Menu Expand
  1. Subjects (Books)
Obstetric Imaging E-Book

BOOK

Obstetric Imaging E-Book

Joshua Copel | Mary E. D'Alton | Helen Feltovich | Eduard Gratacos | Anthony O. Odibo | Lawrence Platt | Boris Tutschek

(2012)

Login to order (PDF)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN
978-1-4557-3357-6
Edition
Language
English
Pages
1225
Subjects
General practice
Reproductive medicine
Gynaecology & obstetrics
Medical imaging
Ultrasonics
Radiology
Nursing specialties

Abstract

Obstetric Imaging will help you detect fetal abnormalities with greater confidence and accuracy. Covering MRI as well as ultrasound and interventional procedures, it equips you with expert tips for recognizing and addressing problems that you might otherwise miss. Obstetric Imaging provides the advanced guidance you need to recognize fetal health challenges early and respond effectively!

  • Get advanced clinical guidance from a preeminent team of international maternal-fetal medicine specialists and obstetrician/gynecologists.

  • See perfect examples of normal and variant anatomy, as well as the full range of fetal syndromes, with 1,318 images, 361 in full color.

  • Know how to get optimal diagnostic accuracy from ultrasound and when to use MRI instead.

  • Effectively perform image-guided interventions including amniocentesis, fetal transfusion, selective laser photocoagulation, radiofrequency ablation, fetal shunt placement, and more.

  • Master important nuances of sonography by watching 69 videos online.

