BOOK
Essential Nursing Skills E-Book
Maggie Nicol | Carol Bavin | Patricia Cronin | Karen Rawlings-Anderson | Elaine Cole | Janet Hunter
(2012)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
As a nursing student you will have learnt lots of nursing theory and research – but how do you translate this into practice and apply it to the skills you need? Where do you start? What steps should be carried out and in what order? What should you do afterwards?
Essential Nursing Skills answers these questions for over 130 clinical skills. Each one is explained from start to finish, using a step-by-step approach, with clear illustrations and colour photographs to enhance understanding.
Small enough to carry with you and specifically designed and written to aid learning, this book is invaluable for nurses across all fields.
• Attractive design – easy to use• Skills explained step by step
• Comprehensive list of skills covers all that students will encounter in practice
• Points for Practice sections encourage readers to reflect and learn
• Further reading and references point to the evidence and knowledge base for each skill.
- Full-colour photographs illustrate many of the procedures
- Full colour is used throughout to help navigate procedures
- Section listing normal values of commonly used blood tests
- Skills to assess deteriorating patients and care for patients undergoing surgery
- Reflects changes in nursing and professional national guidelines.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Series page | ii | ||
| Essential Nursing Skills | ii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| New to this edition | xi | ||
| Focus on practical procedures | xii | ||
| Points for practice PFP | xii | ||
| Supervised practice | xii | ||
| Local policies and procedures | xii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xiii | ||
| 1 Infection prevention and control | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Standard precautions | 2 | ||
| 1.2 Aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT) | 3 | ||
| 1.3 Hand washing | 5 | ||
| Procedure | 5 | ||
| 1.4 Use of masks | 9 | ||
| Preparation | 9 | ||
| Procedure | 9 | ||
| 1.5 Use of aprons | 11 | ||
| Preparation | 11 | ||
| Procedure | 11 | ||
| 1.6 Use of gloves (non-sterile) | 12 | ||
| Preparation | 12 | ||
| Procedure | 12 | ||
| 1.7 Disposal of waste and care of equipment | 14 | ||
| Clinical waste | 14 | ||
| Non-clinical waste | 14 | ||
| Needles and other sharps | 14 | ||
| Linen | 15 | ||
| Used linen | 15 | ||
| Soiled or fouled linen | 15 | ||
| Infected linen | 15 | ||
| Non-disposable equipment | 16 | ||
| General equipment | 16 | ||
| 1.8 Taking a swab | 17 | ||
| Preparation | 17 | ||
| Procedure | 17 | ||
| 1.9 Isolation (barrier nursing) | 19 | ||
| Principles | 19 | ||
| Healthcare associated infection (HCAI) | 19 | ||
| Isolation precautions | 19 | ||
| Equipment | 19 | ||
| Aprons and gloves | 20 | ||
| Hand hygiene | 20 | ||
| Excreta | 20 | ||
| Linen | 20 | ||
| Psychological effects of isolation | 20 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 20 | ||
| 2 Observation and monitoring | 25 | ||
| 2.1 Temperature recording: oral & axillary | 27 | ||
| Preparation | 27 | ||
| Procedure | 27 | ||
| Oral | 27 | ||
| Axillary | 27 | ||
| Oral and axillary | 28 | ||
| 2.2 Electronic thermometer: oral and axillary | 30 | ||
| Preparation | 30 | ||
| Oral | 30 | ||
| Axillary | 31 | ||
| Oral and axillary | 31 | ||
| 2.3 Temperature recording: tympanic membrane thermometer | 32 | ||
| Preparation | 32 | ||
| Procedure | 32 | ||
| 2.4 Cooling and warming the patient | 34 | ||
| Cooling the patient | 34 | ||
| Tepid sponging | 34 | ||
