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Book Details
Abstract
Learning Radiology: Recognizing the Basics, 2nd Edition, is an image-filled, practical, and clinical introduction to this integral part of the diagnostic process. William Herring, MD, a skilled radiology teacher, masterfully covers everything you need to know to effectively interpret medical images. Learn the latest on ultrasound, MRI, CT, and more, in a time-friendly format with brief, bulleted text and abundant high-quality images. Then ensure your mastery of the material with additional online content, bonus images, and self-assessment exercises at www.studentconsult.com.
- Identify a wide range of common and uncommon conditions based upon their imaging findings.
- Quickly grasp the fundamentals you need to know through easy-access bulleted text and more than 700 images.
- Arrive at diagnoses by following a pattern recognition approach, and logically overcome difficult diagnostic challenges with the aid of decision trees.
- Learn from the best, as Dr. Herring is both a skilled radiology teacher and the host of his own specialty website, www.learningradiology.com.
- Easily master the fundamental principles of MRI, ultrasound, and CT with new chapters that cover principles of each modality and the recognition of normal and abnormal findings.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Learning Radiology, 2/e | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributor | vii | ||
| Preface to the First Edition | ix | ||
| Preface to the Second Edition | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| 1 Recognizing Anything: | 1 | ||
| Let There Be Light … And Dark, and Shades of Gray | 1 | ||
| Conventional Radiography (Plain Films) | 1 | ||
| Computed Tomography (Ct or Cat Scans) | 1 | ||
| Ultrasound (US) | 2 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 2 | ||
| Terminology | 3 | ||
| Terminology Conventions Used in This Book | 3 | ||
| The Five Basic Densities | 4 | ||
| The Best System is the One That Works | 6 | ||
| Conventions Used in This Book | 7 | ||
| Weblink | 7 | ||
| 2 Recognizing Normal Chest Anatomy and a Technically Adequate Chest Radiograph | 8 | ||
| The Normal Frontal Chest Radiograph | 8 | ||
| The Lateral Chest Radiograph | 8 | ||
| Five Key Areas on the Lateral Chest X-Ray (Fig. 2-2 and Table 2-1) | 8 | ||
| The Retrosternal Clear Space | 8 | ||
| The Hilar Region | 8 | ||
| The Fissures | 9 | ||
| The Thoracic Spine | 9 | ||
| The Diaphragm and Posterior Costophrenic Sulci | 10 | ||
| Evaluating the Chest Radiograph for Technical Adequacy | 12 | ||
| Penetration | 13 | ||
| Inspiration | 13 | ||
| Rotation | 14 | ||
| Magnification | 15 | ||
| Angulation | 16 | ||
| Weblink | 17 | ||
| 3 Recognizing Airspace Versus Interstitial Lung Disease | 18 | ||
| Classifying Parenchymal Lung Disease | 18 | ||
| Characteristics of Airspace Disease | 18 | ||
| Some Causes of Airspace Disease | 18 | ||
| Characteristics of Interstitial Lung Disease | 20 | ||
| Some Causes of Interstitial Lung Disease | 22 | ||
| Predominantly Reticular Interstitial Lung Diseases | 22 | ||
| Predominantly Nodular Interstitial Diseases | 23 | ||
| Mixed Reticular and Nodular Interstitial Disease (Reticulonodular Disease) | 24 | ||
| Weblink | 24 | ||
| 4 Recognizing the Causes of an Opacified Hemithorax | 27 | ||