  • Access Obstetric Imaging online at www.expertconsult.com, view all the videos, and download all the images.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front cover cover
ExCon page ibc_i
Obstetric Imaging i
Copyright page ii
Dedication iii
Contributors v
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Table of Contents xvii
Video Contents xxiii
Part 1 Atlas of Selected Normal Images 1
Chapter 1 Atlas of Selected Normal Images 1
Part 2 Thorax 13
Chapter 2 Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of the Lung 13
Introduction 13
Disease 13
Definition 13
Prevalence and Epidemiology 13
Etiology and Pathophysiology 13
Manifestations of Disease 14
Clinical Presentation 14
Imaging Technique and Findings 14
Ultrasound 14
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 14
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 15
Synopsis of Treatment Options 16
Prenatal 16
Invasive Fetal Therapy 16
Medical Therapy 16
Postnatal 16
▶ Suggested Reading 16
References 16
Chapter 3 Extralobar Bronchopulmonary Sequestration 17
Introduction 17
Disease 17
Definition 17
Prevalence and Epidemiology 17
Etiology and Pathophysiology 18
Manifestations of Disease 18
Clinical Presentation 18
Imaging Technique and Findings 18
Ultrasound 18
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 19
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 19
Synopsis of Treatment Options 19
Prenatal 19
Postnatal 19
▶ Suggested Reading 20
References 20
Chapter 4 Hydrothorax 21
Introduction 21
Disease 21
Definition 21
Prevalence and Epidemiology 21
Etiology and Pathophysiology 21
Manifestations of Disease 21
Clinical Presentation 21
Imaging Technique and Findings 21
Ultrasound 21
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 21
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 22
Synopsis of Treatment Options 22
Prenatal 22
Postnatal 22
▶ Suggested Readings 23
References 23
Chapter 5 Scimitar Syndrome 24
Introduction 24
Disease 24
Definition 24
Prevalence and Epidemiology 24
Etiology and Pathophysiology 24
Manifestations of Disease 24
Clinical Presentation and Prognosis 24
Diagnosis 24
Imaging Technique and Findings 25
Ultrasound 25
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 26
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 26
Synopsis of Treatment Options 26
Postnatal 26
▶ Suggested Reading 26
References 26
Chapter 6 Thymus 27
Introduction 27
Normal Anatomy 27
General Anatomic Descriptions 27
Ultrasound 27
Detailed Description of Specific Areas 29
Normal Variants 29
Differential Considerations 29
Pertinent Imaging Considerations 29
▶ Suggested Reading 30
References 30
Chapter 7 Other Thoracic Tumors and Masses 31
Introduction 31
Bronchogenic Cyst 31
Definition 31
Prevalence and Epidemiology 31
Etiology and Pathophysiology 31
Manifestations of Disease 31
Clinical Presentation 31
Imaging Technique and Findings 31
Ultrasound 31
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 31
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 32
Synopsis of Treatment Options 32
Prenatal 32
Postnatal 32
Lymphangioma 32
Definition 32
Prevalence and Epidemiology 32
Etiology and Pathophysiology 32
Manifestations of Disease 33
Imaging Technique and Findings 33
Ultrasound 33
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 33
Other Applicable Modality 33
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 33
Synopsis of Treatment Options 33
Prenatal 33
Postnatal 34
▶ Suggested Reading 34
References 34
Part 3 Abdomen 35
Section One Kidney 35
Chapter 8 Abnormal Kidney Location 35
Introduction 35
Disease 35
Definition 35
Prevalence and Epidemiology 35
Etiology and Pathophysiology 35
Manifestations of Disease 36
Clinical Presentation 36
Imaging Technique and Findings 36
Ultrasound 36
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 38
Synopsis of Treatment Options 38
Postnatal 38
▶ Suggested Reading 39
References 39
Chapter 9 Abnormal Kidney Size 39
Introduction 39
Normal Anatomy 39
General Anatomic Descriptions 39
Detailed Description of Specific Areas 40
Normal Variants 40
Differential Considerations 41
Pertinent Imaging Considerations 42
▶ Suggested Reading 42
References 43
Chapter 10 Bilateral Renal Agenesis 43
Introduction 43
Disease 43
Definition 43
Prevalence and Epidemiology 43
Etiology and Pathophysiology 43
Manifestations of Disease 44
Clinical Presentation 44
Imaging Technique and Findings 44
Ultrasound 44
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 45
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 45
▶ Suggested Reading 46
References 46
Chapter 11 Unilateral Renal Agenesis 47
Introduction 47
Disease 47
Definition 47
Prevalence and Epidemiology 47
Etiology and Pathophysiology 47
Manifestations of Disease 47
Clinical Presentation 47
Imaging Technique and Findings 47
Ultrasound 47
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 48
Synopsis of Treatment Options 48
Postnatal 48
▶ Suggested Reading 49
References 49
Chapter 12 Renal Pelvis Dilatation 50
Introduction 50
Disease 50
Definition 50
Prevalence and Epidemiology 50
Etiology and Pathophysiology 50
Manifestations of Disease 51
Imaging Technique and Findings 51
Ultrasound 51
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 52
Synopsis of Treatment Options 52
Postnatal 52
▶ Suggested Reading 53
References 53
Chapter 13 Duplicated Collecting System 54
Introduction 54
Disease 54
Definition 54
Prevalence and Epidemiology 54
Etiology and Pathophysiology 55
Manifestations of Disease 55
Clinical Presentation 55
Imaging Technique and Findings 55
Ultrasound 55
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 56
Synopsis of Treatment Options 56
Postnatal 56
▶ Suggested Reading 57
References 57
Chapter 14 Posterior Urethral Valves 58
Introduction 58
Disease 58
Definition 58
Prevalence and Epidemiology 58
Etiology and Pathophysiology 58
Manifestations of Disease 58
Clinical Presentation 58
Imaging Technique and Findings 58
Ultrasound 58
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 59
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 60
Synopsis of Treatment Options 60
Prenatal 60
Vesicoamniotic Shunt Placement 62
Fetal Cystoscopy 62
Postnatal 62
▶ Suggested Reading 62
References 62
Chapter 15 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney 63
Introduction 63
Disease 63
Definition 63
Prevalence and Epidemiology 63
Etiology and Pathophysiology 64
Manifestations of Disease 64
Clinical Presentation 64
Imaging Technique and Findings 65
Ultrasound 65
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 66
Synopsis of Treatment Options 66
Postnatal 66
▶ Suggested Reading 66
References 66
Chapter 16 Autosomal Recessive (Infantile) Polycystic Kidney Disease 67
Introduction 67
Disease 67
Definition 67
Prevalence and Epidemiology 67
Etiology and Pathophysiology 67
Manifestations of Disease 68
Clinical Presentation 68
Imaging Technique and Findings 68
Ultrasound 68
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 69
Synopsis of Treatment Options 70
Postnatal 70
▶ Suggested Reading 70
References 70
Section Two Adrenals 71
Chapter 17 Fetal Adrenal Abnormalities 71
Introduction 71
Neuroblastoma 71
Definition 71
Prevalence and Epidemiology 71
Etiology and Pathophysiology 71
Part 4 Gastrointestinal 105
Chapter 24 Abdominal Cysts 105
Introduction 105
Ovarian Cysts 105
Definition 105
Prevalence and Epidemiology 105
Etiology and Pathophysiology 105
Manifestations of Disease 105
Clinical Presentation 105
Imaging Technique and Findings 105
Ultrasound 105
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 105
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 106
Synopsis of Treatment Options 106
Prenatal 106
Postnatal 106
Enteric Duplication Cysts 107
Definition 107
Prevalence and Epidemiology 107
Etiology and Pathophysiology 107
Manifestations of Disease 107
Clinical Presentation 107
Imaging Technique and Findings 107
Ultrasound 107
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 108
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 108
Synopsis of Treatment Options 108
Prenatal 108
Postnatal 108
Mesenteric Cysts/Mesenteric Cystic Lymphangioma 108
Prevalence and Epidemiology 108
Etiology and Pathophysiology 108
Manifestations of Disease 108
Clinical Presentation 108
Imaging Technique and Findings 108
Ultrasound 108
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 109
Part 5 Central Nervous System 174
Chapter 33 Acrania, Exencephaly, Anencephaly, and Encephalocele 174
Introduction 174
Acrania and Exencephaly 174
Definition 174
Etiology 174
Anencephaly 175
Definition 175
Prevalence and Epidemiology 175
Etiology and Pathophysiology 175
Manifestations of Disease 175
Clinical Presentation 175
Imaging Technique and Findings 176
Ultrasound 176
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 176
Other Applicable Modalities 176
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 177
Synopsis of Treatment Options 177
Encephalocele 177
Definition 177
Prevalence and Epidemiology 177
Etiology and Pathophysiology 177
Manifestations of Disease 178
Clinical Presentation 178
Imaging Technique and Findings 178
Ultrasound 178
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 178
Synopsis of Treatment Options 179
▶ Suggested Reading 179
References 179
Chapter 34 Cerebral Infections 180
Introduction 180
Cytomegalovirus 180
Definition 180
Prevalence and Epidemiology 180
Etiology and Pathophysiology 181
Manifestations of Disease 181
Clinical Presentation 181
Imaging Technique and Findings 181
Ultrasound 181
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 182
Other Applicable Modality 182
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 182
Synopsis of Treatment Options 183
Prenatal 183
Postnatal 183
Toxoplasmosis 183
Definition 183
Prevalence and Epidemiology 183
Etiology and Pathophysiology 183
Manifestations of Disease 184
Clinical Presentation 184
Imaging Technique and Findings 184
Ultrasound 184
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 184
Other Applicable Modality 184
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 185
Synopsis of Treatment Options 185
Prenatal 185
Postnatal 186
▶ Suggested Reading 186
References 186
Chapter 35 Choroid Plexus Anomalies: 187
Introduction 187
Disease 187
Definition 187
Prevalence and Epidemiology 187
Etiology and Pathophysiology 188
Manifestations of Disease 188
Clinical Presentation 188
Imaging Technique and Findings 189
Ultrasound 189
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 189
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 189
Synopsis of Treatment Options 191
Prenatal 191
Postnatal 191
▶ Suggested Reading 192
References 192
Chapter 36 Corpus Callosum and Septum Pellucidum Anomalies 193
Introduction 193
Corpus Callosum Anomalies 193
Definition 193
Prevalence and Epidemiology 193
Etiology and Pathophysiology 193
Manifestations of Disease 193
Clinical Presentation 193
Imaging Technique and Findings 194
Ultrasound 194
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 196
