Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Veterinary Neuroanatomy: A Clinical Approach is written by veterinary neurologists for anyone with an interest in the functional, applied anatomy and clinical dysfunction of the nervous system in animals, especially when of veterinary significance. It offers a user-friendly approach, providing the principal elements that students and clinicians need to understand and interpret the results of the neurological examination. Clinical cases are used to illustrate key concepts throughout. The book begins with an overview of the anatomical arrangement of the nervous system, basic embryological development, microscopic anatomy and physiology. These introductory chapters are followed by an innovative, hierarchical approach to understanding the overall function of the nervous system. The applied anatomy of posture and movement, including the vestibular system and cerebellum, is comprehensively described and illustrated by examples of both function and dysfunction. The cranial nerves and elimination systems as well as behaviour, arousal and emotion are discussed. The final chapter addresses how to perform and interpret the neurological examination.
Veterinary Neuroanatomy: A Clinical Approach has been prepared by experienced educators with 35 years of combined teaching experience in neuroanatomy. Throughout the book great care is taken to explain key concepts in the most transparent and memorable way whilst minimising jargon. Detailed information for those readers with specific interests in clinical neuroanatomy is included in the text and appendix. As such, it is suitable for veterinary students, practitioners and also readers with a special interest in clinical neuroanatomy.
- Contains nearly 200 clear, conceptual and anatomically precise drawings, photographs of clinical cases and gross anatomical specimens
- Keeps to simple language and focuses on the key concepts
- Unique ‘NeuroMaps’ outline the location of the functional systems within the nervous system and provide simple, visual aids to understanding and interpreting the results of the clinical neurological examination
- The anatomical appendix provides 33 high-resolution gross images of the intact and sliced dog brain and detailed histological images of the sectioned sheep brainstem.
- An extensive glossary explains more than 200 neuroanatomical structures and their function.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Veterinary Neuroanatomy | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgements | vii | ||
| Terminology, glossary and abbreviations | ix | ||
| Glossary of terms and abbreviations | ix | ||
| Anatomical terminology | ix | ||
| 1 Regional neuroanatomy | 1 | ||
| Basic systems arrangement of the nervous system | 1 | ||
| Introduction to regions | 1 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 1 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 1 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 2 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 4 | ||
| Central nervous system | 4 | ||
| Spinal cord | 4 | ||
| Brain – forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum | 5 | ||
| Brainstem | 6 | ||
| Cerebellum | 7 | ||
| Forebrain | 7 | ||
| Functional systems: introduction to the neurological examination | 9 | ||
| Neuroanatomy and lesion localisation | 9 | ||
| 2 Neuroembryology | 11 | ||
| Development of the CNS | 11 | ||
| Formation of the neural tube | 11 | ||
| Development of the brain | 12 | ||
| Molecular basis of differentiation | 13 | ||
| Formation of the PNS | 14 | ||
| Malformations of the nervous system | 14 | ||
| 3 Neurohistology, physiology and supporting structures | 17 | ||
| Neurohistology | 17 | ||
| Cells of the nervous system | 17 | ||
| Neurons | 17 | ||
| Neuroglia | 18 | ||
| Synapses | 19 | ||
| Neurophysiology | 19 | ||
| Membrane potential of excitable cells | 20 | ||
| Action potential | 21 | ||
| Myelination and nerve conduction | 21 | ||
| Synapses | 21 | ||
| Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters | 21 | ||
| The generalised neuron | 22 | ||
| Information processing within and between neurons | 22 | ||
| Supporting structures | 23 | ||
| Meninges | 23 | ||
| The ventricular system | 23 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid: production and circulation | 23 | ||
| Blood supply | 24 | ||
| Patterns of arterial supply to the brain | 25 | ||
| Blood supply and animal slaughter | 25 | ||