| Atelectasis of the Entire Lung | 27 | ||
| Massive Pleural Effusion | 27 | ||
| Pneumonia of an Entire Lung | 27 | ||
| Postpneumonectomy | 28 | ||
| Weblink | 30 | ||
| 5 Recognizing Atelectasis | 32 | ||
| What is Atelectasis? | 32 | ||
| Signs of Atelectasis | 32 | ||
| Types of Atelectasis | 32 | ||
| Patterns of Collapse in Lobar Atelectasis | 37 | ||
| How Atelectasis Resolves | 39 | ||
| Weblink | 39 | ||
| 6 Recognizing a Pleural Effusion | 40 | ||
| Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Pleural Space | 40 | ||
| Causes of Pleural Effusions | 40 | ||
| Types of Pleural Effusions | 40 | ||
| Side Specificity of Pleural Effusions | 40 | ||
| Recognizing the Different Appearances of Pleural Effusions | 41 | ||
| Subpulmonic Effusions | 41 | ||
| Blunting of the Costophrenic Angles | 41 | ||
| The Meniscus Sign | 42 | ||
| Opacified Hemithorax | 44 | ||
| Loculated Effusions | 45 | ||
| Fissural Pseudotumors | 45 | ||
| Laminar Effusions | 46 | ||
| Hydropneumothorax | 46 | ||
| Weblink | 49 | ||
| 7 Recognizing Pneumonia | 50 | ||
| General Considerations | 50 | ||
| General Characteristics of Pneumonia | 50 | ||
| Patterns of Pneumonia | 50 | ||
| Lobar Pneumonia | 50 | ||
| Segmental Pneumonia (Bronchopneumonia) | 50 | ||
| Interstitial Pneumonia | 52 | ||
| Round Pneumonia | 53 | ||
| Cavitary Pneumonia | 53 | ||
| Aspiration | 54 | ||
| Localizing Pneumonia | 55 | ||
| How Pneumonia Resolves | 57 | ||
| Weblink | 57 | ||
| 8 Recognizing Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum, Pneumopericardium, and Subcutaneous Emphysema | 59 | ||
| Recognizing A Pneumothorax | 59 | ||
| Recognizing the Pitfalls in Overdiagnosing A Pneumothorax | 59 | ||
| Types of Pneumothoraces | 61 | ||
| Causes of A Pneumothorax | 62 | ||
| Other Ways to Diagnose A Pneumothorax | 62 | ||
| Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema | 63 | ||
| Recognizing Pneumomediastinum | 64 | ||
| Recognizing Pneumopericardium | 65 | ||
| Recognizing Subcutaneous Emphysema | 66 | ||
| Weblink | 66 | ||
| 9 Recognizing Adult Heart Disease | 68 | ||
| Recognizing an Enlarged Cardiac Silhouette | 68 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 68 | ||
| Extracardiac Causes of Apparent Cardiac Enlargement | 68 | ||
| Effect of Projection on Perception of Heart Size | 68 | ||
| Identifying Cardiac Enlargement on an Anteroposterior Chest Radiograph | 68 | ||
| Recognizing Cardiomegaly on the Lateral Chest Radiograph | 69 | ||
| Recognizing Cardiomegaly in Infants | 70 | ||
| Normal Cardiac Contours | 70 | ||
| Normal Pulmonary Vasculature | 70 | ||
| General Principles of Cardiac Imaging | 71 | ||
| Recognizing Common Cardiac Diseases | 71 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 71 | ||
| Pulmonary Interstitial Edema | 72 | ||
| Pulmonary Alveolar Edema | 75 | ||
| Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: General Considerations | 76 | ||
| Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Imaging Findings | 77 | ||
| Differentiating Cardiac from Noncardiac Pulmonary Edema | 77 | ||
| Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease | 77 | ||
| Mitral Stenosis | 78 | ||
| Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension | 78 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 79 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 79 | ||