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 196
Synopsis of Treatment Options 197
Prenatal 197
Postnatal 197
Absent Septum Pellucidum and Septooptic Dysplasia 198
Definition 198
Prevalence and Epidemiology 199
Etiology and Pathophysiology 199
Manifestations of Disease 201
Clinical Presentation 201
Imaging Technique and Findings 201
Ultrasound 201
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 201
Other Applicable Modality 201
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 201
Synopsis of Treatment Options 202
Prenatal 202
Postnatal 202
▶ Suggested Reading 202
References 202
Chapter 37 Cortical Development and Disorders 203
Introduction 203
Disease 203
Definition 203
Prevalence and Epidemiology 203
Etiology and Pathophysiology 203
Manifestations of Disease 204
Clinical Presentation 204
Imaging Technique and Findings 204
Ultrasound 204
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 204
Specific Malformations of Cortical Development 204
Microcephaly 204
Definition 204
Prevalence and Epidemiology 204
Etiology and Pathophysiology 205
Manifestations of Disease 205
Clinical Presentation 205
Imaging Technique and Findings 206
ultrasound 206
magnetic resonance imaging 207
Macrocephaly, Megalencephaly, Macrocrania, and Hemimegalencephaly 207
Definition 207
Prevalence and Epidemiology 207
Etiology and Pathophysiology 208
Manifestations of Disease 208
Clinical Presentation 208
Imaging Technique and Findings 208
ultrasound 208
magnetic resonance imaging 208
other applicable modality 208
Neuron Migration Abnormalities (Lissencephaly, Agyria, Heterotopia, and Pachygyria) 209
Definition 209
Prevalence and Epidemiology 209
Etiology and Pathophysiology 209
Manifestations of Disease 209
Clinical Presentation 209
Imaging Technique and Findings 210
ultrasound 210
magnetic resonance imaging 210
other applicable modality 210
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 210
Disorders of Cortical Organization: Polymicrogyria and Schizencephaly 210
Definition 210
Prevalence and Epidemiology 211
Etiology and Pathophysiology 211
Manifestations of Disease 211
Clinical Presentation 211
Imaging Technique and Findings 212
ultrasound 212
magnetic resonance imaging 212
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 212
Synopsis of Treatment Options for Abnormalities of Cortical Development 213
Prenatal 213
Postnatal 213
Acknowledgments 213
▶ Suggested READING 213
References 213
Chapter 38 Cerebellar Anomalies 214
Introduction 214
Disease 214
Definition 214
Manifestations of Disease 217
Clinical Presentation 217
Imaging Technique and Findings 217
Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 217
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 218
Synopsis of Treatment Options 218
Prenatal 218
Postnatal 218
▶ Suggested Reading 218
References 218
Chapter 39 Holoprosencephaly 219
Introduction 219
Disease 219
Definition 219
Prevalence and Epidemiology 220
Embryo 220
Fetus 220
International Studies 220
Etiology and Pathophysiology 220
Embryology 220
Environmental Influences 221
Abnormal Karyotype 221
Syndromes and Associations 221
Associated Anomalies 221
Manifestations of Disease 221
Clinical Presentation 221
Brain 221
Face 221
Other Possible Associated Cerebral and Facial Anomalies 222
Agnathia 222
Detection and Outcome 222
Imaging Technique and Findings 223
Ultrasound 223
first-trimester 223
Approach 223
Findings 223
second and third trimesters 225
Approach 225
Findings 225
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 226
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 230
Synopsis of Treatment Options 230
Prenatal 230
Postnatal 230
▶ Suggested Reading 233
References 233
Chapter 40 Intracranial Hemorrhage, Cysts, Tumors, and Destructive Lesions 234
Introduction 234
Intracranial Hemorrhage 235
Definition 235
Prevalence and Epidemiology 235
Etiology and Pathophysiology 235
Manifestations of Disease 235
Clinical Presentation 235
Imaging Technique and Findings 235
Ultrasound 235
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 235
Synopsis of Treatment Options 237
Prenatal 237
Porencephaly 237
Definition 237
Prevalence and Epidemiology 237
Etiology and Pathophysiology 237
Manifestations of Disease 237
Clinical Presentation 237
Imaging Technique and Findings 237
Part 6 First-Trimester Complications 262
Chapter 44 Abnormal Intrauterine Sac 262
Introduction 262
Disease 262
Definition 262
Prevalence and Epidemiology 262
Etiology and Pathophysiology 262
Manifestations of Disease 262
Clinical Presentation 262
Imaging Technique and Findings 262
Ultrasound 262
normal embryonic development and ultrasound findings 262
gestational sac 263
yolk sac 265
crown-rump length 265
cardiac activity 266
ultrasound findings of early pregnancy failure 266
subchorionic hematoma 268
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 268
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 268
Synopsis of Treatment Options 268
Prenatal 268
▶ Suggested Reading 269
References 269
Chapter 45 Nuchal Translucency 270
Introduction 270
Disease 270
Definition 270
Prevalence and Epidemiology 270
Etiology and Pathophysiology 270
Manifestations of Disease 271
Imaging Technique and Findings 271
Ultrasound 271
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 272
Synopsis of Treatment Options 272
Prenatal 272
Postnatal 274
▶ Suggested Reading 274
References 274
Part 7 Limbs and Bones: An Overview 276
▶ Suggested Reading 276
Section One Osteochondrodysplasias—Lethal 277
Chapter 46 Achondrogenesis 277
Introduction 277
Disease 277
Definition 277
Prevalence and Epidemiology 277
Etiology and Pathophysiology 277
Manifestations of Disease 277
Clinical Presentation 277
Imaging Technique and Findings 278
Ultrasound 278
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 278
Other Applicable Modality 278
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 278
Synopsis of Treatment Options 278
Prenatal 278
Postnatal 279
▶ Suggested Reading 279
References 279
Chapter 47 Atelosteogenesis 280
Introduction 280
Disease 280
Definition 280
Prevalence and Epidemiology 280
Etiology and Pathophysiology 280
Manifestations of Disease 280
Clinical Presentation 280
Imaging Technique and Findings 280
Ultrasound 280
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 281
Other Applicable Modality 281
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 281
Synopsis of Treatment Options 281
Prenatal 281
Postnatal 281
▶ Suggested Reading 282
References 282
Chapter 48 Asphyxiating Thoracic Dysplasia 283
Introduction 283
Disease 283
Definition 283
Prevalence and Epidemiology 283
Etiology and Pathophysiology 283
Manifestations of Disease 283
Clinical Presentation 283
Imaging Technique and Findings 283
Ultrasound 283
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 283
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 283
Synopsis of Treatment Options 283
Prenatal 283
Postnatal 283
▶ Suggested Reading 284
References 284
Chapter 49 Short Rib–Polydactyly Syndrome 285
Introduction 285
Disease 285
Definition 285
Prevalence and Epidemiology 285
Etiology and Pathophysiology 285
Manifestations of Disease 285
Clinical Presentation 285
Imaging Technique and Findings 286
Ultrasound 286
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 286
Other Applicable Modality 287
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 287
Synopsis of Treatment Options 287
Prenatal 287
Postnatal 287
▶ Suggested Reading 287
References 287
Chapter 50 Thanatophoric Dysplasia 288
Introduction 288
Disease 288
Definition 288
Prevalence and Epidemiology 288
Etiology and Pathophysiology 288
Manifestations of Disease 288
Clinical Presentation 288
Imaging Technique and Findings 288
Ultrasound 288
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 289
Other Applicable Modality 289
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 289
Synopsis of Treatment Options 290
Prenatal 290
Postnatal 290
▶ Suggested Reading 290
References 290
Chapter 51 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 291
Introduction 291
Disease 291
Definition 291
Prevalence and Epidemiology 291
Etiology and Pathophysiology 291
Manifestations of Disease 291
Clinical Presentation 291
Imaging Technique and Findings 292
Ultrasound 292
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 292
Other Applicable Modality 292
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 293
Synopsis of Treatment Options 293
Prenatal 293
Postnatal 293
▶ Suggested Reading 293
References 293
Chapter 52 Hypophosphatasia 294
Introduction 294
Disease 294
Definition 294
Prevalence and Epidemiology 294
Etiology and Pathophysiology 294
Manifestations of Disease 294
Clinical Presentation 294
Imaging Technique and Findings 295
Ultrasound 295
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 295
Other Applicable Modality 295
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 295
Synopsis of Treatment Options 295
Prenatal 295
Postnatal 296
▶ Suggested Reading 296
References 296
Chapter 53 Campomelic Dysplasia 297
Introduction 297
Disease 297
Definition 297
Prevalence and Epidemiology 297
Etiology and Pathophysiology 297
Manifestations of Disease 297
Clinical Presentation 297
Imaging Technique and Findings 298
Ultrasound 298
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 298
Other Applicable Modality 298
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 298
Synopsis of Treatment Options 298
Prenatal 298
Postnatal 299
▶ Suggested Reading 299
References 299
Section Two Osteochondrodysplasias—Nonlethal 300
Chapter 54 Achondroplasia 300
Introduction 300
Disease 300
Definition 300
Prevalence and Epidemiology 300
Etiology and Pathophysiology 300
Manifestations of Disease 300
Clinical Presentation 300
Imaging Technique and Findings 300
Ultrasound 300
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 302
Synopsis of Treatment Options 302
Prenatal 302
Postnatal 302
▶ Suggested Reading 303
References 303
Chapter 55 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita 303
Introduction 303
Disease 303
Definition 303
Prevalence and Epidemiology 303
Etiology and Pathophysiology 303
Manifestations of Disease 304
Clinical Presentation 304
Imaging Technique and Findings 304
Ultrasound 304
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 304
Other Applicable Modality 304
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 305
Synopsis of Treatment Options 305
Prenatal 305
Postnatal 305
▶ Suggested Reading 305
References 305
Chapter 56 Chondrodysplasia Punctata 306
Introduction 306
Disease 306
Definition 306
Prevalence and Epidemiology 306
Etiology and Pathophysiology 306
Manifestations of Disease 306
Clinical Presentation 306
Imaging Technique and Findings 306
Ultrasound 306
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 307
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 307
Synopsis of Treatment Options 307
Prenatal 307
Postnatal 307
▶ Suggested Reading 308
References 308
Chapter 57 Diastrophic Dysplasia 308
Introduction 308
Disease 309
Definition 309