| Arterial supply to the spinal cord | 25 | ||
| Venous drainage of the CNS | 25 | ||
| Blood–brain barrier | 29 | ||
| 4 Hierarchical organisation in the nervous system | 31 | ||
| Overview of motor and sensory systems | 31 | ||
| Overview of motor (output) systems | 31 | ||
| Upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons and the neuromuscular junction | 31 | ||
| Overview of sensory (input) systems | 33 | ||
| Worker and management systems | 33 | ||
| Motor systems | 33 | ||
| Sensory systems | 33 | ||
| The workers and maintenance crew: The reflex arc | 34 | ||
| Junior management: Spinal cord and brainstem | 35 | ||
| Overview of the spinal cord | 35 | ||
| Spinal cord grey matter | 35 | ||
| Spinal cord white matter | 36 | ||
| Spinal cord functions: Links with the PNS | 37 | ||
| Spinal cord functions: Links within the spinal cord | 40 | ||
| Spinal cord functions: Links to the brain | 41 | ||
| Senior management: Brainstem and motor cortex | 42 | ||
| UMNs and the brain | 42 | ||
| Sensory systems | 44 | ||
| Executive management: Forebrain | 45 | ||
| 5 Reflexes and motor systems | 47 | ||
| General introduction | 47 | ||
| Spinal reflexes | 48 | ||
| Muscle spindles | 48 | ||
| The myotatic reflex | 48 | ||
| Golgi tendon organs and the inverse myotatic reflex | 49 | ||
| α-γ co-activation | 49 | ||
| Muscle tone | 49 | ||
| Posture and the myotatic reflex | 50 | ||
| Reflexes in different parts of the body | 51 | ||
| Somatic motor systems | 51 | ||
| General anatomy and function | 51 | ||
| UMN: Pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems | 51 | ||
| Tract decussation | 52 | ||
| Inhibition versus excitation | 53 | ||
| UMN tracts | 53 | ||
| Dysfunction of UMNs and LMNs | 55 | ||
| UMN versus LMN signs | 55 | ||
| Upper motor neuron signs | 55 | ||
| Lower motor neuron signs | 55 | ||
| Executive motor function | 56 | ||
| Basal nuclei and corpus striatum | 57 | ||
| 6 Ascending somatic sensory tracts and conscious sensory systems | 59 | ||
| Receptors | 59 | ||
| General proprioception | 59 | ||
| Conscious proprioception | 61 | ||
| Subconscious proprioception | 61 | ||
| Conscious and subconscious proprioception in posture and gait | 62 | ||
| Nociception | 63 | ||
| Nociceptive input from neck, trunk, limbs and tail | 64 | ||
| The mechanisms of acupuncture | 64 | ||
| Nociceptive input from head | 65 | ||
| Nociceptive input from the viscera | 66 | ||
| 7 The cerebellum | 67 | ||
| General anatomy | 67 | ||
| Cerebellar peduncles | 67 | ||
| Evolutionary and functional anatomy | 68 | ||
| Species differences | 69 | ||
| Cerebellar development in the neonatal animal | 69 | ||
| Histology of the cerebellum | 70 | ||
| Cerebellar function | 71 | ||
| Cerebellar connections | 71 | ||
| Summary of cerebellar connections | 72 | ||
| Role of cerebellum in posture, locomotion and movement: Setting the postural platform | 72 | ||
| Cerebellar dysfunction | 72 | ||
| 8 Vestibular system | 75 | ||
| General concepts | 75 | ||
| Structural and functional anatomy | 76 | ||
| Static position, linear acceleration and deceleration of the head | 77 | ||
| Angular acceleration and deceleration of the head | 77 | ||
| Effect of stimulating the vestibular nuclei | 77 | ||
| Relationship between the vestibular apparatus and neck reflexes | 80 | ||
| Clinical dysfunction | 80 | ||
| Location of lesion and clinical signs | 82 | ||
| Paradoxical vestibular disease | 82 | ||
| Differentiating central versus peripheral vestibular disease | 83 | ||
| 9 Posture and movement in quadrupeds | 85 | ||
| Motor function in quadrupeds compared to primates | 85 | ||
| Integration of neural functions for locomotion and movement | 85 | ||
| Basic stepping movements and control systems | 85 | ||
| Coordination of locomotion | 86 | ||
| Complex motor activity | 86 | ||
| Repetitive movements and central pattern generators | 87 | ||
| The final common pathway | 87 | ||
| Lesion location in the hierarchy and its clinical effect on locomotion | 87 | ||
| Orchestration of posture and movement | 89 | ||
| 10 Cranial nerves | 91 | ||
| Functional classification of cranial nerve nuclei | 91 | ||
| Olfaction | 93 | ||
| Vision and CN II functions | 95 | ||
| General anatomy | 95 | ||
| The optic chiasm and decussation | 95 | ||
| Post-chiasmatic visual pathways | 96 | ||
| Eyeball position and movement | 96 | ||
| Oculomotor nucleus (CN III) | 97 | ||
| Trochlear nucleus (CN IV) | 97 | ||
| Abducent nucleus (CN VI) | 97 | ||
