capillary bleeding | 71 | ||
| Clot formation | 72 | ||
| Secondary tissue damage | 72 | ||
| Inflammation | 72 | ||
| Healing of tissue | 72 | ||
| Regaining function | 72 | ||
| Management of soft tissue injuries | 72 | ||
| RICER principle | 72 | ||
| Rest | 72 | ||
| Ice | 72 | ||
| Compression | 73 | ||
| Elevation | 73 | ||
| Referral | 73 | ||
| NO HARM principle | 73 | ||
| Heat | 73 | ||
| Alcohol | 73 | ||
| Running | 73 | ||
| Massage | 73 | ||
| Medications available for management of soft tissue injuries | 74 | ||
| Topical NSAIDS | 74 | ||
| Oral NSAIDS | 74 | ||
| Overuse injuries | 74 | ||
| ‘Tennis elbow’ (lateral epicondylitis) | 75 | ||
| ‘Golfer’s elbow’ (medial epicondylitis) | 75 | ||
| ‘Runner’s knee’ | 75 | ||
| ‘Shin splints’ (medial tibial stress syndrome) | 75 | ||
| Overuse injuries and young athletes | 75 | ||
| Spinal injuries | 76 | ||
| Signs of spinal injury | 76 | ||
| Symptoms of spinal injury | 76 | ||
| Management of spinal injuries | 76 | ||
| Immobilisation | 76 | ||
| Brain and head injuries | 76 | ||
| Brain injury in sport | 77 | ||
| Concussion | 77 | ||
| Contusion and compression | 77 | ||
| Direct trauma | 77 | ||
| Signs of brain injury | 77 | ||
| Symptoms of brain injury | 77 | ||
| Management of brain injury | 77 | ||
| Assessing brain injuries in athletes | 78 | ||
| Head injury form | 78 | ||
| Dental injuries | 78 | ||
| Tooth avulsion | 78 | ||
| Management of tooth avulsion injuries | 78 | ||
| Chipped or broken teeth | 79 | ||
| Tooth loosened or pushed out of position (luxation) | 79 | ||
| Tooth is pushed into the gum (intrusion) | 79 | ||
| General rules relating to dental injuries | 80 | ||
| Chest and abdominal injuries | 80 | ||
| Chest injuries | 80 | ||
| Respiratory distress | 80 | ||
| Common sport-related chest injuries | 81 | ||
| Abdominal injuries | 81 | ||
| Internal abdominal bleeding | 81 | ||
| Signs of internal abdominal bleeding | 81 | ||
| Symptoms of internal abdominal bleeding | 81 | ||
| Management of internal abdominal bleeding | 81 | ||
| Winding | 81 | ||
| Signs of winding | 81 | ||
| Symptoms of winding | 81 | ||
| Management of winding | 81 | ||
| Injuries to male external genitalia (testes and scrotum) | 82 | ||
| Signs of injury to male genitalia | 82 | ||
| Symptoms of injury to male genitalia | 82 | ||
| Management of injury to genitalia | 82 | ||
| Environmental influences on sporting injuries | 82 | ||
| How the body loses and gains heat | 82 | ||
| Evaporation | 82 | ||
| Radiation | 82 | ||
| Convection | 82 | ||
| Conduction | 84 | ||
| Regulating body temperature | 84 | ||
| Changing the amount of blood flow to the skin | 84 | ||
| Sweating | 84 | ||
| Shivering | 84 | ||
| Heat illness | 84 | ||
| Heat cramps | 84 | ||
| Heat exhaustion | 84 | ||
| Heat stroke | 84 | ||
| Dehydration | 85 | ||
| Factors affecting heat illness | 85 | ||
| Environmental factors | 85 | ||
| 1 Temperature | 85 | ||
| Ambient temperature | 86 | ||
| Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index | 86 | ||
| 2 Duration and intensity of an event | 86 | ||
| 3 Conduct of competition and training (hydration and interchange opportunities) | 86 | ||
| 4 Time of day | 86 | ||
| 5 Local environment | 86 | ||
| Host (personal) factors | 87 | ||
| 1 Clothing | 87 | ||
| Protective clothing | 87 | ||
| 2 Acclimatisation of the participants | 87 | ||
| 3 Fitness levels/athletic abilities of participants | 87 | ||
| 4 Age and gender of participants | 87 | ||
| 5 Predisposing medical conditions | 88 | ||
| 6 Other factors to consider | 88 | ||
| Cold illness | 88 | ||
| Hypothermia | 88 | ||
| Frostbite | 88 | ||
| Symptoms of frostbite | 88 | ||
| Signs of frostbite | 88 | ||