Prevalence and Epidemiology 309
Etiology and Pathophysiology 309
Manifestations of Disease 309
Clinical Presentation 309
Imaging Technique and Findings 310
Ultrasound 310
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 310
Other Applicable Modality 310
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 310
Synopsis Of Treatment Options 310
Prenatal 310
Postnatal 310
▶ Suggested Reading 311
References 311
Chapter 58 Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome (Chondroectodermal Dysplasia) 311
Introduction 311
Disease 311
Definition 311
Prevalence and Epidemiology 312
Etiology and Pathophysiology 312
Manifestations of Disease 312
Clinical Presentation 312
Imaging Technique and Findings 312
Ultrasound 312
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 312
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 313
Synopsis of Treatment Options 313
Prenatal 313
Postnatal 313
▶ Suggested Reading 313
References 313
Section Three Findings—Spinal Defects 314
Chapter 59 Caudal Regression Syndrome 314
Introduction 314
Disease 314
Definition 314
Prevalence and Epidemiology 314
Etiology and Pathophysiology 314
Manifestations of Disease 314
Clinical Presentation 314
Imaging Technique and Findings 314
Ultrasound 314
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 316
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 316
Synopsis of Treatment Options 316
Prenatal 316
Postnatal 316
▶ Suggested Reading 317
References 317
Chapter 60 Klippel-Feil 317
Introduction 317
Disease 318
Definition 318
Prevalence and Epidemiology 318
Etiology and Pathophysiology 318
Manifestations of Disease 318
Clinical Presentation 318
Imaging Technique and Findings 318
Ultrasound 318
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 318
Other Applicable Modality 319
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 319
Synopsis of Treatment Options 319
Prenatal 319
Postnatal 319
References 320
Section Four Findings—Anomalous Digits 320
Chapter 61 Abnormal Hands: 320
Introduction 320
Disease 320
Definition 320
Prevalence and Epidemiology 321
Etiology and Pathophysiology 321
Manifestations of Disease 321
Clinical Presentation 321
Imaging Technique and Findings 322
Ultrasound 322
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 322
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 322
Synopsis of Treatment Options 322
Prenatal 322
Postnatal 323
▶ Suggested Reading 323
References 323
Chapter 62 Abnormal Hands: 323
Introduction 323
Disease 324
Definition 324
Prevalence and Epidemiology 325
Etiology and Pathophysiology 325
Manifestations of Disease 327
Clinical Presentation 327
Imaging Technique and Findings 327
Ultrasound 327
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 327
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 327
Synopsis of Treatment Options 327
Prenatal 327
Postnatal 328
▶ Suggested Reading 328
References 328
Section Five Findings—Other 329
Chapter 63 Abnormal Hands: 329
Introduction 329
Disease 329
Definition 329
Prevalence and Epidemiology 330
Etiology and Pathophysiology 332
Manifestations of Disease 332
Clinical Presentation 332
Imaging Technique and Findings 332
Ultrasound 332
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 332
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 332
Synopsis of Treatment Options 332
Prenatal 332
Postnatal 333
▶ Suggested Reading 333
References 333
Chapter 64 Craniosynostosis 334
Introduction 334
Disease 334
Definition 334
Prevalence and Epidemiology 334
Etiology and Pathophysiology 335
Manifestations of Disease 335
Clinical Presentation 335
Imaging Technique and Findings 337
Ultrasound 337
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 337
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 337
Synopsis of Treatment Options 337
Prenatal 337
Postnatal 338
▶ Suggested Reading 338
References 338
Chapter 65 Arthrogryposis 339
Introduction 339
Disease 339
Definition 339
Prevalence and Epidemiology 342
Etiology and Pathophysiology 342
Manifestations of Disease 343
Clinical Presentation 343
Imaging Technique and Findings 343
Ultrasound 343
first trimester 343
second trimester 343
third trimester 344
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 344
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 344
Synopsis of Treatment Options 344
Prenatal 344
Postnatal 344
▶ Suggested Reading 345
References 345
Chapter 66 Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) 345
Introduction 345
Disease 345
Definition 345
Prevalence and Epidemiology 345
Etiology and Pathophysiology 345
Manifestations of Disease 346
Clinical Presentation 346
Imaging Technique and Findings 346
Ultrasound 346
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 346
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 347
Synopsis of Treatment Options 347
Prenatal 347
Postnatal 347
References 347
Part 8 Head and Neck 348
Section One Facial Anomalies 348
Chapter 67 Cleft Lip/Palate 348
Introduction 348
Disease 348
Definition 348
Prevalence and Epidemiology 348
Etiology and Pathophysiology 348
Manifestations of Disease 349
Clinical Presentation 349
Imaging Technique and Findings 349
Ultrasound 349
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 351
Other Applicable Modality 351
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 351
Synopsis of Treatment Options 352
Prenatal 352
Postnatal 352
▶ Suggested Reading 353
References 353
Chapter 68 Orbital Defects: 354
Introduction 354
Hypertelorism 354
Part 9 Heart and Great Vessels 390
Section One Normal Heart 390
Chapter 76 Ultrasound of Normal Fetal Heart 390
Introduction 390
Normal Anatomy 390
General Anatomic Descriptions 390
Detailed Description of Specific Areas 391
Normal Variants 391
Upper Abdomen View 391
Four-Chamber View 392
Five-Chamber or Left Ventricular Outflow Tract View 393
Short-Axis or Right Ventricular Outflow Tract View 394
Three-Vessel and Trachea View 395
Longitudinal Views of the Fetal Heart 395
Early Fetal Echocardiography 396
Differential Considerations 396
Ventricular Septal Defect 396
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 396
Tetralogy of Fallot and Transposition of Great Arteries 396
Atrioventricular Septal Defect 396
Coarctation of Aorta 397
Other Types of Congenital Heart Disease 397
Pertinent Imaging Considerations 397
▶ Suggested Reading 397
References 397
Section Two Septal Defects 398
Chapter 77 Ventricular Septal Defect 398
Introduction 398
Disease 398
Definition 398
Prevalence and Epidemiology 398
Etiology and Pathophysiology 398
Manifestations of Disease 398
Clinical Presentation 398
Imaging Technique and Findings 399
Ultrasound 399
Other Applicable Modality 399
four-dimensional echocardiography 399
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 400
Synopsis of Treatment Options 400
Prenatal 400
Postnatal 401
▶ Suggested Reading 401
References 401
Chapter 78 Atrioventricular Septal Defect 402
Introduction 402
Disease 402
Definition 402
Prevalence and Epidemiology 402
Etiology and Pathophysiology 402
Manifestations of Disease 402
Clinical Presentation 402
Imaging Technique and Findings 402
Ultrasound 402
Other Applicable Modality 404
four-dimensional echocardiography 404
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 404
Synopsis of Treatment Options 404
Prenatal 404
Postnatal 404
▶ Suggested Reading 406
References 406
Section Three Right Heart Defects 406
Chapter 79 Tricuspid Atresia 406
Introduction 406
Disease 406
Definition 406
Prevalence and Epidemiology 407
Etiology and Pathophysiology 407
Manifestations of Disease 407
Clinical Presentation 407
Imaging Technique and Findings 407
Ultrasound 407
Other Applicable Modality 407
four-dimensional echocardiography 407
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 409
Synopsis of Treatment Options 409
Prenatal 409
Postnatal 410
▶ Suggested Reading 410
References 410
Chapter 80 Ebstein Anomaly and Tricuspid Dysplasia 411
Introduction 411
Disease 411
Definition 411
Prevalence and Epidemiology 411
Etiology and Pathophysiology 411
Manifestations of Disease 411
Clinical Presentation 411
Imaging Technique and Findings 411
Ultrasound 411
ebstein anomaly 411
tricuspid dysplasia 412
Other Applicable Modality 413
four-dimensional echocardiography 413
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 413
Synopsis of Treatment Options 413
Prenatal 413
Postnatal 413
Ebstein Anomaly 413
Tricuspid Dysplasia 414
▶ Suggested Reading 414
References 414
Chapter 81 Pulmonary Stenosis and Atresia 414
Introduction 414
Disease 415
Definition 415
Prevalence and Epidemiology 415
Etiology and Pathophysiology 415
Manifestations of Disease 415
Clinical Presentation 415
Imaging Technique and Findings 415
Ultrasound 415
pulmonary stenosis 415
pulmonary atresia 415
Other Applicable Modality 416
four-dimensional echocardiography 416
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 416
Synopsis of Treatment Options 418
Prenatal 418
Postnatal 418
▶ Suggested Reading 419
References 419
Section Four Left Heart Defects 419
Chapter 82 Aortic Stenosis and Aortic Atresia 419
Introduction 419
Disease 419
Definition 419
Prevalence and Epidemiology 419
Etiology and Pathophysiology 419
Manifestations of Disease 421
Clinical Presentation 421
Imaging Technique and Findings 421
Ultrasound 421
Synopsis of Treatment Options 421
Prenatal 421
Postnatal 422
▶ Suggested Reading 422
References 422
Chapter 83 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Mitral Atresia 422
Introduction 422
Disease 422
Definition 422
Prevalence and Epidemiology 423
Etiology and Pathophysiology 423
Manifestations of Disease 423
Clinical Presentation 423
Imaging Technique and Findings 423
Ultrasound 423
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 425
Synopsis of Treatment Options 425
Prenatal 425
Postnatal 425
▶ Suggested Reading 425
References 425
Chapter 84 Aortic Coarctation 426
Introduction 426
Disease 426
Definition 426
Prevalence and Epidemiology 426
Etiology and Pathophysiology 426
Manifestations of Disease 426
Clinical Presentation 426
Imaging Technique and Findings 426
Ultrasound 426
Synopsis of Treatment Options 427
Prenatal 427
Postnatal 428
▶ Suggested Reading 429
References 429
Chapter 85 Interruption of the Aortic Arch 429
Introduction 429
Disease 429
Definition 429
Prevalence and Epidemiology 429
Etiology and Pathophysiology 429
Manifestations of Disease 430
Imaging Technique and Findings 430
Ultrasound 430
Other Applicable Modality 430
four-dimensional echocardiography 430
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 430
Synopsis of Treatment Options 430
Postnatal 430
▶ Suggested Reading 431
References 431
Chapter 86 Aortic Arch Anomalies 431
Introduction 431
Disease 431
Definition 431
Prevalence and Epidemiology 431
Etiology and Pathophysiology 431
Manifestations of Disease 432
Clinical Presentation 432
Imaging Technique and Findings 432
Ultrasound 432
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 432
Other Applicable Modality 433
four-dimensional echocardiography 433
Synopsis of Treatment Options 433