| Aortic Aneurysms: General Considerations | 80 | ||
| Recognizing a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm | 80 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Dissection | 81 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 82 | ||
| Weblink | 84 | ||
| 10 Recognizing the Correct Placement of Lines and Tubes: | 86 | ||
| Endotracheal and Tracheostomy Tubes | 86 | ||
| Endotracheal Tubes (ETT) | 86 | ||
| Tracheostomy Tubes | 86 | ||
| Intravascular Catheters | 88 | ||
| Central Venous Catheters (CVC) | 88 | ||
| Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: “PICC Lines” | 89 | ||
| Pulmonary Artery Catheters: Swan-Ganz Catheters | 90 | ||
| Double Lumen Catheters: “Quinton Catheters,” Hemodialysis Catheters | 90 | ||
| Pleural Drainage Tubes (Chest Tubes, Thoracotomy Tubes) | 91 | ||
| Cardiac Devices | 93 | ||
| Pacemakers | 93 | ||
| Automatic Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (AICDs) | 94 | ||
| Intraaortic Counterpulsation Balloon Pump (IACB or IABP) | 94 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tubes and Lines | 95 | ||
| Nasogastric Tubes (NGTs) | 95 | ||
| Feeding Tubes (Dobbhoff Tubes, DHTs) | 96 | ||
| Weblink | 97 | ||
| 11 Computed Tomography: | 98 | ||
| Introduction to CT | 98 | ||
| Intravenous Contrast in CT Scanning | 99 | ||
| Oral Contrast in CT Scanning | 99 | ||
| Normal Chest CT Anatomy | 100 | ||
| Five-Vessel Level | 100 | ||
| Aortic Arch Level | 101 | ||
| Aortopulmonary Window Level | 101 | ||
| Main Pulmonary Artery Level | 101 | ||
| High Cardiac Level | 101 | ||
| Low Cardiac Level | 103 | ||
| The Fissures | 103 | ||
| Cardiac CT | 103 | ||
| Abdominal CT | 105 | ||
| General Considerations | 105 | ||
| Liver | 106 | ||
| Spleen | 106 | ||
| Pancreas | 106 | ||
| Kidneys | 106 | ||
| Small and Large Bowel | 107 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 107 | ||
| Weblink | 107 | ||
| 12 Recognizing Diseases of the Chest | 109 | ||
| Mediastinal Masses | 109 | ||
| Anterior Mediastinum | 109 | ||
| Thyroid Masses | 109 | ||
| Lymphoma | 110 | ||
| Thymic Masses | 111 | ||
| Teratoma | 112 | ||
| Middle Mediastinum | 112 | ||
| Posterior Mediastinum | 112 | ||
| Neurogenic Tumors | 112 | ||
| Solitary Nodule/Mass in the Lung | 113 | ||
| Signs of a Benign Versus Malignant Solitary Pulmonary Nodule | 114 | ||
| Benign Causes of Solitary Pulmonary Nodules | 115 | ||
| Bronchogenic Carcinoma | 115 | ||
| Bronchogenic Carcinomas Presenting as a Nodule/Mass in the Lung | 116 | ||
| Bronchogenic Carcinoma Presenting with Bronchial Obstruction | 116 | ||
| Bronchogenic Carcinoma Presenting with Direct Extension or Metastatic Lesions | 117 | ||
| Metastatic Neoplasms In The Lung | 119 | ||
| Multiple Nodules | 119 | ||
| Lymphangitic Spread of Carcinoma | 119 | ||
| Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease | 120 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 120 | ||
| Blebs And Bullae, Cysts And Cavities | 122 | ||
| Blebs | 123 | ||
| Bullae | 123 | ||
| Cysts | 123 | ||
| Cavities | 123 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 123 | ||
| Weblink | 124 | ||
| 13 Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: | 127 | ||
| What To Look For | 127 | ||
| Normal Bowel Gas Pattern | 127 | ||
| Normal Fluid Levels | 127 | ||
| Differentiating Large From Small Bowel | 128 | ||