| Fan therapy | 34 | ||
| Warming the patient | 34 | ||
| 2.5 Pulse recording | 35 | ||
| Preparation | 35 | ||
| Procedure | 35 | ||
| 2.6 Assessment of breathing and counting respirations | 37 | ||
| Preparation | 37 | ||
| Procedure | 37 | ||
| 2.7 Blood pressure recording | 39 | ||
| Preparation | 39 | ||
| Procedure | 39 | ||
| 2.8 Cardiac monitoring | 43 | ||
| Preparation | 43 | ||
| Procedure | 43 | ||
| 2.9 Recording a 12-lead ECG | 46 | ||
| Procedure | 46 | ||
| 2.10 Assessment of level of consciousness | 48 | ||
| Preparation | 48 | ||
| Procedure | 48 | ||
| Assessment of eye opening | 48 | ||
| Verbal response | 49 | ||
| Motor response | 49 | ||
| Pupil response | 50 | ||
| Vital signs | 51 | ||
| Limb movement | 51 | ||
| Other level of consciousness assessment tools | 53 | ||
| 2.11 Weighing patients | 54 | ||
| Preparation | 54 | ||
| Procedure | 54 | ||
| 2.12 Measuring waist circumference | 56 | ||
| Preparation | 56 | ||
| Procedure | 56 | ||
| 2.13 Measuring height | 57 | ||
| Preparation | 57 | ||
| Procedure | 57 | ||
| 2.14 Care of the patient having a seizure | 58 | ||
| Preparation | 58 | ||
| Procedure | 58 | ||
| 2.15 Neurovascular assessment | 60 | ||
| Preparation | 60 | ||
| Procedure | 60 | ||
| 2.16 Blood glucose monitoring | 63 | ||
| Preparation | 63 | ||
| Procedure | 63 | ||
| 2.17 Pain assessment | 66 | ||
| Principles | 66 | ||
| 1. Who should assess the patient’s pain? | 66 | ||
| 2. When should the patient’s pain be assessed? | 66 | ||
| 3. What should be assessed? | 67 | ||
| Self-report pain assessment tools | 68 | ||
| 2.18 Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and epidural analgesia | 71 | ||
| Principles | 71 | ||
| PCA devices | 71 | ||
| Patient education | 72 | ||
| Monitoring the patient | 72 | ||
| Epidural analgesia | 73 | ||
| Principles | 73 | ||
| Monitoring patients with epidural analgesia | 74 | ||
| 2.19 Assessment of the deteriorating patient | 76 | ||
| Early warning scores | 76 | ||
| Using ABCDE to assess patients | 76 | ||
| A: airway | 76 | ||
| B: breathing | 78 | ||
| Look – at the patient’s chest | 78 | ||
| Listen – for any abnormal noises | 78 | ||
| Report | 78 | ||
| C: circulation | 78 | ||
| D: disability (plus diabetes and drugs) | 79 | ||
| Diabetes | 79 | ||
| Drugs | 79 | ||
| E: exposure (and the environment) | 79 | ||
| Communicating your assessment using SBAR | 80 | ||
| Situation | 80 | ||
| Background | 80 | ||
| Assessment | 81 | ||
| Recommendation | 81 | ||
| 2.20 Measuring capilliary refill time | 82 | ||
| Preparation | 82 | ||
| Procedure | 82 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 83 | ||
| Cardiac monitoring and ECG | 83 | ||
| Neurovascular observation | 84 | ||
| Height, weight and waist circumference measurement | 84 | ||
| Blood glucose monitoring | 84 | ||
| Pain assessment | 85 | ||
| Temperature, pulse, respirations and blood pressure | 86 | ||
| Assessing deteriorating patients (ABCDE and SBAR) | 87 | ||
| Care of seizures | 88 | ||
| Assessment of level of consciousness | 88 | ||
| Capillary refill | 89 | ||
| 3 Resuscitation | 91 | ||
| 3.1 Assessment of collapsed person and recovery position | 92 | ||
| Preparation | 92 | ||
| Procedure (DRSABC) PFP1 | 92 | ||
| Danger | 92 | ||
| Response | 92 | ||
| Shout for help | 92 | ||
| Airway | 92 | ||
| Breathing | 92 | ||
| Recovery position | 92 | ||
| 3.2 Basic life support with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | 95 | ||
| Preparation | 95 | ||
| Procedure | 95 | ||
| Danger | 95 | ||
| Response | 95 | ||
| Shout for help | 95 | ||
| Airway | 96 | ||
| Breathing | 96 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 96 | ||