Prenatal 433
Postnatal 433
▶ Suggested Reading 433
References 433
Section Five Conotruncal Anomalies 434
Chapter 87 Tetralogy of Fallot 434
Introduction 434
Disease 434
Definition 434
Prevalence and Epidemiology 434
Etiology and Pathophysiology 434
Manifestations of Disease 434
Clinical Presentation 434
Imaging Technique and Findings 434
Ultrasound 434
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 437
Synopsis of Treatment Options 437
Prenatal 437
Postnatal 437
▶ Suggested Reading 437
References 437
Chapter 88 Transposition of Great Arteries 438
Introduction 438
Complete Transposition of Great Arteries 438
Definition 438
Prevalence and Epidemiology 438
Etiology and Pathophysiology 438
Manifestations of Disease 438
Clinical Presentation 438
Imaging Technique and Findings 438
Ultrasound 438
Other Applicable Modality 439
four-dimensional echocardiography 439
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 440
Synopsis of Treatment Options 440
Prenatal 440
Postnatal 440
Corrected Transposition of Great Arteries 440
Definition 440
Prevalence and Epidemiology 441
Etiology and Pathophysiology 441
Manifestations of Disease 441
Clinical Presentation 441
Imaging Technique and Findings 441
Ultrasound 441
Other Applicable Modality 441
four-dimensional echocardiography 441
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 442
Synopsis of Treatment Options 442
Prenatal 442
Postnatal 442
▶ Suggested Reading 442
References 442
Chapter 89 Double-Outlet Right Ventricle 443
Introduction 443
Disease 443
Definition 443
Prevalence and Epidemiology 443
Etiology and Pathophysiology 443
Manifestations of Disease 443
Clinical Presentation 443
Imaging Technique and Findings 443
Ultrasound 443
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 444
Synopsis of Treatment Options 444
Prenatal 444
Postnatal 444
▶ Suggested Reading 444
References 444
Chapter 90 Common Arterial Trunk 445
Introduction 445
Disease 445
Definition 445
Prevalence and Epidemiology 445
Etiology and Pathophysiology 445
Manifestations of Disease 445
Clinical Presentation 445
Imaging Technique and Findings 446
Ultrasound 446
Other Applicable Modality 446
Four-Dimensional Echocardiography 446
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 447
Synopsis of Treatment Options 447
Prenatal 447
Postnatal 447
▶ Suggested Reading 447
References 447
Section Six Other Anomalies 448
Chapter 91 Double-Inlet Single Ventricle 448
Introduction 448
Disease 448
Definition 448
Prevalence and Epidemiology 448
Etiology and Pathophysiology 448
Manifestations of Disease 448
Clinical Presentation 448
Imaging Technique and Findings 448
Ultrasound 448
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 449
Synopsis of Treatment Options 449
Postnatal 449
▶ Suggested Reading 449
References 449
Chapter 92 Atrial Isomerism 449
Introduction 449
Disease 450
Definition 450
Prevalence and Epidemiology 450
Etiology and Pathophysiology 450
Manifestations of Disease 450
Clinical Presentation 450
Imaging Technique and Findings 450
Ultrasound 450
Other Applicable Modality 451
Synopsis of Treatment Options 451
Postnatal 451
▶ Suggested Reading 451
References 451
Chapter 93 Anomalies of Pulmonary Venous Return 452
Introduction 452
Disease 452
Definition 452
Prevalence and Epidemiology 452
Etiology and Pathophysiology 452
Manifestations of Disease 452
Clinical Presentation 452
Imaging Technique and Findings 452
Ultrasound 452
Other Applicable Modality 453
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 453
Synopsis of Treatment Options 454
Prenatal 454
Postnatal 454
▶ Suggested Reading 454
References 454
Chapter 94 Anomalies of Systemic Venous Return 454
Introduction 454
Disease 455
Definition 455
Prevalence and Epidemiology 455
Etiology and Pathophysiology 455
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava 455
Inferior Vena Cava Interruption 455
Agenesis of the Ductus Venosus 456
Manifestations of Disease 456
Clinical Presentation 456
Imaging Technique and Findings 456
Ultrasound 456
Other Applicable Modality 456
Synopsis of Treatment Options 456
Postnatal 456
▶ Suggested Reading 457
References 457
Chapter 95 Cardiomyopathy 457
Introduction 457
Disease 457
Definition 457
Prevalence and Epidemiology 457
Etiology and Pathophysiology 457
Manifestations of Disease 459
Clinical Presentation 459
Imaging Technique and Findings 459
Ultrasound 459
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 459
Synopsis of Treatment Options 459
Prenatal 459
Postnatal 459
▶ Suggested Reading 459
References 459
Chapter 96 Cardiac Tumors 460
Introduction 460
Disease 460
Definition 460
Prevalence and Epidemiology 460
Etiology and Pathophysiology 460
Manifestations of Disease 460
Clinical Presentation 460
Imaging Technique and Findings 461
Ultrasound 461
Other Applicable Modality 461
Synopsis of Treatment Options 461
Prenatal 461
Postnatal 461
▶ Suggested Reading 461
References 461
Section Seven Arrhythmias 462
Chapter 97 Arrhythmias 462
Introduction 462
Atrial Ectopic Beats 462
Definition 462
Prevalence and Epidemiology 462
Etiology and Pathophysiology 462
Manifestations of Disease 462
Clinical Presentation 462
Imaging Technique and Findings 462
Ultrasound 462
Part 10 Placenta and Cord 470
Chapter 98 Placental Abruption 470
Introduction 470
Disease 470
Definition 470
Prevalence and Epidemiology 470
Etiology and Pathophysiology 470
Manifestations of Disease 471
Clinical Presentation 471
Imaging Technique and Findings 471
Ultrasound 471
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 471
Other Applicable Modality 472
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 472
Synopsis of Treatment Options 472
Prenatal 472
Postnatal 472
▶ Suggested Reading 473
References 473
Chapter 99 Placenta Accreta 473
Introduction 473
Disease 473
Definition 473
Prevalence and Epidemiology 474
Etiology and Pathophysiology 474
Manifestations of Disease 474
Clinical Presentation 474
Imaging Technique and Findings 474
Ultrasound 474
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 475
Other Applicable Modality 475
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 475
Synopsis of Treatment Options 475
Prenatal 475
Postnatal 476
▶ Suggested Reading 476
References 476
Chapter 100 Amniotic Band Sequence 477
Introduction 477
Disease 477
Definition 477
Prevalence and Epidemiology 477
Etiology and Pathophysiology 477
Manifestations of Disease 478
Clinical Presentation 478
Imaging Technique and Findings 478
Ultrasound 478
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 479
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 479
Synopsis of Treatment Options 479
Prenatal 479
Postnatal 479
▶ Suggested Reading 480
References 480
Chapter 101 Chorioangioma 480
Introduction 480
Disease 480
Prevalence and Epidemiology 480
Etiology and Pathophysiology 480
Manifestations of Disease 480
Clinical Presentation 480
Imaging Technique and Findings 481
Ultrasound 481
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 481
Synopsis of Treatment Options 482
Prenatal 482
▶ Suggested Reading 482
References 482
Chapter 102 Choriocarcinoma 483
Introduction 483
Disease 483
Definition 483
Prevalence and Epidemiology 483
Etiology and Pathophysiology 483
Manifestations of Disease 483
Clinical Presentation 483
Imaging Technique and Findings 483
Ultrasound 483
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 483
Synopsis of Treatment Options 483
Prenatal 483
Postnatal 484
▶ Suggested Reading 484
References 484
Chapter 103 Placenta Circumvallata 485
Introduction 485
Disease 485
Definition 485
Prevalence and Epidemiology 485
Etiology and Pathophysiology 485
Manifestations of Disease 486
Clinical Presentation 486
Imaging Technique and Findings 486
Ultrasound 486
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 487
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 487
Synopsis of Treatment Options 487
Prenatal 487
Postnatal 487
▶ Suggested Reading 487
References 488
Chapter 104 Cord Cysts 488
Introduction 488
Disease 488
Definition 488
Prevalence and Epidemiology 488
Etiology and Pathophysiology 488
Manifestations of Disease 489
Clinical Presentation 489
Imaging Technique and Findings 489
Ultrasound 489
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 489
Synopsis of Treatment Options 489
▶ Suggested Reading 489
References 490
Chapter 105 Cord Varix 490
Introduction 490
Disease 490
Prevalence and Epidemiology 490
Etiology and Pathophysiology 490
Manifestations of Disease 490
Clinical Presentation 490
Imaging Technique and Findings 490
Ultrasound 490
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 490
Synopsis of Treatment Options 492
▶ Suggested Reading 493
References 493
Chapter 106 Gestational Trophoblastic Disease 493
Introduction 493
Disease 493
Prevalence and Epidemiology 493
Etiology and Pathophysiology 493
Manifestations of Disease 494
Clinical Presentation 494
Imaging Technique and Findings 494
Ultrasound 494
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 495
Other Applicable Modality 495
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 495
Synopsis of Treatment Options 495
Prenatal 495
▶ Suggested Reading 496
References 496
Chapter 107 Limb–Body Wall Complex 497
Introduction 497
Disease 497
Definition 497
Prevalence and Epidemiology 497
Etiology and Pathophysiology 497
Manifestations of Disease 497
Clinical Presentation 497
Imaging Technique and Findings 498
Ultrasound 498
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 498
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 498
Synopsis of Treatment Options 499
▶ Suggested Reading 499
References 499
Chapter 108 Placenta Previa 499
Introduction 499
Disease 499
Definition 499
Prevalence and Epidemiology 500
Etiology and Pathophysiology 500
Manifestations of Disease 500
Clinical Presentation 500
Imaging Technique and Findings 500
Ultrasound 500
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 501
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 501
Synopsis of Treatment Options 501
Prenatal 501
Postnatal 502
▶ Suggested Reading 502
References 502
Chapter 109 Vasa Praevia 503
Introduction 503
Disease 503
Definition 503
Prevalence and Epidemiology 503
Etiology and Pathophysiology 503
Manifestations of Disease 503
Clinical Presentation 503
Imaging Technique and Findings 503
Ultrasound 503
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 504
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 504
Synopsis of Treatment Options 504
Prenatal 504
▶ Suggested Reading 504
References 504
Part 11 Fetal Growth 505
Chapter 110 Fetal Macrosomia 505
Introduction 505
Disease 505
Definition 505
Prevalence and Epidemiology 505
Etiology and Pathophysiology 505
Manifestations of Disease 505
Clinical Presentation 505
Fetus and Neonate 506
Mother 506
Imaging Technique and Findings 506
Ultrasound 506
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 506
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 507
Synopsis of Treatment Options 507
Prenatal 507
Postnatal 507
▶ Suggested Reading 507