| First aid for frostbite | 88 | ||
| Thawing the affected area | 89 | ||
| Factors affecting cold illness | 89 | ||
| Weather conditions | 89 | ||
| Clothing | 89 | ||
| Age, physical condition and period of exposure | 89 | ||
| Wound management in sport | 89 | ||
| Blood rules | 89 | ||
| Types of wounds | 89 | ||
| Treatment of wounds in sport | 90 | ||
| Eight Common medical conditions affecting athletes | 91 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 91 | ||
| Introduction | 92 | ||
| Common medical conditions | 92 | ||
| Asthma | 93 | ||
| Signs of an asthma attack | 93 | ||
| Symptoms of an asthma attack | 93 | ||
| Management of a severe asthma attack | 93 | ||
| Reliever medication with a spacer | 94 | ||
| Reliever medication without a spacer | 94 | ||
| First asthma attack | 94 | ||
| Asthma medications | 94 | ||
| Reliever medications | 94 | ||
| Preventive medications | 95 | ||
| Combination medications | 95 | ||
| Asthma and the athlete | 95 | ||
| Pre-exercise advice | 95 | ||
| During exercise advice | 95 | ||
| Post-exercise advice | 95 | ||
| Further information | 96 | ||
| Diabetes | 96 | ||
| Types of diabetes | 96 | ||
| Signs of low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) | 96 | ||
| Symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) | 96 | ||
| Management of low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) | 96 | ||
| Travelling with diabetic athletes | 97 | ||
| Further information | 97 | ||
| Epilepsy | 97 | ||
| Management of a seizure | 97 | ||
| Considerations for athletes with epilepsy | 98 | ||
| Cardiovascular emergencies | 98 | ||
| Assessing perfusion status | 99 | ||
| Pulse | 99 | ||
| Conscious state | 99 | ||
| Skin and temperature | 99 | ||
| Diving emergencies | 99 | ||
| Signs of an air embolism | 100 | ||
| Symptoms of an air embolism | 100 | ||
| Signs of decompression illness | 100 | ||
| Symptoms of decompression illness | 100 | ||
| Management of diving emergencies | 100 | ||
| Before diving | 100 | ||
| Viral infections | 100 | ||
| Simple upper respiratory tract viral infections (cold and flu) | 100 | ||
| Signs of simple upper respiratory tract viral infections | 100 | ||
| Symptoms of simple upper respiratory tract viral infections | 100 | ||
| Simple gastrointestinal tract viral infections | 100 | ||
| Symptoms of simple gastrointestinal tract viral infections | 100 | ||
| Signs of simple gastrointestinal tract viral infections | 101 | ||
| Viral illness and its effect on an athlete | 101 | ||
| Mild viral illness (signs and symptoms but no fever) | 101 | ||
| Moderate viral illness (signs and symptoms and mild fever) | 101 | ||
| Severe viral illness (signs and symptoms and increased fever) | 101 | ||
| Exercise and viral illness | 101 | ||
| Management of viral illness | 101 | ||
| Specific viral illnesses | 101 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 101 | ||
| Signs of hepatitis A | 101 | ||
| Symptoms of hepatitis A | 101 | ||
| Management of hepatitis A | 101 | ||
| Prevention of hepatitis A | 102 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 102 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 102 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | 102 | ||
| Glandular fever | 102 | ||
| Signs of glandular fever | 102 | ||
| Symptoms of glandular fever | 102 | ||
| Management of glandular fever | 102 | ||
| Chronic illness and injuries | 103 | ||
| Anaemia | 103 | ||
| Signs of anaemia | 103 | ||
| Symptoms of anaemia | 103 | ||
| Management of anaemia | 103 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 103 | ||
| Signs of osteoarthritis | 103 | ||
| Symptoms of osteoarthritis | 103 | ||