| Acute Abdominal Series: The Views And What They Show | 129 | ||
| Acute Abdominal Series: Supine View (“Scout Film”) | 130 | ||
| Acute Abdominal Series: Prone View | 130 | ||
| Acute Abdominal Series: Upright View of Abdomen | 131 | ||
| Acute Abdominal Series: Upright View of Chest | 132 | ||
| Calcifications | 133 | ||
| Organomegaly | 133 | ||
| Liver | 134 | ||
| Spleen | 134 | ||
| Kidneys | 135 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 135 | ||
| Uterus | 135 | ||
| Psoas Muscles | 135 | ||
| Weblink | 136 | ||
| 14 Recognizing Bowel Obstruction and Ileus | 138 | ||
| Abnormal Gas Patterns | 138 | ||
| Laws Of The Gut | 138 | ||
| Functional Ileus, Localized: Sentinel Loops | 138 | ||
| Functional Ileus, Generalized: Adynamic Ileus | 139 | ||
| Mechanical Obstruction: Small Bowel Obstruction (Sbo) | 139 | ||
| Mechanical Obstruction: Large Bowel Obstruction (Lbo) | 144 | ||
| Volvulus Of The Colon | 146 | ||
| Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome) | 146 | ||
| Weblink | 147 | ||
| 15 Recognizing Extraluminal Air in the Abdomen | 148 | ||
| Signs Of Free Intraperitoneal Air | 148 | ||
| Air Beneath the Diaphragm | 148 | ||
| Visualization of Both Sides of the Bowel Wall | 148 | ||
| Visualization of the Falciform Ligament | 148 | ||
| Causes Of Free Air | 149 | ||
| Signs Of Extraperitoneal Air (Retroperitoneal Air) | 150 | ||
| Causes Of Extraperitoneal Air | 150 | ||
| Signs Of Air In The Bowel Wall | 151 | ||
| Causes And Significance Of Air In The Bowel Wall | 153 | ||
| Signs Of Air In The Biliary System | 154 | ||
| Causes Of Air In The Biliary System | 154 | ||
| Weblink | 155 | ||
| 16 Recognizing Abnormal Calcifications and Their Causes | 156 | ||
| Patterns Of Calcification | 156 | ||
| Rimlike Calcification | 156 | ||
| Linear Or Tracklike Calcification | 156 | ||
| Lamellar Or Laminar Calcification | 156 | ||
| Cloudlike, Amorphous, Or Popcorn Calcification | 158 | ||
| Location Of Calcification | 159 | ||
| Weblink | 163 | ||
| 17 Recognizing the Imaging Findings of Trauma | 164 | ||
| Chest Trauma | 164 | ||
| Rib Fractures | 164 | ||
| Pulmonary Contusions | 164 | ||
| Pulmonary Lacerations (Hematoma or Traumatic Pneumatocele) | 164 | ||
| Aortic Trauma | 164 | ||
| Abdominal Trauma | 167 | ||
| Liver | 167 | ||
| Spleen | 168 | ||
| Kidneys | 168 | ||
| Shock Bowel | 169 | ||
| Pelvic Trauma | 169 | ||
| Rupture of the Urinary Bladder | 169 | ||
| Urethral Injuries | 170 | ||
| Weblink | 170 | ||
| 18 Recognizing Gastrointestinal, Hepatic, and Urinary Tract Abnormalities | 172 | ||
| Barium Studies of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 172 | ||
| Esophagus | 172 | ||
| Esophageal Diverticula | 172 | ||
| Esophageal Carcinoma | 172 | ||
| Hiatal Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD) | 172 | ||
| Stomach and Duodenum | 174 | ||
| Gastric Ulcers | 174 | ||
| Gastric Carcinoma | 174 | ||
| Duodenal Ulcer | 174 | ||
| Small and Large Bowel | 176 | ||
| General Considerations | 176 | ||
| Small Bowel: Crohn Disease | 176 | ||
| Large Bowel | 178 | ||
| Diverticulosis | 178 | ||
| Diverticulitis | 178 | ||
| Colonic Polyps | 179 | ||
| Colonic Carcinoma | 180 | ||
| Colitis | 180 | ||
| Appendicitis | 181 | ||
| Pancreas | 183 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 183 | ||
| Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma | 184 | ||