References 507
Chapter 111 Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome 508
Introduction 508
Disease 509
Definition 509
Prevalence and Epidemiology 509
Etiology and Pathophysiology 509
Manifestations of Disease 509
Clinical Presentation 509
Imaging Technique and Findings 510
Ultrasound 510
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 511
Other Applicable Modality 511
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 511
Synopsis of Treatment Options 511
Prenatal 511
Postnatal 512
▶ Suggested Reading 512
References 512
Chapter 112 Intrauterine Growth Restriction 513
Introduction 513
Disease 513
Definition 513
Prevalence and Epidemiology 513
Etiology and Pathophysiology 513
Manifestations of Disease 515
Clinical Presentation 515
Imaging Technique and Findings 515
Ultrasound 515
Doppler 516
umbilical artery 516
middle cerebral artery 516
venous doppler 517
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Studies 518
Synopsis of Treatment 518
Prenatal 518
Postnatal 518
▶ Suggested Reading 518
References 518
Part 12 Procedures 520
Chapter 113 Amniocentesis 520
Introduction 520
Procedure 520
Description, Technique, and Equipment 520
Indications 521
Contraindications 521
Outcomes and Complications 521
▶ Suggested Reading 522
References 522
Chapter 114 Cordocentesis and Fetal Transfusion 523
Introduction 523
Procedure 523
Description, Technique, and Equipment 523
Setting 523
Counseling 523
Technique 523
Indications 524
Fetal Anemia 525
Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia 525
Contraindications 526
Risks 526
Contraindications 527
Outcomes and Complications 527
Outcomes 527
Complications 527
References 527
Chapter 115 Chorionic Villus Sampling 528
Introduction 528
Procedure 529
Description, Technique, and Equipment 529
Transcervical Chorionic Villus Sampling 529
Transabdominal Chorionic Villus Sampling 530
Indications 530
Contraindications 530
Outcomes and Complications 530
Fetal Loss 530
Limb-Reduction Defects and Oromandibular Hypogenesis 531
▶ Suggested Reading 531
References 531
Chapter 116 Radiofrequency Ablation 532
Introduction 532
Procedure 532
Description, Technique, and Equipment 532
Indications 534
Contraindications 534
Outcomes and Complications 534
Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence 534
Other Complicated Monochorionic or Diamniotic Pregnancies 535
▶ Suggested Reading 535
References 535
Chapter 117 Selective Laser Photocoagulation 536
Introduction 536
Procedure 536
Description, Technique, and Equipment 536
Indications 538
Contraindications 539
Outcomes and Complications 539
▶ Suggested Reading 539
References 540
Chapter 118 Fetal Shunts 540
Introduction 540
Vesicoamniotic Shunt 541
Description, Technique, and Equipment 541
Indications 543
Contraindications 543
Outcomes and Complications 543
Thoracoamniotic Shunts 543
Description, Technique, and Equipment 543
Indications 544
Contraindications 544
Outcomes and Complications 544
▶ Suggested Reading 545
References 545
Chapter 119 Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction 546
Introduction 546
Procedure 546
Description, Technique, and Equipment 546
Setting 546
Counseling 547
Prenatal Diagnosis 547
Technique 547
Experience 548
Indications 548
Contraindications 548
Outcomes and Complications 548
Fetal Outcome 549
Maternal Outcome 549
References 550
Part 13 Miscellany 551
Section One Amniotic Fluid Abnormalities 551
Chapter 120 Polyhydramnios 551
Introduction 551
Disease 551
Definition 551
Prevalence and Epidemiology 551
Etiology and Pathophysiology 551
Manifestations of Disease 551
Clinical Presentation 551
Imaging Technique and Findings 552
Ultrasound 552
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 555
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 555
Synopsis of Treatment Options 555
Prenatal 555
Postnatal 555
Key Points 556
▶ Suggested Reading 556
References 556
Chapter 121 Oligohydramnios 557
Introduction 557
Disease 557
Definition 557
Prevalence and Epidemiology 557
Etiology and Pathophysiology 558
Manifestations of Disease 559
Clinical Presentation 559
Imaging Technique and Findings 559
Ultrasound 559
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 560
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 560
Synopsis of Treatment Options 560
Prenatal 560
Postnatal 561
▶ Suggested Reading 561
References 561
Section Two Fetal Fluid Abnormalities 562
Chapter 122 Lymphedema and Lymphatic Malformations 562
Introduction 562
Disease 562
Definition 562
Prevalence and Epidemiology 562
Etiology and Pathophysiology 563
Manifestations of Disease 563
Clinical Presentation 563
Imaging Technique and Findings 565
Ultrasound 565
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 565
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 565
Synopsis of Treatment Options 565
Prenatal 565
Postnatal 565
▶ Suggested Reading 566
References 566
Chapter 123 Nonimmune Hydrops 566
Introduction 566
Disease 566
Definition 566
Prevalence and Epidemiology 568
Etiology and Pathophysiology 568
Manifestations of Disease 569
Clinical Presentation 569
Imaging Technique and Findings 569
Ultrasound 569
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 571
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 571
Synopsis of Treatment Options 571
Prenatal 571
Postnatal 571
▶ Suggested Reading 572
References 572
Chapter 124 Immune Fetal Hydrops 573
Introduction 573
Disease 573
Definition 573
Prevalence and Epidemiology 573
Etiology and Pathophysiology 574
Manifestations of Disease 574
Clinical Presentation 574
Imaging Technique and Findings 574
Ultrasound 574
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 576
Other Applicable Modality 576
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 577
Synopsis of Treatment Options 577
Prenatal 577
Postnatal 577
▶ Suggested Reading 579
References 579
Section Three Preterm Labor 579
Chapter 125 Cervical Length and Spontaneous Preterm Birth 579
Introduction 579
Disease 580
Definition 580
Prevalence and Epidemiology 580
Length of Cervix 580
Gestational Age of Testing 580
Fetal Number 580
Risk Factors for Preterm Birth 580
Etiology and Pathophysiology 580
Uterine Contractility and a Short Cervix 581
Uterine Overdistention and Short Cervix 581
Cervical Insufficiency 581
Summary 581
Manifestations of Disease 581
Clinical Presentation 581
Imaging Technique and Findings 581
Ultrasound 581
transvaginal technique 581
transabdominal technique 582
timing 582
tyvu progression, funneling, and dynamic cervix 582
difficult-to-visualize internal cervical os 583
amniotic fluid debris or sludge 583
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 583
Other Applicable Modality 583
Synopsis of Treatment Options 583
Prenatal 583
Progesterone Supplementation for a Short Cervix 583
Cerclage for a Short Cervix 584
Cerclage versus Progesterone 584
Multiple Gestation 584
▶ Suggested Reading 584
References 585
Part 14 Syndromes 586
Chapter 126 CHARGE Syndrome 586
Introduction 586
Disease 586
Definition 586
Prevalence and Epidemiology 586
Etiology and Pathophysiology 586
Manifestations of Disease 586
Clinical Presentation 586
Imaging Technique and Findings 587
Ultrasound 587
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 588
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 588
Synopsis of Treatment Options 588
Prenatal 588
Postnatal 588
▶ Suggested Reading 588
References 588
Chapter 127 Cornelia de Lange Syndrome 589
Introduction 589
Disease 589
Definition 589
Prevalence and Epidemiology 589
Etiology and Pathophysiology 589
Manifestations of Disease 590
Clinical Presentation 590
Imaging Technique and Findings 590
Ultrasound 590
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 590
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 590
Synopsis of Treatment Options 591
Prenatal 591
Postnatal 591
▶ Suggested Reading 591
References 591
Chapter 128 Cystic Fibrosis 592
Introduction 592
Disease 592
Definition 592
Prevalence and Epidemiology 592
Etiology and Pathophysiology 592
Manifestations of Disease 592
Clinical Presentation 592
Respiratory Tract 592
Gastrointestinal Tract 593
Endocrine System 593
Reproductive Tract 593
Imaging Technique and Findings 593
Ultrasound 593
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 593
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 593
Synopsis of Treatment Options 593
Prenatal 593
Postnatal 594
▶ Suggested Reading 594
References 594
Chapter 129 Fraser Syndrome 595
Introduction 595
Disease 595
Definition 595
Prevalence and Epidemiology 595
Etiology and Pathophysiology 595
Manifestations of Disease 595
Clinical Presentation 595
Imaging Technique and Findings 595
Ultrasound 595
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 595
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 595
Synopsis of Treatment Options 596
Prenatal 596
Postnatal 596
▶ Suggested Reading 597
References 597
Chapter 130 Fryns Syndrome 597
Introduction 597
Disease 597
Definition 597
Prevalence and Epidemiology 597
Etiology and Pathophysiology 597
Manifestations of Disease 598
Clinical Presentation 598
Imaging Technique and Findings 598
Ultrasound 598
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 598
Other Applicable Modality 598
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 598
Synopsis of Treatment Options 599
Prenatal 599
Postnatal 599
▶ Suggested Reading 599
References 599
Chapter 131 Goldenhar Syndrome 600
Introduction 600
Disease 600
Definition 600
Prevalence and Epidemiology 600
Etiology and Pathophysiology 600
Manifestations of Disease 601
Clinical Presentation 601
Imaging Technique and Findings 601
Ultrasound 601
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 602
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 602
Synopsis of Treatment Options 602
Prenatal 602
Postnatal 602
▶ Suggested Reading 602
References 602
Chapter 132 Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome 603
Introduction 603
Disease 603
Definition 603
Prevalence and Epidemiology 604
Etiology and Pathophysiology 604
Manifestations of Disease 604
Clinical Presentation 604
Cutaneous Hemangioma 604
Vascular Abnormalities 604
Hemihypertrophy 604
Occasional Findings 604
Imaging Technique and Findings 604
Ultrasound 604
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 605
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 605
Synopsis of Treatment Options 605
Prenatal 605
Postnatal 605
▶ Suggested Reading 605
References 605
Chapter 133 Larsen Syndrome 606
Introduction 606
Disease 606
Definition 606
Prevalence and Epidemiology 606
Etiology and Pathophysiology 606
Manifestations of Disease 607
Clinical Presentation 607
Skeletal Deformities 607
Facial Anomalies 607
Respiratory and Airway Abnormalities 607
Cardiac Defects 607
Neurologic Abnormalities 607
Imaging Technique and Findings 607
Ultrasound 607
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 608
Synopsis of Treatment Options 608
Prenatal 608
Postnatal 608
▶ Suggested Reading 609
References 609
Chapter 134 Meckel-Gruber Syndrome 609
