Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Whittle’s Gait Analysis – formerly known as Gait Analysis: an introduction – is now in its fifth edition with a new team of authors led by David Levine and Jim Richards. Working closely with Michael Whittle, the team maintains a clear and accessible approach to basic gait analysis. It will assist both students and clinicians in the diagnosis of and treatment plans for patients suffering from medical conditions that affect the way they walk.
- Highly readable, the book builds upon the basics of anatomy, physiology and biomechanicsÂ
- Describes both normal and pathological gait
- Covers the range of methods available to perform gait analysis, from the very simple to the very complex.
- Emphasizes the clinical applications of gait analysis
- Chapters on gait assessment of neurological diseases and musculoskeletal conditions and prosthetics and orthotics
- Methods of gait analysis
- Design features including key points
- A team of specialist contributors led by two internationally-renowned expert editors
- 60 illustrations, taking the total number to over 180
- Evolve Resources containing video clips and animated skeletons of normal gait supported by MCQs, an image bank, online glossary and sources of further information. Log on to http://evolve.elsevier.com/Whittle/gait to register and start using these resources today!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Whittle’s Gait Analysis | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Evolve Resources (web contents) | vii | ||
| Acknowledgements | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Biography of Dr Michael Whittle | x | ||
| Contributors | xi | ||
| Chapter 1: Basic sciences | 1 | ||
| Anatomy | 1 | ||
| Basic anatomical terms | 1 | ||
| Bones | 3 | ||
| Joints and ligaments | 5 | ||
| Muscles and tendons | 7 | ||
| Muscles acting only at the hip joint | 8 | ||
| Muscles acting across the hip and knee joints | 9 | ||
| Muscles acting only at the knee joint | 9 | ||
| Muscles acting across the knee and ankle joints | 9 | ||
| Muscles acting across the ankle and subtalar joints | 9 | ||
| Muscles within the foot | 10 | ||
| Spinal cord and spinal nerves | 10 | ||
| Peripheral nerves | 11 | ||
| Physiology | 12 | ||
| Nerves | 12 | ||
| Muscles | 16 | ||
| Spinal reflexes | 18 | ||
| Motor control | 19 | ||
| Biomechanics | 19 | ||
| Time | 20 | ||
| Mass | 20 | ||
| Force | 20 | ||
| Newton's first law | 20 | ||
| Newton's second law | 20 | ||
| Newton's third law | 20 | ||
| Centre of gravity | 21 | ||
| Moment of force | 23 | ||
| Linear motion | 25 | ||
| Circular motion | 25 | ||
| Inertia and momentum | 26 | ||
| Kinetics and kinematics | 26 | ||
| Work, energy and power | 26 | ||
| Worked example | 27 | ||
| References | 28 | ||
| Further reading | 28 | ||
| Chapter 2: Normal gait | 29 | ||
| Walking and gait | 29 | ||
| History | 29 | ||
| Descriptive studies | 30 | ||
| Kinematics | 30 | ||
| Force platforms | 30 | ||
| Muscle activity | 30 | ||
| Mechanical analysis | 31 | ||
| Mathematical modelling | 31 | ||
| Clinical application | 31 | ||
| Terminology used in gait analysis | 32 | ||
| Gait cycle timing | 33 | ||
| Foot placement | 33 | ||
| Cadence, cycle time and speed | 34 | ||
| Outline of the gait cycle | 35 | ||
| Upper body | 38 | ||
| Hip | 39 | ||
| Knee | 39 | ||
| Ankle and foot | 39 | ||
| The gait cycle in detail | 40 | ||
| Initial contact (Fig.2.11) | 40 | ||
| 1. General: | 40 | ||
| 2. Upper body: | 40 | ||
| 3. Hip: | 40 | ||
| 4. Knee: | 40 | ||
| 5. Ankle and foot: | 40 | ||
| Chapter 4: Methods of gait analysis | 83 | ||
| Visual gait analysis | 83 | ||
| Gait assessment | 85 | ||
| Examination by video recording | 85 | ||
| Temporal and spatial parameters during gait | 87 | ||
| Cycle time or cadence | 87 | ||
| Stride length | 87 | ||
| Speed | 88 | ||
