Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A comprehensive reference standard for the discipline, Canine and Feline Gastroenterology covers the biology, pathobiology, and diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and hepatobiliary systems. An international team of experts, including 85 authors from 17 different countries, led by Robert Washabau and Michael Day, covers everything from minor problems such as adverse food reactions to debilitating inflammatory, infectious, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases of the digestive system. This authoritative text utilizes an evidence-based approach to reflect the latest science and research, complemented by principles of problem solving, algorithms to improve clinical diagnoses, and extensive full-color illustrations. For generalists and specialists alike, this gastroenterology reference should be part of every serious practitioner's professional library.
- A comprehensive, 928-page reference standard covers the discipline of canine and feline gastroenterology.
- An international focus is provided by 85 authors from 17 different countries, including renowned experts in veterinary gastroenterology, internal medicine, pathology, clinical pathology, radiology, and infectious disease.
- Coverage of the entire breadth and depth of gastroenterology ranges from biology to pathobiology, as well as diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and hepatobiliary systems.
- Current information on GI microflora, immunology, cellular growth, and systems integration provides a foundation for treating clinical problems.
- Coverage of diseases in dogs and cats includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, colon, anorectum, liver and biliary tract, exocrine pancreas, peritoneum, and associated vasculature.
- A focus on patient management examines the full range of procedures and techniques essential to diagnosis and treatment from clinical signs and diagnosis to nutritional support and pharmacologic management of disease.
- Clear explanations of current diagnostic modalities include laboratory tests, molecular methods, diagnostic imaging, endoscopy, and histopathology, also showing how to interpret and utilize results.
- A strong clinical approach emphasizes need-to-know information for managing the common and not-so-common G.I. clinical problems of everyday practice.
- Full-color photographs and illustrations depict concepts, conditions, and procedures.
- An evidence-based medicine perspective reflects the latest research as well as the modern practice of veterinary medicine.
- Logical, coherent, and consistent internal organization makes this a reader-friendly edition.
- Problem-based algorithms help in diagnosing every G.I. clinical problem from A to Z.
- A stand-alone section on the pharmacologic approach to G.I. disease offers quick and easy drug reference.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Canine and Feline Gastroenterology, 1/e | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Profile | vii | ||
| Format | vii | ||
| Section I: Biology of the Gastrointestinal Tract | vii | ||
| Section II: Approach to Clinical Signs in Gastrointestinal Disease | vii | ||
| Section III: Diagnostic Approach to Gastrointestinal Disease | vii | ||
| Laboratory Testing | vii | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | vii | ||
| Endoscopy | vii | ||
| Laparoscopy | vii | ||
| Histopathology | viii | ||
| Section IV: Nutritional Approach to Gastrointestinal Disease | viii | ||
| Section V: Pharmacologic Approach to Gastrointestinal Disease | viii | ||
| Section VI: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract | viii | ||
| Intended Audiences | viii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Section Editors | x | ||
| Contributors | xi | ||
| Table of Contents | xvii | ||
| I Biology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas, and Liver | 1 | ||
| 1 Integration of Gastrointestinal Function | 1 | ||
| Integration of Function | 1 | ||
| Structural Organization | 1 | ||
| Primary Gastrointestinal Tract | 1 | ||
| Pancreas | 1 | ||
| Liver | 2 | ||
| Biliary Epithelial Cells (Cholangiocytes) | 2 | ||