| Hepatobiliary Abnormalities | 184 | ||
| Liver: General Considerations | 184 | ||
| Fatty Infiltration | 185 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 185 | ||
| Space-Occupying Lesions of the Liver | 185 | ||
| Metastases | 187 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma) | 187 | ||
| Cavernous Hemangiomas | 187 | ||
| Hepatic Cysts | 187 | ||
| Biliary System: Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) | 188 | ||
| Urinary Tract | 189 | ||
| Kidneys: General Considerations | 189 | ||
| Space-Occupying Lesions | 189 | ||
| Renal Cysts | 189 | ||
| Renal Cell Carcinoma (Hypernephroma) | 189 | ||
| Pelvis | 190 | ||
| General Considerations | 190 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 190 | ||
| Bladder Tumors | 190 | ||
| Adenopathy | 190 | ||
| Weblink | 191 | ||
| 19 Ultrasonography: | 193 | ||
| How it Works | 193 | ||
| Doppler Ultrasonography | 193 | ||
| Adverse Effects and Safety Issues | 194 | ||
| Medical Uses of Ultrasonography | 194 | ||
| Biliary System | 194 | ||
| Normal Ultrasound Anatomy | 194 | ||
| Gallstones and Acute Cholecystitis | 194 | ||
| Bile Ducts | 196 | ||
| Urinary Tract | 197 | ||
| Normal Ultrasound Anatomy | 197 | ||
| Hydronephrosis | 197 | ||
| Medical Renal Disease | 197 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 198 | ||
| Female Pelvic Organs | 198 | ||
| Normal Ultrasound Anatomy of the Uterus | 198 | ||
| Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids) | 200 | ||
| Normal Ultrasound Anatomy of the Ovaries | 200 | ||
| Ovarian Cysts | 200 | ||
| Ovarian Tumors | 201 | ||
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | 202 | ||
| Ascites | 203 | ||
| Appendicitis | 203 | ||
| Pregnancy | 203 | ||
| Ectopic Pregnancy | 204 | ||
| Fetal Abnormalities | 205 | ||
| Molar Pregnancy | 206 | ||
| Vascular Ultrasound | 206 | ||
| Deep Vein Thrombosis | 207 | ||
| Weblink | 207 | ||
| 20 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: | 209 | ||
| How MRI Works | 209 | ||
| Hardware that Makes Up an MRI Scanner | 209 | ||
| Main Magnet | 209 | ||
| Coils | 210 | ||
| Computer | 210 | ||
| What Happens Once Scanning Begins | 210 | ||
| Pulse Sequences | 210 | ||
| How can You Identify a T1-Weighted or T2-Weighted Image? | 211 | ||
| MRI Contrast: General Considerations | 213 | ||
| MRI Safety Issues | 215 | ||
| General Considerations | 215 | ||
| Claustrophobia | 215 | ||
| Ferromagnetic Objects | 215 | ||
| Mechanical or Electrical Devices | 216 | ||
| Pregnant Patients | 216 | ||
| Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis | 217 | ||
| Diagnostic Applications of MRI | 217 | ||
| Weblink | 217 | ||
| 21 Recognizing Abnormalities of Bone Density | 218 | ||
| Normal Bone Anatomy | 218 | ||
| Conventional Radiography | 218 | ||
| CT and MRI | 218 | ||
| The Effect of Bone Physiology on Bone Anatomy | 218 | ||
| Recognizing a Generalized Increase in Bone Density | 219 | ||
| Carcinoma of the Prostate | 219 | ||
| Osteopetrosis | 220 | ||
| Recognizing a Focal Increase in Bone Density | 221 | ||
| Carcinoma of the Prostate | 221 | ||
| Avascular Necrosis of Bone | 221 | ||
| Paget Disease | 222 | ||
| Recognizing a Generalized Decrease in Bone Density | 223 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 223 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 224 | ||
| Rickets | 225 | ||