| General gait parameters from video recording | 88 | ||
| Measurement of temporal and spatial parameters during gait | 88 | ||
| Footswitches | 88 | ||
| Instrumented walkways | 89 | ||
| Camera-based motion analysis | 89 | ||
| General principles | 91 | ||
| Camera-based systems | 92 | ||
| Common marker sets | 94 | ||
| Active marker systems | 96 | ||
| Electrogoniometers and potentiometer devices | 97 | ||
| Flexible strain gauge electrogoniometer | 99 | ||
| Other electrogoniometers | 99 | ||
| Accelerometers | 99 | ||
| Measurement of transients with accelerometers | 99 | ||
| Measurement of motion with accelerometers | 100 | ||
| Gyroscopes, magnetic fields and motion capture suits | 100 | ||
| Measuring force and pressure | 101 | ||
| Force platforms | 101 | ||
| Pressure beneath the foot | 103 | ||
| Glass plate examination | 104 | ||
| Direct pressure mapping systems | 104 | ||
| Pedobarograph | 104 | ||
| Force sensor systems | 104 | ||
| In-shoe devices | 104 | ||
| Measuring muscle activity | 105 | ||
| Electromyography | 105 | ||
| Surface electrodes | 106 | ||
| Fine wire electrodes | 106 | ||
| Needle electrodes | 106 | ||
| Signal processing of EMG signals | 106 | ||
| Raw EMG | 106 | ||
| Rectified, enveloped and integrated EMG | 106 | ||
| Limitations of EMG | 107 | ||
| Measuring energy expenditure | 108 | ||
| Oxygen consumption | 108 | ||
| Heart rate monitoring | 109 | ||
| Mechanical calculations of energy expenditure | 109 | ||
| Combined kinetic/kinematic systems | 109 | ||
| References | 110 | ||
| Further reading | 112 | ||
| Chapter 5: Applications of gait analysis | 113 | ||
| Clinical gait assessment | 113 | ||
| Clinical decision making | 114 | ||
| 1.. Gait assessment: | 114 | ||
| 2.. Hypothesis formation: | 114 | ||
| 3.. Hypothesis testing: | 114 | ||
| 1.. Joint angle: | 117 | ||
| 2.. Joint moment: | 117 | ||
| 3.. Joint power: | 117 | ||
| 4.. EMG: | 117 | ||
| Diagnosis of abnormal gait | 117 | ||
| Documentation of a patient's condition | 118 | ||
| Conditions benefiting from gait assessment | 119 | ||
| Future developments | 119 | ||
| Advanced techniques to quantify deviation from normality | 119 | ||
| Modelling muscle forces and EMG-assisted models | 121 | ||
| Conclusion | 122 | ||
| References | 122 | ||
| Further reading | 123 | ||
| Chapter 6: Gait assessment of neurological disorders | 125 | ||
| Gait assessment in cerebral palsy | 125 | ||
| Definition, causes and prevalence | 125 | ||
| Classification | 125 | ||
| Gross motor function classification system | 125 | ||
| Classification by motor disorder and topography | 126 | ||
| Classification by gait pattern | 126 | ||
| Impairments | 128 | ||
| Spasticity | 128 | ||
| Muscle contracture | 129 | ||
| Weakness | 129 | ||
| Bony malalignment (and capsular contracture) | 129 | ||
| Clinical management | 130 | ||
| Natural history | 130 | ||
| Spasticity management | 130 | ||
| Muscle and tendon surgery | 131 | ||
| Bony surgery | 131 | ||
| Strengthening | 131 | ||
| Gait analysis | 131 | ||
| Clinical gait analysis | 131 | ||
| Data capture | 132 | ||
| Clinical examination | 132 | ||
| Interpretation | 132 | ||
| Orientation | 132 | ||
| Mark-up | 133 | ||
| Grouping | 134 | ||
| Reporting | 134 | ||
| Conclusion | 134 | ||
| Key points | 135 | ||
| Gait assessment in stroke | 136 | ||
| Temporal and spatial parameters | 136 | ||
| Kinematics | 137 | ||
| Kinetics | 138 | ||
| Clinical management | 138 | ||
| Key points | 139 | ||
| Gait assessment in Parkinson's disease | 139 | ||
| Clinical management | 140 | ||
| Gait initiation problems in people with Parkinson's disease | 142 | ||
| Conclusion | 142 | ||
| Key points | 143 | ||
| Gait assessment in muscular dystrophy | 143 | ||
| Clinical management | 145 | ||
| Key points | 145 | ||
| References | 146 | ||
| Further reading | 149 | ||
| Index | 169 |