| Kupffer Cells | 2 | ||
| Hepatic Stellate Cells | 4 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 4 | ||
| Hepatic Endothelial Cells | 4 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 4 | ||
| Hepatic Stem Cells | 4 | ||
| Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 4 | ||
| Parasympathetic Innervation | 4 | ||
| Sympathetic Innervation | 5 | ||
| Intrinsic Innervation | 5 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle | 5 | ||
| Innervation and Gap Junctions | 6 | ||
| Sarcomeric Organization | 6 | ||
| Nuclear Density | 6 | ||
| Spread of Depolarization | 6 | ||
| Regulatory Proteins | 6 | ||
| Sources of Calcium | 6 | ||
| Contractile Patterns | 6 | ||
| Slow Waves | 7 | ||
| Bioenergetics | 7 | ||
| Motility | 7 | ||
| Oropharynx and Esophagus | 7 | ||
| Stomach | 7 | ||
| Intestine | 8 | ||
| Segmentation | 8 | ||
| Peristalsis | 9 | ||
| Intestinointestinal Inhibition | 9 | ||
| Migrating Motility Complex | 9 | ||
| Colon | 9 | ||
| Segmentation | 9 | ||
| Mass Movement | 9 | ||
| Defecation | 9 | ||
| Gastrocolic Reflex | 9 | ||
| Gallbladder | 10 | ||
| Secretion | 10 | ||
| Salivary Gland | 10 | ||
| Stomach | 10 | ||
| Cell Biology of Gastric Acid Secretion | 10 | ||
| Physiology of Gastric Acid Secretion | 11 | ||
| Pharmacology of Gastric Acid Secretion | 11 | ||
| Gastric Pepsinogen Secretion | 11 | ||
| Gastric Intrinsic Factor Secretion | 11 | ||
| Gastric Mucus Secretion and the Gastric Mucosal Barrier | 11 | ||
| Endocrine Secretion | 12 | ||
| Intestine | 12 | ||
| Pancreas | 13 | ||
| Biliary | 15 | ||
| Colon | 16 | ||
| Electrolytes | 16 | ||
| Mucus | 16 | ||
| Digestion | 16 | ||
| Hydrolysis | 16 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 16 | ||
| Protein | 17 | ||
| Triglyceride | 17 | ||
| Fermentation | 17 | ||
| Absorption | 17 | ||
| Intestine | 17 | ||
| Water and Solutes | 18 | ||
| Cotransport | 18 | ||
| Monosaccharides | 18 | ||
| Amino Acids | 18 | ||
| Lipids | 19 | ||
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | 19 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | 19 | ||
| Calcium | 19 | ||
| Iron | 19 | ||
| Colon | 19 | ||
| Solutes | 19 | ||
| Ammonia | 20 | ||
| Short-Chain Fatty Acids | 20 | ||
| Gallbladder | 21 | ||
| Blood Flow | 21 | ||
| Bacteriology | 21 | ||
| Immune Surveillance | 22 | ||
| Gastric Body Mucosa | 22 | ||
| Gastric Antral Mucosa | 22 | ||
| Duodenal Mucosa | 22 | ||
| Colonic Mucosa | 22 | ||
| Liver Metabolism | 23 | ||
| Carbohydrate Metabolism | 23 | ||
| Protein Metabolism | 23 | ||
| Lipid Metabolism | 23 | ||
| Nucleic Acid Metabolism | 23 | ||
| Coagulation Factors | 23 | ||
| Bile Secretion | 23 | ||
| Porphyrin Metabolism | 23 | ||
| Metal Metabolism | 23 | ||
| Vitamin Metabolism | 23 | ||
| Glutathione Metabolism | 24 | ||
| Xenobiotic Metabolism | 24 | ||
| Hormone Metabolism | 24 | ||
| Immune Surveillance | 24 | ||
| Neural, Endocrine, and Paracrine Activation | 24 | ||
| Endocrine Regulation | 24 | ||
| Gastrin-Cholecystokinin Family | 26 | ||
| Secretin-Enteroglucagon-Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Family | 26 | ||
| Somatostatin | 26 | ||
| Motilin | 27 | ||
| Neurotensin | 27 | ||
| Pancreatic Polypeptide | 27 | ||
| Peptide YY | 27 | ||
| 5-Hydroxytryptamine | 27 | ||
| Ghrelin | 27 | ||
| Enteric Neuropeptides | 27 | ||
| Tachykinins | 27 | ||
| Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide/Peptide Histidine-Isoleucine | 27 | ||
| Opioids | 27 | ||
| Bombesins | 28 | ||
| II Approach to Clinical Signs in Gastrointestinal Disease | 70 | ||
| 6 Abdominal Pain | 70 | ||
| Definition | 70 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Mechanisms | 70 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 70 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient | 72 | ||
| History | 72 | ||
| Physical Examination | 72 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation and Tests | 72 | ||
| Treatment and Management | 73 | ||
| General Principles | 73 | ||
| Medical | 73 | ||
| Surgical | 73 | ||
| References | 74 | ||
| 7 Anorexia | 75 | ||
| Definition | 75 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Mechanisms | 75 | ||