| Management of osteoarthritis | 103 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 103 | ||
| Nine Moving injured athletes | 105 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 105 | ||
| Introduction | 106 | ||
| When a sports trainer might consider moving an injured athlete | 106 | ||
| Methods of moving an injured athlete | 106 | ||
| Moving athletes with suspected spinal injuries | 106 | ||
| Transporting athletes with spinal injuries | 106 | ||
| Scoop stretchers, spine boards and cervical collars | 107 | ||
| Stabilisation and transport of an athlete with a suspected spinal injury | 107 | ||
| Use of scoop stretchers | 107 | ||
| Use of spinal boards | 109 | ||
| Other grips for cervical stabilisation | 111 | ||
| Ten Sports taping | 113 | ||
| Learning outcomes | 113 | ||
| Introduction | 114 | ||
| Aims of taping | 114 | ||
| Materials | 114 | ||
| Adhesive tape | 114 | ||
| Tape grade | 114 | ||
| Rigid adhesive tape | 114 | ||
| Elastic adhesive tape | 114 | ||
| Tape storage | 114 | ||
| Tape characteristics | 115 | ||
| Tape selection | 115 | ||
| Associated materials that may assist taping | 115 | ||
| Elastic under-wrap | 115 | ||
| Gauze pads | 115 | ||
| Cushioning foam | 115 | ||
| Tape adhesive | 115 | ||
| Tape remover | 115 | ||
| Using adhesive tape for sports injuries | 115 | ||
| Preparation for taping | 115 | ||
| Appropriate positioning of the athlete for the body area to be taped | 116 | ||
| Proper application and method of taping | 116 | ||
| Tearing adhesive tape | 116 | ||
| Post-taping checks | 116 | ||
| Removing tape | 117 | ||
| Manual removal | 117 | ||
| Scissors or tape cutters | 117 | ||
| Chemical adhesive solvents | 117 | ||
| Taping of the hand (fingers and thumb) | 117 | ||
| Bones of the hand | 117 | ||
| Joints and ligaments of the hand | 117 | ||
| Muscles of the hand | 117 | ||
| Thumb muscles | 118 | ||
| Finger muscles | 118 | ||
| Considerations when taping fingers and thumbs | 118 | ||
| Taping fingers | 119 | ||
| Technique for buddy-taping fingers | 119 | ||
| Taping thumbs | 119 | ||
| Technique for taping a thumb | 119 | ||
| Taping of the ankle | 119 | ||
| Bones of the ankle | 119 | ||
| Joint and ligaments of the ankle | 120 | ||
| Muscles of the ankle | 120 | ||
| Taping an ankle | 120 | ||
| Technique for taping an ankle | 121 | ||
| Apply 2–3 stirrups (depending upon the size of the foot/ankle) | 121 | ||
| Apply a figure of 6 | 121 | ||
| Closing down of stirrups | 121 | ||
| Heel locks (two complete sets) | 121 | ||
| Closing down | 121 | ||
| Ankle bracing | 121 | ||
| Taping of the knee | 121 | ||
| Bones of the knee | 122 | ||
| Joint and ligaments of the knee | 122 | ||
| Taping a knee | 122 | ||
| Technique for taping a knee for a medial collateral ligament injury | 122 | ||
| Taping of the shoulder | 123 | ||
| Bones of the shoulder | 123 | ||
| Joints and ligaments of the shoulder | 123 | ||
| Taping a shoulder | 123 | ||
| Technique for taping a shoulder | 123 | ||
| Appendix A Sports first aid kit contents | 127 | ||
| Appendix B Sports trainer management flow chart | 129 | ||
| Appendix C Injury report form | 130 | ||
| Appendix D Athlete medical profile form | 131 | ||
| Appendix E Useful sports medicine information resources for sports trainers | 133 | ||
| Glossary | 135 | ||
| Index | 139 | ||
| A | 139 | ||
| B | 139 | ||
| C | 139 | ||
| D | 140 | ||
| E | 140 | ||
| F | 141 | ||
| G | 141 | ||
| H | 141 | ||
| I | 141 | ||
| J | 142 | ||
| K | 142 | ||
| L | 142 | ||
| M | 142 | ||
| N | 142 | ||
| O | 142 | ||
| P | 142 | ||
| R | 143 | ||
| S | 143 | ||
| T | 143 | ||
| U | 144 | ||
| V | 144 | ||
| W | 144 | ||
| Y | 144 | ||
| Z | 144 |