| Osteomalacia | 226 | ||
| Recognizing a Focal Decrease in Bone Density | 226 | ||
| Osteolytic Metastatic Disease | 226 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | 227 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 227 | ||
| Pathologic Fractures | 229 | ||
| Weblink | 230 | ||
| 22 Recognizing Fractures and Dislocations | 232 | ||
| Recognizing an Acute Fracture | 232 | ||
| Recognizing Dislocations and Subluxations | 232 | ||
| Describing Fractures | 232 | ||
| How Fractures are Described: by the Number of Fracture Fragments | 232 | ||
| How Fractures are Described: by the Direction of the Fracture Line (Table 22-4) | 234 | ||
| How Fractures are Described: by the Relationship of One Fracture Fragment to Another | 234 | ||
| How Fractures are Described: by the Relationship of the Fracture to the Atmosphere | 235 | ||
| Avulsion Fractures | 237 | ||
| Salter-Harris Fractures: Epiphyseal Plate Fractures in Children | 238 | ||
| Child Abuse | 240 | ||
| Stress Fractures | 241 | ||
| Common Fracture Eponyms | 241 | ||
| Some Easily Missed Fractures or Dislocations | 241 | ||
| Fracture Healing | 244 | ||
| Weblink | 247 | ||
| 23 Recognizing Joint Disease: | 249 | ||
| Anatomy of A Joint | 249 | ||
| Classification of Arthritis | 249 | ||
| Hypertrophic Arthritis | 249 | ||
| Primary Osteoarthritis (Also Known as Primary Degenerative Arthritis, Degenerative Joint Disease) | 249 | ||
| Secondary Osteoarthritis (Secondary Degenerative Arthritis) | 250 | ||
| Erosive Osteoarthritis | 251 | ||
| Charcot Arthropathy (Neuropathic Joint) | 253 | ||
| Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (Pyrophosphate Arthropathy) | 254 | ||
| Erosive Arthritis | 255 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 255 | ||
| Gout | 256 | ||
| Psoriatic Arthritis | 257 | ||
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | 258 | ||
| Infectious Arthritis | 259 | ||
| Weblink | 260 | ||
| 24 Recognizing Some Common Causes of Neck and Back Pain | 261 | ||
| Conventional Radiography, MRI, and CT | 261 | ||
| The Normal Spine | 261 | ||
| Vertebral Body | 261 | ||
| Intervertebral Disks | 261 | ||
| Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves | 263 | ||
| Spinal Ligaments | 263 | ||
| Normal MRI Appearance of the Spine | 263 | ||
| Back Pain | 263 | ||
| Herniated Disks | 264 | ||
| Degenerative Disk Disease | 264 | ||
| Osteoarthritis of the Facet Joints | 265 | ||
| Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis | 266 | ||
| Compression Fractures of the Spine | 266 | ||
| Spondylolisthesis and Spondylolysis | 267 | ||
| Spinal Stenosis | 267 | ||
| Malignancy Involving the Spine | 268 | ||
| Mri in Metastatic Spine Disease | 269 | ||
| Infections of the Spine: Diskitis and Osteomyelitis | 271 | ||
| Spinal Trauma | 271 | ||
| Jefferson’s Fracture | 272 | ||
| Hangman’s Fracture | 272 | ||
| Burst Fractures | 273 | ||
| Locked Facets | 273 | ||
| Weblink | 273 | ||
| 25 Recognizing Some Common Causes of Intracranial Pathology | 276 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 276 | ||
| Mri and the Brain | 276 | ||
| Head Trauma | 278 | ||
| Skull Fractures | 278 | ||
| Facial Fractures | 278 | ||
| Intracranial Hemorrhage | 281 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma (Extradural Hematoma) | 281 | ||
| Subdural Hematoma (SDH) | 282 | ||