| Control of Food Intake | 75 | ||
| Sensory Signals | 75 | ||
| Metabolic Signals | 75 | ||
| Environmental Signals and Learned Behavior | 75 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 76 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient | 76 | ||
| History | 76 | ||
| Physical Examination | 77 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 78 | ||
| Treatment and Management | 78 | ||
| General Principles | 78 | ||
| Dietary | 78 | ||
| Medical | 79 | ||
| References | 79 | ||
| 8 Ascites | 80 | ||
| Definition | 80 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Mechanisms | 80 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 80 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient | 81 | ||
| History | 81 | ||
| Physical Examination | 81 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation and Tests | 81 | ||
| Treatment and Management | 83 | ||
| General Principles | 83 | ||
| Cardiac Disease | 83 | ||
| Respiratory Disease | 83 | ||
| Hepatic Disease | 84 | ||
| Protein-Losing Enteropathy | 84 | ||
| Protein-Losing Nephropathy | 84 | ||
| References | 84 | ||
| 9 Coagulopathy | 87 | ||
| Definition | 87 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Mechanisms | 87 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 88 | ||
| Hepatobiliary or Gastrointestinal Disease Causing Hemostatic Disorder | 88 | ||
| Hemostatic Disorder Causing Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 88 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient | 89 | ||
| History | 89 | ||
| Physical Examination | 89 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation and Tests | 90 | ||
| Treatment and Management | 90 | ||
| Hepatobiliary or Gastrointestinal Disease Causing Hemostatic Disorder | 90 | ||
| Hemostatic Disorder Causing Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 91 | ||
| References | 91 | ||
| 10 Constipation | 93 | ||
| Definition | 93 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Mechanisms | 93 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 93 | ||
| Neoplasia | 93 | ||
| Intussusception | 94 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient | 94 | ||
| History | 94 | ||
| Physical Examination | 94 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation and Tests | 94 | ||
| Treatment and Management | 95 | ||
| Removal of Impacted Feces | 95 | ||
| Rectal Suppositories | 95 | ||
| Enemas | 95 | ||
| Manual Extraction | 95 | ||
| Laxative Therapy | 96 | ||
| Bulk-Forming Laxatives | 96 | ||
| Emollient Laxatives | 96 | ||
| Lubricant Laxatives | 96 | ||
| Hyperosmotic Laxatives | 96 | ||
| Stimulant Laxatives | 96 | ||
| Colonic Prokinetic Agents | 96 | ||
| Surgical | 97 | ||
| Prognosis | 97 | ||
| References | 97 | ||
| 11 Diarrhea | 99 | ||
| Definition | 99 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Mechanisms | 99 | ||
| Osmotic Diarrhea | 99 | ||
| Secretory Diarrhea | 99 | ||
| Increased Mucosal Permeability | 99 | ||
| Deranged Motility | 100 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 100 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient | 100 | ||
| Signalment | 100 | ||
| History | 100 | ||
| Physical Examination | 101 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation and Tests | 102 | ||
| Baseline Laboratory Tests | 102 | ||
| Complete Blood Count. | 102 | ||
| Serum Chemistry. | 103 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Serologic Screening. | 103 | ||
| Fecal Enteric Panel. | 103 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 103 | ||
| Survey Abdominal Radiography. | 103 | ||
| Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Contrast Radiography. | 103 | ||
| Abdominal Ultrasonography. | 103 | ||
| Specialized Gastrointestinal Function Tests | 103 | ||
| Serum Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity. | 103 | ||
| Serum Cobalamin and Folate. | 103 | ||
| 51Cr-EDTA, Polyethylene Glycols, and Differential Sugar Absorption Studies. | 104 | ||
| Fecal α1-Proteinase Inhibitor. | 104 | ||
| Intestinal Biopsy | 104 | ||
| Flexible Endoscopy and Biopsy. | 104 | ||
| Rigid Proctoscopy and Biopsy. | 104 | ||
| Exploratory Celiotomy and Biopsy. | 104 | ||