| 3.3 Ward-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 99 | ||
| Preparation | 99 | ||
| Procedure | 99 | ||
| 3.4 Automated external defibrillator (AED) | 102 | ||
| Preparation | 102 | ||
| Procedure | 102 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 104 | ||
| 4 Vascular access and intravenous therapy | 105 | ||
| 4.1 Venepuncture | 106 | ||
| Preparation | 106 | ||
| Procedure | 106 | ||
| 4.2 Intravenous cannulation | 109 | ||
| Preparation | 109 | ||
| Procedure | 109 | ||
| 4.3 Preparing an infusion | 113 | ||
| Preparation | 113 | ||
| Procedure | 113 | ||
| Intravenous fluid | 113 | ||
| Administration set | 113 | ||
| Assembly | 113 | ||
| Connecting the infusion | 115 | ||
| 4.4 Changing an infusion bag | 116 | ||
| Preparation | 116 | ||
| Procedure | 116 | ||
| 4.5 Regulation of flow rate | 118 | ||
| Principles | 118 | ||
| Calculating the flow rate in ‘drops per minute’ | 118 | ||
| 4.6 Care of peripheral cannula site | 120 | ||
| Preparation | 120 | ||
| Procedure | 120 | ||
| 4.7 Visual infusion phlebitis (VIP) score | 122 | ||
| Principles | 122 | ||
| Procedure: using the VIP score | 122 | ||
| 4.8 Removal of peripheral cannula | 124 | ||
| Preparation | 124 | ||
| Procedure | 124 | ||
| 4.9 Care of arterial line | 125 | ||
| Principles | 125 | ||
| Management of an arterial line | 125 | ||
| Keep it visible | 125 | ||
| Use luer locks | 125 | ||
| 4.10 Intravenous pumps and syringe drivers | 126 | ||
| Principles | 126 | ||
| Power supply | 126 | ||
| Administration set/syringe | 126 | ||
| Setting up the device | 126 | ||
| Alarm systems | 126 | ||
| Maintenance and repair | 127 | ||
| 4.11 Central venous catheters: care of the site | 128 | ||
| Preparation | 128 | ||
| Procedure | 128 | ||
| 4.12 Central venous pressure (CVP) measurement | 130 | ||
| Preparation | 130 | ||
| Procedure | 130 | ||
| 4.13 Removal of central venous catheters (non-tunnelled) | 133 | ||
| Preparation | 133 | ||
| Procedure | 133 | ||
| 4.14 Care of long-term central venous catheters | 135 | ||
| Principles | 135 | ||
| Care of the site | 136 | ||
| Care of implantable ports | 136 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 136 | ||
| Bibliography/suggested reading | 137 | ||
| 5 Blood transfusion | 141 | ||
| 5.1 Blood transfusion | 142 | ||
| Principles of safety | 142 | ||
| Storage and collection of blood | 143 | ||
| Administration equipment | 144 | ||
| Principles of blood transfusion checking procedure | 144 | ||
| 5.2 Care and management of a transfusion | 146 | ||
| Preparation | 146 | ||
| Procedure | 146 | ||
| Bibliography/suggested reading | 149 | ||
| 6 Nutrition and hydration | 151 | ||
| 6.1 Nutritional assessment | 152 | ||
| Principles | 152 | ||
| Nutritional assessment tools | 152 | ||
| Body mass index | 152 | ||
| Nutritional support | 154 | ||
| 6.2 Assisting adults with eating and drinking | 155 | ||
| Preparation | 155 | ||
| Procedure | 155 | ||
| 6.3 Nausea and vomiting | 157 | ||
| Preparation | 157 | ||
| Procedure | 157 | ||
| 6.4 Subcutaneous fluids (hyperdermoclysis) | 159 | ||
| Preparation | 159 | ||
| Procedure | 159 | ||
| 6.5 Nasogastric tube insertion | 162 | ||
| Preparation | 162 | ||
| Procedure | 162 | ||
| 6.6 Nasogastric feeding | 167 | ||
| Preparation | 167 | ||
| Procedure | 167 | ||
| 6.7 Care of gastrostomy site | 169 | ||
| Principles | 169 | ||
| 6.8 Feeding via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)/radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) | 172 | ||
| Preparation | 172 | ||
| Procedure | 172 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 174 | ||
| 7 Medicines management | 177 | ||
| 7.1 Storage of medicines | 178 | ||