| Intracerebral Hematoma (Intracerebral Hemorrhage) | 282 | ||
| Diffuse Axonal Injury | 283 | ||
| Increased Intracranial Pressure | 285 | ||
| Stroke | 285 | ||
| General Considerations | 285 | ||
| Ischemic Stroke | 286 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | 287 | ||
| Ruptured Aneurysms | 288 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 289 | ||
| Obstructive Hydrocephalus | 291 | ||
| Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) | 291 | ||
| Cerebral Atrophy | 293 | ||
| Brain Tumors | 293 | ||
| Gliomas of the Brain | 293 | ||
| Metastases | 293 | ||
| Meningioma | 295 | ||
| Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma) | 295 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 296 | ||
| Terminology | 297 | ||
| Weblink | 297 | ||
| The ABCs of Heart Disease: | e1 | ||
| Heart Size | e1 | ||
| Cardiac Contours | e1 | ||
| Ascending Aorta | e1 | ||
| “Double Density” of Left Atrial Enlargement | e1 | ||
| Right Atrium | e3 | ||
| Aortic Knob | e3 | ||
| Main Pulmonary Artery | e3 | ||
| Concavity for Left Atrium | e5 | ||
| Left Ventricle | e6 | ||
| Descending Aorta | e6 | ||
| The Pulmonary Vasculature | e6 | ||
| Normal | e7 | ||
| Pulmonary Venous Hypertension | e7 | ||
| Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension | e8 | ||
| Increased Flow to the Lungs | e8 | ||
| Decreased Flow to the Lungs | e9 | ||
| The Abcs of Heart Disease System* | e9 | ||
| A—Is the Left Atrium Enlarged? | e10 | ||
| B—Is the Main Pulmonary Artery Big or Bulbous? | e10 | ||
| C—Is the Main Pulmonary Artery Segment Concave? | e11 | ||
| D—Is the Heart a Dilated or Delta-Shaped Heart? | e12 | ||
| Other Facts | e13 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine: | e15 | ||
| How It Works | e15 | ||
| Radioactive Decay | e15 | ||
| Half-Life | e15 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine Equipment | e15 | ||
| Detecting and Measuring the Radioactivity of an Isotope | e16 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine Safety | e16 | ||
| Commonly Used Nuclear Medicine Studies | e17 | ||
| Bone Scans | e17 | ||
| Pulmonary Ventilation/Perfusion Scans for Pulmonary Embolism | e20 | ||
| Cardiac Scans | e23 | ||
| Thyroid Scintigraphy | e25 | ||
| HIDA Scans | e26 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scans | e28 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | e28 | ||
| Uses of Pet Scans | e30 | ||
| Safety Issues and Pet Scans | e31 | ||
| Pet Scan Images | e31 | ||
| Appendix Recognizing What to Order | 299 | ||
| Thoracic Imaging | 299 | ||
| Cardiac Imaging | 299 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Imaging | 300 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Imaging | 300 | ||
| Genitourinary Imaging | 301 | ||
| Neurologic Imaging | 301 | ||
| Pediatric Imaging | 302 | ||
| Reproductive Imaging | 303 | ||
| Bibliography | 304 | ||
| Texts | 304 | ||
| Journal Articles | 304 | ||
| Index | 305 | ||
| A | 305 | ||
| B | 306 | ||
| C | 307 | ||
| D | 308 | ||
| E | 309 | ||
| F | 309 | ||
| G | 310 | ||
| H | 310 | ||
| I | 311 | ||
| J | 311 | ||
| K | 311 | ||
| L | 312 | ||
| M | 312 | ||
| N | 313 | ||
| O | 313 | ||
| P | 313 | ||
| Q | 315 | ||
| R | 315 | ||
| S | 315 | ||
| T | 316 | ||
| U | 317 | ||
| V | 317 | ||
| W | 317 | ||
| X | 317 | ||
| Y | 317 | ||
| Z | 317 | ||
| The Last Printed Page | 318 |