| Treatment and Management of Acute, Self-Limiting Diarrhea | 104 | ||
| General Principles | 104 | ||
| Medical | 104 | ||
| Dietary Therapy | 104 | ||
| III Diagnostic Approach to Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Hepatobiliary Problems | 177 | ||
| 25 Laboratory Approach | 177 | ||
| Stomach and Small Intestine | 177 | ||
| Detection of Bacterial Pathogens | 177 | ||
| Detection of Helicobacter spp. | 177 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Methods | 178 | ||
| Invasive Tests | 178 | ||
| Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens– Associated Diarrhea | 178 | ||
| Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile– Associated Diarrhea | 178 | ||
| Detection of Campylobacter spp. | 179 | ||
| Salmonella spp. | 179 | ||
| Escherichia coli | 179 | ||
| Viral Enteritis | 179 | ||
| Parvovirus | 179 | ||
| Detection of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Feces | 179 | ||
| Fecal Examination Techniques | 179 | ||
| Diagnosis of Parasites of the Esophagus and Stomach During Fecal Examination | 180 | ||
| Diagnosis of Parasites of the Small and Large Intestine | 182 | ||
| Giardia spp. | 182 | ||
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 183 | ||
| Canine Schistosomiasis | 183 | ||
| Tritrichomonas foetus | 183 | ||
| Assessment of Gastrointestinal Function and Pathology | 183 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Permeability Testing | 183 | ||
| Evaluation of Intestinal Protein Loss | 184 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Markers for Assessment of Gastric and Intestinal Inflammation and Damage | 184 | ||
| Serum Gastrin | 184 | ||
| Inflammatory Markers | 185 | ||
| Citrulline | 185 | ||
| Occult Blood Testing | 185 | ||
| Miscellaneous Tests | 185 | ||
| Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Motility | 185 | ||
| Assessment of Intestinal Function and Pathology | 185 | ||
| Serum Cobalamin and Folate | 185 | ||
| Cobalamin | 185 | ||
| Folate | 187 | ||
| Serum Cobalamin and Folate Concentrations in Patients with Small Intestinal Disease | 187 | ||
| Assessment of Small Intestinal Dysbiosis | 187 | ||
| Pancreas | 188 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 188 | ||
| Signalment, History, and Risk Factors | 188 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Physical Examination Findings | 188 | ||
| Routine Clinical Pathology | 188 | ||
| Clinical Enzymology | 189 | ||
| Serum Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity | 189 | ||
| Serum Amylase and Lipase Activity | 190 | ||
| Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity | 191 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Markers | 191 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 191 | ||
| Abdominal Radiography | 191 | ||
| Abdominal Ultrasound | 191 | ||
| Other Imaging Modalities | 192 | ||
| Pathology | 192 | ||
| Cytology | 193 | ||
| Assessment and Prediction of the Severity of Pancreatitis | 194 | ||
| Conclusions | 194 | ||
| Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency | 194 | ||
| Clinical Features | 194 | ||
| Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity | 194 | ||
| Pancreatic Fecal Elastase | 195 | ||
| Other Tests | 195 | ||
| Histopathology | 195 | ||
| Liver | 195 | ||
| Serum Hepatic Enzyme Activities | 196 | ||
| Tests Dependent on Liver Function | 198 | ||
| References | 200 | ||
| Stomach and Small Intestine | 200 | ||
| Pancreas | 201 | ||
| Liver | 203 | ||
| 26 Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 205 | ||
| Radiography | 205 | ||
| Indications | 205 | ||
| Technical Considerations | 205 | ||
| Preprocedural Considerations | 205 | ||
| Positioning and Views | 206 | ||
| Standard Views | 206 | ||
| Horizontal-beam Views | 206 | ||
| Esophagram | 206 | ||
| Contrast Media, Dose, and Route of Administration | 206 | ||
| IV Nutritional Approach to Gastrointestinal Disease | 386 | ||
| 30 Nutritional Assessment and Management | 386 | ||
| Malnutrition | 386 | ||
| Definition | 386 | ||
| Starvation in Healthy Animals | 386 | ||
| Starvation in Ill or Injured Animals | 386 | ||
| Consequences of Malnutrition | 387 | ||
| Assessment of Malnutrition | 387 | ||