| Principles | 178 | ||
| 7.2 Self-administration of medicines | 179 | ||
| Principles | 179 | ||
| 7.3 Drug calculations | 181 | ||
| Converting from one unit of measurement to another | 181 | ||
| Percentage concentration and ratios | 181 | ||
| Calculating the number of tablets required | 182 | ||
| Calculating the volume to give or draw up | 182 | ||
| Calculating infusion rates | 182 | ||
| 7.4 Principles of administration of medicines | 183 | ||
| Principles | 183 | ||
| Preparation | 184 | ||
| Procedure | 184 | ||
| 7.5 Oral route | 186 | ||
| Preparation | 186 | ||
| Procedure | 186 | ||
| 7.6 Nasogastric route | 188 | ||
| 7.7 Controlled drugs | 189 | ||
| Preparation | 189 | ||
| Procedure | 189 | ||
| 7.8 Subcutaneous injection | 191 | ||
| Preparation | 191 | ||
| Procedure | 191 | ||
| 7.9 Intramuscular injection | 195 | ||
| Preparation | 195 | ||
| Procedure | 195 | ||
| 7.10 Intravenous drug administration | 201 | ||
| Preparation | 201 | ||
| Procedure | 201 | ||
| 7.11 Instillation of nose drops/ nasal spray | 204 | ||
| Preparation | 204 | ||
| Procedure | 204 | ||
| 7.12 Instillation of ear drops | 206 | ||
| Preparation | 206 | ||
| Procedure | 206 | ||
| 7.13 Instillation of eye drops or ointment | 208 | ||
| Preparation | 208 | ||
| Procedure | 208 | ||
| Eye drops | 208 | ||
| Eye ointment | 208 | ||
| 7.14 Topical application | 211 | ||
| Preparation | 211 | ||
| Procedure | 211 | ||
| 7.15 Vaginal preparations | 212 | ||
| Preparation | 212 | ||
| Procedure | 212 | ||
| 7.16 Administration of suppositories | 214 | ||
| Preparation | 214 | ||
| Procedure | 214 | ||
| 7.17 Respiratory route – metered dose inhaler | 216 | ||
| Preparation | 216 | ||
| Procedure | 216 | ||
| 7.18 Variable dose intravenous infusions | 219 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 219 | ||
| 8 Elimination | 223 | ||
| 8.1 Observation of faeces | 225 | ||
| Principles | 225 | ||
| 8.2 Obtaining a specimen of faeces | 227 | ||
| Preparation | 227 | ||
| Procedure | 227 | ||
| 8.3 Administration of an enema | 229 | ||
| Preparation | 229 | ||
| Procedure | 229 | ||
| 8.4 Assisting with a bedpan | 231 | ||
| Preparation | 231 | ||
| Procedure | 231 | ||
| 8.5 Assisting with a commode | 233 | ||
| Preparation | 233 | ||
| Procedure | 233 | ||
| 8.6 Assisting with a urinal | 235 | ||
| Preparation | 235 | ||
| Procedure | 235 | ||
| 8.7 Monitoring fluid balance | 236 | ||
| Preparation | 236 | ||
| Procedure | 236 | ||
| 8.8 Observation of urine | 239 | ||
| Preparation | 239 | ||
| Procedure | 239 | ||
| 8.9 Application of a penile sheath | 240 | ||
| Preparation | 240 | ||
| Procedure | 240 | ||
| 8.10 Urinalysis | 242 | ||
| Preparation | 242 | ||
| Procedure | 242 | ||
| 8.11 Midstream specimen of urine | 244 | ||
| Preparation | 244 | ||
| Procedure | 244 | ||
| Male patient | 244 | ||
| Female patient | 244 | ||
| Male and female patients | 244 | ||
| 8.12 Catheter specimen of urine | 246 | ||
| Preparation | 246 | ||
| Procedure | 246 | ||
| 8.13 24-hour urine collection | 248 | ||
| Preparation | 248 | ||
| Procedure | 248 | ||
| 8.14 Early morning urine specimen | 249 | ||
| Preparation | 249 | ||
| Procedure | 249 | ||
| For cytology | 249 | ||
| For other test (e.g.TB, pregnancy) | 249 | ||
| 8.15 Female catheterisation | 251 | ||
| Preparation | 251 | ||
| Procedure | 251 | ||
| 8.16 Male catheterisation | 255 | ||
| Preparation | 255 | ||
| Procedure | 255 | ||
| 8.17 Urethral catheter care | 260 | ||
| Preparation | 260 | ||
| Procedure | 260 | ||
| Female patients | 260 | ||
| Male patients | 260 | ||
| 8.18 Care of suprapubic catheter | 261 | ||
| Procedure | 261 | ||
| 8.19 Emptying a catheter bag | 263 | ||