Introduction 609
Disease 610
Definition 610
Prevalence and Epidemiology 610
Etiology and Pathophysiology 610
Manifestations of Disease 610
Clinical Presentation 610
Imaging Technique and Findings 610
Ultrasound 610
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 610
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 611
Synopsis of Treatment Options 611
Prenatal 611
Postnatal 611
▶ Suggested Reading 611
References 611
Chapter 135 Miller-Dieker Syndrome 612
Introduction 612
Disease 612
Definition 612
Prevalence and Epidemiology 612
Etiology and Pathophysiology 612
Manifestations of Disease 612
Clinical Presentation 612
Imaging Technique and Findings 612
Ultrasound 612
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 612
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 613
Synopsis of Treatment Options 613
Prenatal 613
Postnatal 613
▶ Suggested Reading 614
References 614
Chapter 136 Multiple Pterygium 615
Introduction 615
Disease 615
Definition 615
Prevalence and Epidemiology 615
Etiology and Pathophysiology 615
Manifestations of Disease 615
Clinical Presentation 615
Imaging Technique and Findings 615
Ultrasound 615
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 615
Other Applicable Modality 615
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 615
Synopsis of Treatment Options 615
Prenatal 615
Postnatal 615
▶ Suggested Reading 616
References 616
Chapter 137 Nager Syndrome 617
Introduction 617
Disease 617
Definition 617
Prevalence and Epidemiology 617
Etiology and Pathophysiology 617
Manifestations of Disease 617
Clinical Presentation 617
Imaging Technique and Findings 617
Ultrasound 617
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 617
Synopsis of Treatment Options 618
Prenatal 618
Postnatal 618
▶ Suggested Reading 618
References 618
Chapter 138 Neu-Laxova Syndrome 619
Introduction 619
Disease 619
Definition 619
Prevalence and Epidemiology 619
Etiology and Pathophysiology 619
Manifestations of Disease 619
Clinical Presentation 619
Imaging Technique and Findings 619
Ultrasound 619
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 619
Synopsis of Treatment Options 620
Prenatal 620
Postnatal 620
▶ Suggested Reading 621
References 621
Chapter 139 Noonan Syndrome 621
Introduction 621
Disease 622
Definition 622
Prevalence and Epidemiology 622
Etiology and Pathophysiology 622
Manifestations of Disease 622
Clinical Presentation 622
Imaging Technique and Findings 623
Ultrasound 623
Other Applicable Modality 623
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 623
Synopsis of Treatment Options 623
Prenatal 623
Postnatal 623
▶ Suggested Reading 623
References 623
Chapter 140 Oral-Facial-Digital Syndromes 624
Introduction 624
Disease 624
Definition 624
Prevalence and Epidemiology 624
Etiology and Pathophysiology 624
Manifestations of Disease 624
Clinical Presentation 624
Imaging Technique and Findings 624
Ultrasound 624
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 625
Synopsis of Treatment Options 626
Prenatal 626
Postnatal 626
▶ Suggested Reading 626
References 626
Chapter 141 Pena-Shokeir Syndrome 627
Introduction 627
Disease 627
Definition 627
Prevalence and Epidemiology 627
Etiology and Pathophysiology 627
Manifestations of Disease 627
Clinical Presentation 627
Imaging Technique and Findings 627
Ultrasound 627
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 627
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 628
Synopsis of Treatment Options 628
Prenatal 628
Postnatal 628
▶ Suggested Reading 629
References 629
Chapter 142 Pentalogy of Cantrell 629
Introduction 629
Disease 629
Definition 629
Prevalence and Epidemiology 629
Etiology and Pathophysiology 630
Manifestations of Disease 630
Clinical Presentation 630
Imaging Technique and Findings 630
Ultrasound 630
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 631
Other Applicable Modality 631
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 631
Synopsis of Treatment Options 631
Prenatal 631
Postnatal 631
▶ Suggested Reading 632
References 632
Chapter 143 Pfeiffer Syndrome 632
Introduction 632
Disease 633
Definition 633
Prevalence and Epidemiology 633
Etiology and Pathophysiology 633
Manifestations of Disease 633
Clinical Presentation 633
Imaging Technique and Findings 633
Ultrasound 633
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 633
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 634
Synopsis of Treatment Options 634
Prenatal 634
Postnatal 634
▶ Suggested Reading 634
References 634
Chapter 144 Pierre Robin Sequence 635
Introduction 635
Disease 635
Definition 635
Prevalence and Epidemiology 635
Etiology and Pathophysiology 635
Manifestations of Disease 635
Clinical Presentation 635
Imaging Technique and Findings 635
Ultrasound 635
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 635
Synopsis of Treatment Options 636
Prenatal 636
Postnatal 636
▶ Suggested Reading 637
References 637
Chapter 145 Poland Sequence 638
Introduction 638
Disease 638
Definition 638
Prevalence and Epidemiology 638
Etiology and Pathophysiology 638
Manifestations of Disease 638
Clinical Presentation 638
Imaging Technique and Findings 638
Ultrasound 638
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 638
Synopsis of Treatment Options 638
Prenatal 638
Postnatal 638
▶ Suggested Reading 640
References 640
Chapter 146 Prune-Belly Syndrome 640
Introduction 640
Disease 640
Definition 640
Prevalence and Epidemiology 641
Etiology and Pathophysiology 641
Manifestations of Disease 641
Clinical Presentation 641
Abdominal Wall 641
Urogenital System 641
Pulmonary System 641
Cardiovascular System 641
Gastrointestinal System 641
Musculoskeletal System 641
Prognosis 641
Imaging Technique and Findings 641
Ultrasound 641
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 642
Synopsis of Treatment Options 642
Prenatal 642
Postnatal 642
▶ Suggested Reading 642
References 642
Chapter 147 Roberts Syndrome 643
Introduction 643
Definition 643
Prevalence and Epidemiology 643
Etiology and Pathophysiology 643
Manifestations of Disease 643
Clinical Presentation 643
Imaging Technique and Findings 644
Ultrasound 644
Other Applicable Modality 644
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 644
Synopsis of Treatment Options 644
Prenatal 644
Postnatal 644
▶ Suggested Reading 645
References 645
Chapter 148 Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome 645
Introduction 645
Disease 645
Definition 645
Prevalence and Epidemiology 645
Etiology and Pathophysiology 646
Manifestations of Disease 646
Clinical Presentation 646
Craniosynostosis 646
Facies 646
Limb Anomalies 646
Development 646
Other Findings 646
Imaging Technique and Findings 646
Ultrasound 646
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 646
Synopsis of Treatment Options 646
Prenatal 646
Postnatal 646
▶ Suggested Reading 647
References 647
Chapter 149 Septooptic Dysplasia 647
Introduction 647
Disease 647
Definition 647
Prevalence and Epidemiology 647
Etiology and Pathophysiology 648
Manifestations of Disease 648
Clinical Presentation 648
Imaging Technique and Findings 648
Ultrasound 648
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 648
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 648
Synopsis of Treatment Options 648
Prenatal 648
Postnatal 648
▶ Suggested Reading 649
References 649
Chapter 150 Shprintzen Syndrome (Velocardiofacial Syndrome) 649
Introduction 649
Disease 649
Definition 649
Prevalence and Epidemiology 649
Etiology and Pathophysiology 650
Manifestations of Disease 650
Clinical Presentation 650
Imaging Technique and Findings 650
Ultrasound 650
Other Applicable Modality 651
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 651
Synopsis of Treatment Options 651
Prenatal 651
Postnatal 651
▶ Suggested Reading 652
References 652
Chapter 151 Sirenomelia 653
Introduction 653
Disease 653
Definition 653
Prevalence and Epidemiology 653
Etiology and Pathophysiology 654
Manifestations of Disease 654
Clinical Presentation 654
Imaging Technique and Findings 654
Ultrasound 654
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 654
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 655
Synopsis of Treatment Options 655
Prenatal 655
Postnatal 655
▶ Suggested Reading 655
References 655
Chapter 152 Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome 656
Introduction 656
Disease 656
Definition 656
Prevalence and Epidemiology 656
Etiology and Pathophysiology 656
Manifestations of Disease 656
Clinical Presentation 656
Imaging Technique and Findings 657
Ultrasound 657
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 657
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 657
Synopsis of Treatment Options 657
Prenatal 657
Postnatal 657
▶ Suggested Reading 658
References 658
Chapter 153 Treacher Collins Syndrome 658
Introduction 658
Disease 659
Definition 659
Prevalence and Epidemiology 659
Etiology and Pathophysiology 659
Manifestations of Disease 659
Clinical Presentation 659
Imaging Technique and Findings 659
Ultrasound 659
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 659
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 659
Synopsis of Treatment Options 660
Prenatal 660
Postnatal 660
▶ Suggested Reading 660
References 660
Chapter 154 Tuberous Sclerosis 661
Introduction 661
Disease 661
Definition 661
Prevalence and Epidemiology 661
Etiology and Pathophysiology 661
Manifestations of Disease 661
Clinical Presentation 661
Imaging Technique and Findings 661
Ultrasound 661
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 661
Other Applicable Modality 662
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 662
Synopsis of Treatment Options 662
Prenatal 662
Postnatal 663
▶ Suggested Reading 663
References 663
Chapter 155 Vater Association 664
Introduction 664
Disease 664
Definition 664
Prevalence and Epidemiology 664
Etiology and Pathophysiology 664
Manifestations of Disease 665
Clinical Presentation 665
Imaging Technique and Findings 665
Ultrasound 665
vertebral 665
anal atresia 665
tracheoesophageal fistula 665
renal anomalies 665
radial anomalies 666
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 666
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 666
Synopsis of Treatment Options 666
Prenatal 666
Postnatal 666
▶ Suggested Reading 667
References 667
Chapter 156 Walker-Warburg Syndrome 667
Introduction 667
Disease 668
Definition 668
Prevalence and Epidemiology 668
Etiology and Pathophysiology 668
Manifestations of Disease 668
Clinical Presentation 668
Imaging Technique and Findings 668
Ultrasound 668
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 668
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 668
Synopsis of Treatment Options 668
Prenatal 668
Postnatal 669
▶ Suggested Reading 669
References 669
Chapter 157 Triploidy 670
Introduction 670
Disease 670
Definition 670
Prevalence and Epidemiology 671
Etiology and Pathophysiology 671
Manifestations of Disease 671
Clinical Presentation 671
Imaging Technique and Findings 672
Ultrasound 672