| Prevalence of Malnutrition | 388 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Disease and Risk of Malnutrition | 388 | ||
| Contribution of Hospital Practices to Worsening Nutritional Status | 389 | ||
| Management of Malnutrition | 389 | ||
| Obesity | 390 | ||
| Definition and Prevalence | 390 | ||
| Definition | 390 | ||
| Prevalence | 390 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 390 | ||
| Risk Factors for the Development of Obesity | 390 | ||
| Coexisting Health Problems | 390 | ||
| Signalment | 390 | ||
| Breed | 390 | ||
| Environment and Activity | 390 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 390 | ||
| Owner Factors and Behavior | 390 | ||
| Pathologic Consequences of Obesity | 390 | ||
| Human Obesity-Associated Disorders | 390 | ||
| Obesity-Associated Disorders in Companion Animals | 391 | ||
| Longevity | 391 | ||
| Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases | 391 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia and Dyslipidemia | 392 | ||
| Orthopedic Disorders | 392 | ||
| Cardiorespiratory Disease and Hypertension | 392 | ||
| Other Disorders | 392 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Obesity-Associated Diseases | 392 | ||
| Clinical Investigation | 392 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 392 | ||
| Weight Measurement and Body Condition Score | 393 | ||
| Further Investigations | 393 | ||
| Diagnosis | 393 | ||
| Measurement of Obesity in Companion Animals | 393 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 393 | ||
| Dietary Management | 393 | ||
| Diet Formulation | 393 | ||
| Energy Intake During Weight Loss | 394 | ||
| Pharmaceutical Therapy and Weight Loss | 395 | ||
| Lifestyle Management | 395 | ||
| Monitoring of Weight Loss | 395 | ||
| Prognosis | 395 | ||
| Prevention | 395 | ||
| References | 395 | ||
| Malnutrition | 395 | ||
| Obesity | 396 | ||
| 31 Adverse Food Reactions | 398 | ||
| Definition | 398 | ||
| Mechanism and Pathophysiology | 398 | ||
| Nonimmunologic Adverse Reactions to Food (Food Intolerance) | 398 | ||
| Food Toxicity | 398 | ||
| Alterations in the Microflora | 398 | ||
| Dysmotility | 399 | ||
| Pharmacologic Reactions | 399 | ||
| Methylxanthines. | 399 | ||
| Histamine. | 400 | ||
| Maldigestion and Malabsorption | 400 | ||
| Physical and Other Effects | 400 | ||
| Nonspecific Dietary Sensitivity | 400 | ||
| Immunologic Adverse Reactions to Food | 400 | ||
| Immune Responses to Dietary Antigens | 400 | ||
| Food Immunogenicity | 401 | ||
| Loss of Tolerance to Dietary Antigens | 402 | ||
| Local Cell-Mediated Inflammation. | 402 | ||
| Local Antibody Production of Isotypes Other Than IgA. | 402 | ||
| Systemic Antibody Production. | 402 | ||
| Dietary Allergens | 402 | ||
| Gluten Enteropathy | 403 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 403 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient | 403 | ||
| History | 403 | ||
| Physical Exam | 404 | ||
| Elimination and Challenge Diet Trials | 404 | ||
| Commercial Diets for Elimination Trial | 404 | ||
| Hydrolyzed Protein Diets | 404 | ||
| Home-Prepared Diets | 405 | ||
| Food-Specific Serum Immunoglobulin | 405 | ||
| Endoscopic Food-Sensitivity Testing | 406 | ||
| Treatment and Management | 406 | ||
| References | 406 | ||
| 32 Nutritional Strategies in Gastrointestinal Disease | 409 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 409 | ||
| Definition | 409 | ||
| Protein | 409 | ||
| Glutamine | 409 | ||
| Arginine | 409 | ||
| Glycine and Lysine | 410 | ||
| Protein Digestibility | 410 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 410 | ||
| Lactose | 410 | ||
| Fiber | 410 | ||
| Introduction of Dietary Fiber | 410 | ||
| Beneficial Effects of Fermentation of Fiber by Intestinal Bacteria | 410 | ||
| All Fermentable Fibers Are Not Created Equal | 411 | ||
| Fat | 412 | ||
| Nomenclature of Fat | 412 | ||
| Eicosanoid Production from Fatty Acids | 412 | ||
| Fat Malassimilation | 412 | ||
| Vitamins and Minerals | 413 | ||
| Folate | 413 | ||
| Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) | 413 | ||
| Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics | 413 | ||