| Visual reflexes | 97 | ||
| The pupillary light reflex (PLR) | 97 | ||
| Masticatory muscle function | 99 | ||
| Sensory input from the head | 99 | ||
| Sensory nucleus of CN V | 101 | ||
| Facial expression | 101 | ||
| Audition | 101 | ||
| Auditory reflexes, and the brainstem auditory evoked response | 103 | ||
| Acoustic reflexes | 103 | ||
| Protective acoustic reflex | 103 | ||
| Olivocochlear reflex | 103 | ||
| Reflex head turning | 104 | ||
| Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) | 104 | ||
| Balance and the vestibular system | 104 | ||
| Taste and sensory input from the pharynx and viscera | 104 | ||
| Parasympathetic innervation of the eye, head and body cavities | 105 | ||
| Parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve | 105 | ||
| Parasympathetic nucleus of the facial nerve | 105 | ||
| Parasympathetic nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve | 105 | ||
| Parasympathetic nucleus of the vagus nerve | 105 | ||
| Innervation of the pharynx, larynx and oesophagus | 105 | ||
| Tongue function | 107 | ||
| 11 Behaviour, emotion and arousal | 109 | ||
| Behaviour and emotion | 109 | ||
| Arousal | 109 | ||
| 12 The autonomic nervous system | 113 | ||
| Subdivisions of the visceral motor system | 113 | ||
| ANS: Central components and peripheral components | 114 | ||
| Two-neuron system in the periphery | 114 | ||
| Visceral afferent system | 115 | ||
| Visceral efferent system: Sympathetic/thoracolumbar division of the visceral efferent system | 115 | ||
| Supply to the head and thorax | 116 | ||
| Supply to the abdomen | 116 | ||
| Visceral efferent system: Parasympathetic system of the visceral efferent system | 116 | ||
| Supply to the head | 117 | ||
| Supply to the thorax and abdomen | 117 | ||
| Supply to the pelvic viscera | 117 | ||
| Autonomic innervation of the eye | 117 | ||
| Parasympathetic innervation of the eye | 118 | ||
| Dysfunction of the pupillary light reflex | 118 | ||
| Sympathetic innervation of the eye | 118 | ||
| Clinical signs of sympathetic dysfunction | 118 | ||
| Pupillary function in acute brain disease | 118 | ||
| Pharmacological testing of the pupils | 118 | ||
| Elimination systems | 119 | ||
| Autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder | 120 | ||
| Urinary bladder function | 120 | ||
| Dysfunction of innervation of the urinary bladder | 121 | ||
| Other sites of dysfunction | 121 | ||
| Defaecation | 122 | ||
| 13 The neurological examination and lesion localisation | 123 | ||
| The neurological examination | 124 | ||
| Observation versus hands-on testing | 124 | ||
| Proprioception and motor function | 125 | ||
| Cranial nerve function | 125 | ||
| Hands-on testing | 126 | ||
| Proprioception and motor function | 126 | ||
| Hopping | 126 | ||
| Paw position response (knuckling) | 127 | ||
| Reflex stepping – the sliding paper test | 127 | ||
| Identifying asymmetry in proprioceptive function | 127 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 127 | ||
| Muscle bulk and tone | 129 | ||
| Spinal cord reflexes | 129 | ||
| Pelvic limb | 129 | ||
| Trunk | 130 | ||
| Thoracic limb | 130 | ||
| Nociception | 130 | ||
| Vertebral column and spinal cord hyperpathia | 131 | ||
| Assessing autonomic function | 132 | ||
| Functional road map of the nervous system | 132 | ||
| Anatomical basis of the neurological examination: key points (see specific chapters for details) | 132 | ||
| Proprioception (Chapters 4, 6, 7, 8) | 132 | ||
| Motor function (Chapters 4, 5, 7, 8, 9) | 133 | ||
| Behaviour and memory (Chapter 11) | 133 | ||
| Arousal (Chapter 11) | 133 | ||
| Cranial nerves (Chapter 10) | 133 | ||
| Nociception (Chapter 6) | 133 | ||
| For withdrawal reflex function | 133 | ||
| For conscious perception | 133 | ||
| Vertebral column/spinal cord hyperpathia | 134 | ||
| The NeuroMap: Overview of the nervous system | 134 | ||
| Summary of functions in the neuraxis | 134 | ||
| Signs of dysfunction in different regions of the neuraxis | 135 | ||
| Forebrain disease | 135 | ||
| Appendix | 137 | ||
| Glossary of anatomical structures in the Appendix images | 157 | ||
| Index | 165 | ||
| A | 165 | ||
| B | 165 | ||
| C | 165 | ||
| D | 165 | ||
| E | 166 | ||
| F | 166 | ||
| G | 166 | ||
| H | 166 | ||
| I | 166 | ||
| K | 166 | ||
| L | 166 | ||
| M | 166 | ||
| N | 166 | ||
| O | 167 | ||
| P | 167 | ||
| Q | 167 | ||
| R | 167 | ||
| S | 167 | ||
| T | 168 | ||
| U | 168 | ||
| V | 168 | ||
| W | 168 |