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 672
Other Applicable Modality 672
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 673
Synopsis of Treatment Options 673
Prenatal 673
Postnatal 673
▶ Suggested Reading 674
References 674
Chapter 158 Trisomy 13 674
Introduction 674
Disease 674
Definition 674
Prevalence and Epidemiology 675
Etiology and Pathophysiology 675
Manifestations of Disease 675
Clinical Presentation 675
Imaging Technique and Findings 675
Ultrasound 675
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 676
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 676
Synopsis of Treatment Options 676
Prenatal 676
Postnatal 676
▶ Suggested Reading 677
References 677
Part 15 Chromosomes 677
Section One Aneuploidies 677
Chapter 159 Trisomy 18 677
Introduction 677
Disease 677
Definition 677
Prevalence and Epidemiology 677
Etiology and Pathophysiology 678
Manifestations of Disease 678
Clinical Presentation 678
Imaging Technique and Findings 678
Ultrasound 678
amniocentesis 680
first-trimester markers 680
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 680
Other Applicable Modality 680
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 680
Synopsis of Treatment Options 680
Prenatal 680
Postnatal 680
▶ Suggested Reading 681
References 681
Chapter 160 Trisomy 21 682
Introduction 682
Disease 682
Definition 682
Prevalence and Epidemiology 682
Etiology and Pathophysiology 682
Manifestations of Disease 683
Clinical Presentation 683
Imaging Technique and Findings 683
Ultrasound 683
nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma 683
nuchal fold 683
absent or hypoplastic nasal bone 684
ventriculomegaly 684
echogenic intracardiac focus 684
echogenic bowel 685
pyelectasis 685
short long bones 685
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 686
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 686
Synopsis of Treatment Options 686
Prenatal 686
Postnatal 686
▶ Suggested Reading 686
References 686
Chapter 161 Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X) 687
Introduction 687
Disease 688
Definition 688
Prevalence and Epidemiology 688
Etiology and Pathophysiology 688
Manifestations of Disease 689
Clinical Presentation 689
Imaging Technique and Findings 689
Ultrasound 689
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 690
Other Applicable Modality 691
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 691
Synopsis of Treatment Options 691
Prenatal 691
Postnatal 691
▶ Suggested Reading 692
References 692
Section Two Deletion Syndromes 693
Chapter 162 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge, Shprintzen, Velocardiofacial Syndrome) 693
Introduction 693
Disease 693
Definition 693
Prevalence and Epidemiology 693
Etiology and Pathophysiology 694
Manifestations of Disease 694
Clinical Presentation 694
Imaging Technique and Findings 694
Ultrasound 694
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 696
Other Applicable Modality 696
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 697
Synopsis of Treatment Options 697
Prenatal 697
Postnatal 697
▶ Suggested Reading 697
References 698
Chapter 163 4p− Deletion Syndrome (Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome) 698
Introduction 698
Disease 698
Definition 698
Prevalence and Epidemiology 698
Etiology and Pathophysiology 698
Manifestations of Disease 699
Clinical Presentation 699
Imaging Technique and Findings 699
Ultrasound 699
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 700
Other Applicable Modality 700
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 701
Synopsis of Treatment Options 701
Prenatal 701
Postnatal 701
▶ Suggested Reading 702
References 702
Chapter 164 5p− Syndrome (Cri du Chat Syndrome) 702
Introduction 702
Disease 702
Definition 702
Prevalence and Epidemiology 702
Etiology and Pathophysiology 702
Manifestations of Disease 703
Clinical Presentation 703
Imaging Technique and Findings 703
Ultrasound 703
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 703
Other Applicable Modality 705
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 705
Synopsis of Treatment Options 705
Prenatal 705
Postnatal 705
▶ Suggested Reading 705
References 705
Part 16 Multiple Gestation 707
Chapter 165 Chorionicity of Multiple Gestations 707
Introduction 707
Normal Anatomy 707
General Anatomic Descriptions 707
Detailed Description of Specific Areas 707
Normal Variants 707
Differential Considerations 708
Pertinent Imaging Considerations 708
▶ Suggested Reading 709
References 710
Chapter 166 Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twin Gestations 710
Introduction 710
Disease 710
Definition 710
Prevalence and Epidemiology 711
Etiology and Pathophysiology 711
Manifestations of Disease 711
Clinical Presentation 711
Imaging Technique and Findings 711
Ultrasound 711
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 712
Synopsis of Treatment Options 712
Prenatal 712
Postnatal 713
▶ Suggested Reading 713
References 714
Chapter 167 Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Gestations 714
Introduction 714
Disease 714
Definition 714
Prevalence and Epidemiology 715
Etiology and Pathophysiology 715
Manifestations of Disease 715
Clinical Presentation 715
Imaging Technique and Findings 715
Ultrasound 715
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 716
Synopsis of Treatment Options 716
Prenatal 716
Postnatal 717
▶ Suggested Reading 717
References 717
Chapter 168 Dichorionic Diamniotic Twin Gestations 718
Introduction 718
Disease 718
Definition 718
Prevalence and Epidemiology 718
Etiology and Pathophysiology 718
Manifestations of Disease 718
Clinical Presentation 718
Imaging Technique and Findings 719
Ultrasound 719
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 720
Synopsis of Treatment Options 720
Prenatal 720
Postnatal 720
▶ Suggested Reading 720
References 721
Chapter 169 Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome 721
Introduction 721
Disease 721
Definition 721
Prevalence and Epidemiology 722
Etiology and Pathophysiology 722
Manifestations of Disease 723
Clinical Presentation 723
Imaging Technique and Findings 724
Ultrasound 724
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 725
Other Applicable Modality 725
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 727
Synopsis of Treatment Options 727
Prenatal 727
Postnatal 728
▶ Suggested Reading 730
References 730
Chapter 170 Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence 732
Introduction 732
Disease 732
Prevalence and Epidemiology 732
Etiology and Pathophysiology 732
Manifestations of Disease 732
Clinical Presentation 732
Imaging Technique and Findings 733
Ultrasound 733
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 734
Synopsis of Treatment Options 734
Prenatal 734
Indication for Treatment 734
Therapy Options 734
Outcomes in the Literature 735
Postnatal 735
▶ Suggested Reading 736
References 736
Chapter 171 Procedures in Multiples 736
Introduction 736
Procedure 736
Description, Technique, and Equipment 736
Chorionic Villus Sampling in Multiple Gestations 736
Amniocentesis in Multiple Gestations 737
Multiple Needle Technique 737
Single Needle Insertion Technique 737
Indications 737
Contraindications 737
Outcomes and Complications 737
Chorionic Villus Sampling 737
Amniocentesis 737
Monochorionic Twins 737
▶ Suggested Reading 738
References 738
Part 17 Infections 739
Chapter 172 Cytomegalovirus 739
Introduction 739
Disease 739
Prevalence and Epidemiology 739
Etiology and Pathophysiology 740
Manifestations of Disease 740
Clinical Presentation 740
Diagnosis 740
Imaging Technique and Findings 742
Ultrasound 742
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 744
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 745
Synopsis of Treatment Options 745
Prenatal 745
Postnatal 745
▶ Suggested Reading 745
References 745
Chapter 173 Parvovirus B19 Infection during Pregnancy 746
Introduction 746
Disease 746
Prevalence and Epidemiology 746
Etiology and Pathophysiology 747
Manifestations of Disease 747
Clinical Presentation 747
Imaging Technique and Findings 748
Ultrasound 748
gray-scale ultrasound 748
middle cerebral artery doppler ultrasound 748
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 749
Synopsis of Treatment Options 749
Prenatal 749
Postnatal 749
▶ Suggested Reading 749
References 749
Chapter 174 Rubella 750
Introduction 750
Disease 750
Prevalence and Epidemiology 750
Etiology and Pathophysiology 750
Manifestations of Disease 750
Clinical Presentation 750
Diagnosis 751
Imaging Technique and Findings 751
Ultrasound 751
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 752
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 752
Synopsis of Treatment Options 752
Prenatal 752
Postnatal 752
▶ Suggested Reading 753
References 753
Chapter 175 Toxoplasmosis 753
Introduction 753
Disease 753
Prevalence and Epidemiology 753
Etiology and Pathophysiology 753
Manifestations of Disease 754
Clinical Presentation 754
Diagnosis 754
Imaging Technique and Findings 754
Ultrasound 754
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 756
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 756
Synopsis of Treatment Options 756
Prenatal 756
Postnatal 757
▶ Suggested Reading 757
References 757
Chapter 176 Herpes Simplex Virus 758
Introduction 758
Disease 758
Prevalence and Epidemiology 758
Etiology and Pathophysiology 758
Manifestations of Disease 758
Clinical Presentation 758
Diagnosis 759
Imaging Technique and Findings 759
Ultrasound 759
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 759
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 759
Synopsis of Treatment Options 760
Prenatal 760
Postnatal 760
▶ Suggested Reading 760
References 760
Chapter 177 Varicella 761
Introduction 761
Disease 761
Prevalence and Epidemiology 761
Etiology and Pathophysiology 761
Manifestations of Disease 762
Clinical Presentation 762
Diagnosis 762
Imaging Technique and Findings 762
Ultrasound 762
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 763
Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings 763
Synopsis of Treatment Options 763
Prenatal 763
Postnatal 763
▶ Suggested Reading 764
References 764
Chapter 178 Congenital Syphilis 764
Introduction 764
Disease 765
Definition 765
Prevalence and Epidemiology 765
Etiology and Pathophysiology 765
Manifestations of Disease 765
Clinical Presentation 765
Prenatal 765
Neonatal 765
Imaging Technique and Findings 766
Ultrasound 766
Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings 767
Synopsis of Treatment Options 768
Prenatal 768
Postnatal 768
▶ Suggested Reading 769
References 769
Index 771
A 771
B 774
C 775
D 780
E 781
F 783
G 785
H 786
I 788
J 789
K 789
L 790
M 791
N 794
O 794
P 795
Q 798
R 798
S 798
T 801
U 804
V 806
W 808
X 808
Y 808
Z 808

Contact Us

123Doc Education 45 Stanlake Road 9 London, W12 7HG T: +44 (0)203 0313 866

Quick Navigation

2024 123Library

Powered by CloudPublish

We use cookies to ensure that you get the best experience on our website. Learn more about how we use cookies.