| Establishment of Intestinal Bacterial Flora | 413 | ||
| Definitions of Pre-, Pro-, and Synbiotics | 413 | ||
| Prebiotics | 414 | ||
| Fiber as a Source of Prebiotics | 414 | ||
| Fructooligosaccharides | 414 | ||
| Mannanoligosaccharides | 414 | ||
| Fructooligosaccharides and Mannanoligosaccharides Enhance the Effectiveness of the Gastrointestinal Immune System | 414 | ||
| Probiotics | 415 | ||
| Stability | 415 | ||
| Survivability | 415 | ||
| Colonization | 415 | ||
| Fermentation of Fructooligosaccharides and Beet Pulp | 415 | ||
| Species Specificity | 415 | ||
| Antipathogen Effects | 415 | ||
| Safety | 415 | ||
| Contraindications | 415 | ||
| Clinical Benefits of Probiotics in Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders | 415 | ||
| Beneficial Effects of Probiotics on Healthy Dogs | 416 | ||
| Yogurt as an Alternative to Commercial Probiotics in Dogs | 416 | ||
| Synbiotics | 416 | ||
| Liver and Biliary Tract | 416 | ||
| Metabolic Energy and Protein Requirements in Chronic Hepatic Disease | 417 | ||
| Nutraceuticals in Hepatic Disease | 417 | ||
| Copper-Restricted Diets | 418 | ||
| Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation in Patients with Liver Disease | 418 | ||
| Nutritional Intervention in Hepatic Encephalopathy | 418 | ||
| Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats | 419 | ||
| Nutritional Considerations in Diseases of the Biliary Tract | 420 | ||
| Pancreas | 420 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis | 421 | ||
| Approach to Therapy of Pancreatitis | 421 | ||
| Nutritional Management | 421 | ||
| Role of Nutrition in Pancreatic Secretion | 421 | ||
| Management of Acute Pancreatitis | 421 | ||
| Early Feeding Versus Nil Per Os | 421 | ||
| Dietary Selection: The Role of Dietary Fat | 421 | ||
| Adjunctive Treatments and an Individualized Approach to Pancreatitis | 422 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency | 422 | ||
| Approach to Therapy of EPI | 422 | ||
| Enzyme Replacement Therapy | 422 | ||
| Nutritional Management | 423 | ||
| Macronutrients | 423 | ||
| Role of Dietary Fat | 423 | ||
| Digestibility and Fiber | 423 | ||
| Micronutrients | 423 | ||
| Cobalamin (Vitamin B12 ) | 423 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins (Vitamins D, E, A, and K) | 424 | ||
| Adjunctive Treatments and an Individualized Approach to Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency | 424 | ||
| References | 424 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 424 | ||
| Liver and Biliary Tract | 426 | ||
| Pancreas | 427 | ||
| 33 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition | 429 | ||
| Rationale for Enteral Nutritional Support | 429 | ||
| Patient Selection for Nutritional Support | 429 | ||
| Calculation of Nutritional Requirements | 430 | ||
| Diet Selection | 430 | ||
| Enteral Feeding Access Devices | 431 | ||
| Nasoesophageal Tubes | 431 | ||
| Esophagostomy Tubes | 431 | ||
| Technique Using Curved Carmalt, Mixter, or Schnidt Forceps | 432 | ||
| Percutaneous Feeding Tube Applicator Technique | 433 | ||
| Percutaneous Needle Catheter Technique | 433 | ||
| Gastrostomy Tubes | 434 | ||
| Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Technique | 434 | ||
| Blind Percutaneous Gastrostomy Technique | 436 | ||
| Jejunostomy Tubes | 436 | ||
| Esophagostomy, Gastrostomy, and Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrojejunostomy Tube Removal | 437 | ||
| Gastrostomy and Esophagostomy Tube Replacement | 437 | ||
| Complications of Enteral Feeding | 438 | ||
| Gastric Pressure Necrosis | 438 | ||
| Feeding Tube Displacement | 438 | ||
| Tube Obstruction | 438 | ||
| Leakage Through Ostomy Sites | 439 | ||
| Aspiration | 439 | ||
| Diarrhea | 439 | ||
| Rationale for Parenteral Nutritional Support | 440 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition Components | 440 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition Compounding | 440 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition Administration | 441 | ||
| Monitoring | 442 | ||
| Complications | 442 | ||
| Summary | 442 | ||
| References | 442 | ||
| V Pharmacologic Approach to Gastrointestinal Disease | 445 | ||