| Preparation | 263 | ||
| Procedure | 263 | ||
| 8.20 Continuous bladder irrigation | 265 | ||
| Preparation | 265 | ||
| Procedure | 265 | ||
| 8.21 Bladder washout/lavage | 268 | ||
| Preparation | 268 | ||
| Procedure | 268 | ||
| 8.22 Catheter removal | 270 | ||
| Preparation | 270 | ||
| Procedure | 270 | ||
| 8.23 Stoma care | 272 | ||
| Principles | 272 | ||
| Stoma appliances | 273 | ||
| 8.24 Changing a stoma bag | 275 | ||
| Preparation | 275 | ||
| Procedure | 275 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 277 | ||
| 9 Peri-operative care | 281 | ||
| 9.1 Wound assessment | 282 | ||
| Principles | 282 | ||
| Wound assessment tools | 282 | ||
| 9.2 Aseptic dressing technique | 285 | ||
| Preparation | 285 | ||
| Procedure | 285 | ||
| 9.3 Removal of skin closures: sutures/staples | 290 | ||
| Preparation | 290 | ||
| Procedure | 290 | ||
| 9.4 Wound drainage | 295 | ||
| Principles | 295 | ||
| Open system | 295 | ||
| Closed system | 296 | ||
| 9.5 Changing a vacuum drainage bottle | 297 | ||
| Preparation | 297 | ||
| Procedure | 297 | ||
| Bottle system | 297 | ||
| Small concertina system | 297 | ||
| 9.6 Removal of wound drain | 299 | ||
| Preparation | 299 | ||
| Procedure | 299 | ||
| 9.7 Topical negative pressure wound therapy | 301 | ||
| Principles | 301 | ||
| 9.8 Peri-operative care | 303 | ||
| Principles | 303 | ||
| Pre-operative care | 303 | ||
| Consent | 303 | ||
| Anxiety | 303 | ||
| Pre-operative hygiene | 304 | ||
| Pre-operative checklist | 304 | ||
| Intra-operative care | 306 | ||
| Postoperative care | 306 | ||
| ABCDE assessment of A postoperative patient | 306 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 308 | ||
| 10 Patient hygiene | 313 | ||
| 10.1 Assisting with a bath or shower | 314 | ||
| Preparation | 314 | ||
| Procedure | 314 | ||
| 10.2 Bed bath | 316 | ||
| Preparation | 316 | ||
| Procedure | 316 | ||
| 10.3 Oral assessment | 318 | ||
| Preparation | 318 | ||
| Procedure | 318 | ||
| 10.4 Mouth care for a dependent patient | 320 | ||
| Preparation | 320 | ||
| Procedure | 320 | ||
| 10.5 Facial shave | 322 | ||
| Preparation | 322 | ||
| Procedure | 322 | ||
| 10.6 Washing hair in bed | 324 | ||
| Preparation | 324 | ||
| Procedure | 324 | ||
| 10.7 Eye care | 326 | ||
| Preparation | 326 | ||
| Procedure | 326 | ||
| 10.8 Caring for fingernails and toenails | 328 | ||
| Preparation | 328 | ||
| Procedure | 328 | ||
| Fingernails | 328 | ||
| Toenails | 328 | ||
| Finger and toenails | 329 | ||
| 10.9 Last offices | 330 | ||
| Preparation | 330 | ||
| Procedure | 330 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 332 | ||
| 11 Respiratory care | 333 | ||
| 11.1 Assessment of breathing and counting respirations | 334 | ||
| Preparation | 334 | ||
| Procedure | 334 | ||
| 11.2 Positioning the breathless patient | 336 | ||
| Preparation | 336 | ||
| Procedure | 336 | ||
| 11.3 Face masks and nasal cannulae | 338 | ||
| Preparation | 338 | ||
| Procedure | 338 | ||
| 11.4 Humidified oxygen | 342 | ||
| Preparation | 342 | ||
| Procedure | 342 | ||
| 11.5 Use of nebuliser | 344 | ||
| Preparation | 344 | ||
| Procedure | 344 | ||
| 11.6 Peak expiratory flow rate | 346 | ||
| Preparation | 346 | ||
| Procedure | 346 | ||
| 11.7 Pulse oximetry (oxygen saturation) | 350 | ||
| Preparation | 350 | ||
| Procedure | 350 | ||
| 11.8 Observation of sputum | 352 | ||
| Preparation | 352 | ||
| Procedure | 352 | ||
| 11.9 Obtaining a sputum specimen | 353 | ||
| Preparation | 353 | ||
| Procedure | 353 | ||
| 11.10 Oral suctioning | 354 | ||
| Preparation | 354 | ||
| Procedure | 354 | ||
| 11.11 Care of a tracheostomy | 356 | ||
| Preparation | 356 | ||