| 34 Antidiarrheal Agents | 445 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Diarrhea | 445 | ||
| Luminal Maldigestion | 445 | ||
| Villous Atrophy | 445 | ||
| Enterocyte Dysfunction | 445 | ||
| Brush-Border Membrane Maldigestion | 445 | ||
| Mucosal Barrier Disruption | 445 | ||
| Hypersensitivity | 445 | ||
| Mucosal Inflammation | 446 | ||
| Neoplasia | 446 | ||
| Lymphatic Transport Disorders | 446 | ||
| Multiple Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Diarrhea | 446 | ||
| Specific Therapy of Diarrhea | 446 | ||
| Nonspecific Therapy of Diarrhea | 446 | ||
| Dietary Therapy | 446 | ||
| Novel Proteins | 447 | ||
| Hydrolyzed Diets | 447 | ||
| Physical Exercise | 447 | ||
| Antibiotics | 447 | ||
| Probiotics | 447 | ||
| Antidiarrheal Agents | 447 | ||
| Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitors | 448 | ||
| Other 5-Aminosalicylates | 448 | ||
| µ,δ-Opioid Agonists | 448 | ||
| 5-HT3 Serotonin Antagonists | 448 | ||
| α2-Adrenergic Antagonists | 448 | ||
| Restoration of Normal Motility | 448 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapy | 448 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 448 | ||
| Budesonide | 448 | ||
| Azathioprine | 448 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 448 | ||
| Chlorambucil | 449 | ||
| Behavior Modification | 449 | ||
| Prognosis | 449 | ||
| References | 449 | ||
| 35 Antiemetic Agents | 450 | ||
| Physiology of Vomiting: Humoral and Neural Pathways | 450 | ||
| Pharmacology of Vomiting: Neurotransmitters and Receptors | 450 | ||
| Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone | 450 | ||
| Emetic Center | 451 | ||
| Vestibular Apparatus | 452 | ||
| Cerebral Cortex | 452 | ||
| Gut Afferents | 452 | ||
| Gut Efferents | 452 | ||
| Treatment and Management | 453 | ||
| General Principles | 453 | ||
| Nutrition | 453 | ||
| Fluids | 453 | ||
| Antiemetic Agents | 453 | ||
| Antisecretory Agents | 453 | ||
| Prokinetic Agents | 453 | ||
| References | 453 | ||
| 36 Antifungal Drugs | 455 | ||
| Introduction | 455 | ||
| Indigenous Fungal Organisms | 455 | ||
| Opportunists | 455 | ||
| True Pathogens | 455 | ||
| Pathogenic Fungal Infection of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 455 | ||
| Histoplasma capsulatum | 455 | ||
| Etiology | 455 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 455 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 455 | ||
| Diagnosis | 455 | ||
| Treatment | 456 | ||
| Prognosis | 456 | ||
| Oomycete Infection | 456 | ||
| Pythium insidiosum | 456 | ||
| Etiology | 456 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 456 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 456 | ||
| Diagnosis | 456 | ||
| Treatment | 457 | ||
| Prognosis | 457 | ||
| References | 457 | ||
| 37 Anthelmintic Agents | 458 | ||
| Benzimidazoles | 458 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 458 | ||
| Dose and Toxicity | 458 | ||
| Clinical Application | 458 | ||
| Cyclic Depsipeptide | 459 | ||
| VI Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 540 | ||
| 54 Oropharynx | 540 | ||
| Structure and Function | 540 | ||
| Structure of the Oropharynx | 540 | ||
| Oral Cavity | 540 | ||
| Oropharynx | 541 | ||
| Function of the Oropharynx | 542 | ||
| Prehension and Mastication | 542 | ||
| Deglutition | 542 | ||
| Inflammation | 543 | ||
| Stomatitis | 543 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 543 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 546 | ||
| Etiology and Differential Diagnosis | 547 | ||
| Diagnosis | 548 | ||
| Treatment | 548 | ||
| Prognosis | 549 | ||
| Pharyngitis | 549 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 549 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 549 | ||
| Etiology and Differential Diagnosis | 549 | ||
| Index | 973 | ||
| A | 973 | ||
| B | 974 | ||
| C | 975 | ||
| D | 977 | ||
| E | 978 | ||
| F | 980 | ||
| G | 981 | ||
| H | 983 | ||
| I | 984 | ||
| J | 986 | ||
| K | 986 | ||
| L | 986 | ||
| M | 987 | ||
| N | 988 | ||
| O | 989 | ||
| P | 989 | ||
| R | 992 | ||
| S | 992 | ||
| T | 994 | ||
| U | 995 | ||
| V | 995 | ||
| W | 996 | ||
| X | 996 | ||
| Y | 996 | ||
| Z | 996 |