| Procedure | 356 | ||
| 11.12 Tracheal suctioning | 358 | ||
| Preparation | 358 | ||
| Procedure | 358 | ||
| 11.13 Insertion and management of chest drains | 361 | ||
| Preparation | 361 | ||
| Procedure | 361 | ||
| 11.14 Chest drain removal | 364 | ||
| Preparation | 364 | ||
| Procedure | 364 | ||
| 11.15 Non-invasive ventilation | 366 | ||
| Principles | 366 | ||
| Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) | 366 | ||
| Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) | 366 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 367 | ||
| 12 Reduced mobility | 371 | ||
| 12.1 Principles of moving and handling | 372 | ||
| Principles | 372 | ||
| Legal requirements | 372 | ||
| The Manual Handling Operations Regulations (MHOR) (Health and Safety Executive 1992, amended 2004) | 372 | ||
| The Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) | 372 | ||
| The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) (1998) | 373 | ||
| The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) (1998) | 373 | ||
| Risk assessment | 373 | ||
| Task (what is it that you need to do?) | 374 | ||
| Individual (nurse or carer) | 374 | ||
| Load (patient) | 374 | ||
| Environment | 375 | ||
| Principles of safe handling and good posture | 375 | ||
| Safe posture | 376 | ||
| 12.2 Risk assessment of pressure ulcers | 377 | ||
| Principles | 377 | ||
| External factors | 377 | ||
| Internal factors | 377 | ||
| Assessing the patient | 377 | ||
| Physical factors | 378 | ||
| Medical/surgical history | 378 | ||
| Psychological factors | 378 | ||
| Lifestyle factors | 378 | ||
| Age | 379 | ||
| Calculating the risk | 379 | ||
| 12.3 Prevention of pressure ulcers | 380 | ||
| Principles | 380 | ||
| Careful positioning | 380 | ||
| Regular repositioning | 380 | ||
| Exercise | 381 | ||
| Safe moving and handling | 381 | ||
| Nutrition and hydration | 381 | ||
| Skin care | 381 | ||
| Grading pressure ulcers | 382 | ||
| 12.4 Complications of immobility | 383 | ||
| Complications of bed rest | 383 | ||
| Chest infection | 383 | ||
| Prevention of chest infection | 383 | ||
| Pressure ulcers | 383 | ||
| Pressure ulcer prevention (see also p. 380) | 384 | ||
| Venous thromoembolism (VTE) | 384 | ||
| Prevention of VTE | 385 | ||
| Constipation | 385 | ||
| Prevention and treatment of constipation | 385 | ||
| 12.5 Fitting anti-embolism stockings | 386 | ||
| Preparation | 386 | ||
| Procedure | 386 | ||
| 12.6 Falls prevention | 390 | ||
| Principles | 390 | ||
| Multifactorial falls risk assessment | 390 | ||
| Intervention programmes | 391 | ||
| Strength and balance training | 391 | ||
| Home hazard assessment and intervention | 391 | ||
| Vision assessment and referral | 391 | ||
| Medication review with modification/withdrawal | 392 | ||
| Falls prevention programmes | 392 | ||
| Education and information giving | 392 | ||
| Bibliography/Suggested reading | 392 | ||
| Moving and handling | 392 | ||
| Pressure ulcers | 393 | ||
| Complications of immobility | 395 | ||
| Falls prevention | 395 | ||
| Venous thromboembolism | 396 | ||
| Appendix Normal values | 397 | ||
| Blood (haematology) | 398 | ||
| Blood-venous plasma (biochemistry) | 398 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid | 400 | ||
| Urine | 400 | ||
| Index | 401 | ||
| A | 401 | ||
| B | 402 | ||
| C | 403 | ||
| D | 405 | ||
| E | 405 | ||
| F | 406 | ||
| G | 407 | ||
| H | 407 | ||
| I | 408 | ||
| J | 408 | ||
| K | 409 | ||
| L | 409 | ||
| M | 409 | ||
| N | 410 | ||
| O | 411 | ||
| P | 412 | ||
| R | 413 | ||
| S | 414 | ||
| T | 416 | ||
| U | 416 | ||
| V | 417 | ||
| W | 418 | ||
| X | 418 | ||
| Y | 418 | ||
| Z | 418 |