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Book Details
Abstract
Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
This comprehensive textbook is primarily aimed at the course requirements of the B. Pharm. students. This book is specially designed to impart knowledge alternative systems of medicine as well as modern pharmacognosy. It would also serve as a valuable resource of information to other allied botanical and alternative healthcare science students as well as researchers and industrialists working in the field of herbal technology.
Only Textbook Offering...
Recent data on trade of Indian medicinal plants (till 2008)
Illustrated biosynthetic pathways of metabolites as well as extraction and isolation methodologies of medicinal compounds
Bioactivity determination and synthesis of herbal products of human interest
Information on Ayurvedic plants and Chinese system of medicine
Simple narrative text that will help the students quickly understand important concepts
Over 300 illustrations and 120 tables in order to help students memorize and recall vital concepts making this book a student’s companion cum teacher
A must buy for every student of pharmacognosy!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover\r | Front Cover | ||
| Front Matter\r | i | ||
| Copyright \r | iv | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| PART A Introduction to\rPharmacognosy\r | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 - History, Definition and Scope of Pharmacognosy | 3 | ||
| 1.1. Meaning of Pharmacognosy | 3 | ||
| 1.2. Origin of Pharmacognosy | 3 | ||
| 1.3. History of Pharmacognosy | 4 | ||
| Ancient China | 4 | ||
| Ancient Egypt | 5 | ||
| Ancient India | 5 | ||
| Ancient Greece and Rome | 5 | ||
| Isolation of phytochemicals | 6 | ||
| Structure activity relationship | 6 | ||
| Drugs obtained by partial synthesis of natural products | 6 | ||
| Natural products as models for synthesis of new drugs | 6 | ||
| Drugs of direct therapeutic uses | 6 | ||
| Biosynthetic pathways | 6 | ||
| Progress from 1960 onwards | 6 | ||
| Technical products | 6 | ||
| Pharmaceuticals aids | 7 | ||
| Discovery of new medicines from plants- nutraceutical use versus drug development | 7 | ||
| 1.4. Scope of Pharmacognosy | 7 | ||
| 1.5. Future of Pharmacognosy | 8 | ||
| 1.6. Pharmacognostical Scheme | 8 | ||
| Biological Source | 8 | ||
| Geographical Source | 9 | ||
| Cultivation, Collection and Preparation | 9 | ||
| Morphological Characters | 9 | ||
| Microscopical Characters | 9 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 9 | ||
| Uses | 9 | ||
| Substituents | 9 | ||
| Adulterants | 9 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 9 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Alternative Systems of Medicine | 10 | ||
| Introduction | 10 | ||
| Traditional Chinese Medicine System | 10 | ||
| Treatment | 11 | ||
| Indian Systems of Medicine | 11 | ||
| Ayurveda-The Indian System of Medicine | 11 | ||
| Basic principles of ayurveda | 12 | ||
| Diagnosis | 12 | ||
| Treatment | 12 | ||
| Properties of herbs | 13 | ||
| Branches of ayurveda | 13 | ||
| Siddha System of Medicine | 13 | ||
| Principle of Siddha system of medicine | 14 | ||
| Tridoshas according to Siddha medicine | 14 | ||
| Method of treatment | 14 | ||
| Siddha pharmacy | 14 | ||
| Unani System of Medicine | 15 | ||
| Diagnosis | 16 | ||
| Treatment | 16 | ||
| Homeopathic System of Medicine | 16 | ||
| Fundamental Principles of Homoeopathy | 16 | ||
| Law of similia | 16 | ||
| Law of simplex | 16 | ||
| Law of minimum | 16 | ||
| Drug proving | 17 | ||
| Drug dynamization or potentization | 17 | ||
| Preparation of potencies | 17 | ||
| Decimal scale | 17 | ||
| Centesimal scale | 17 | ||
| Millesimal scale | 17 | ||
| Vital force | 17 | ||
| Acute and chronic diseases | 17 | ||
| Individualization | 17 | ||
| Direction of cure | 17 | ||
| Aromatherapy | 17 | ||
| Origin of Aromatherapy | 18 | ||
| Mode of Action of Aroma Oils | 18 | ||
| Bach Flower Remedies | 19 | ||
| Tibetan System of Medicine | 20 | ||
| Interrogation | 20 | ||
| Visual Examination | 20 | ||
| Tactile Examination | 20 | ||
| Treatments | 20 | ||
| Diet | 21 | ||
| Behaviour Modification | 21 | ||
| Medicine | 21 | ||
| Physical Therapy | 21 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Classification of Drugs of Natural Origin | 22 | ||
| 3.1. Introduction | 22 | ||
| Organized Drugs | 22 | ||
| Unorganized Drugs | 22 | ||
| 3.2. Classification of Crude Drugs | 22 | ||
| Alphabetical Classification | 23 | ||
| Merits | 23 | ||
| Demerits | 23 | ||
| Taxonomical Classification | 23 | ||
| Merits | 22 | ||
| Demerits | 22 | ||
| Morphological Classification | 24 | ||
| Organized drugs | 24 | ||
| Unorganized drugs | 24 | ||
| Merits | 24 | ||
| PART B Pharmaceutical Botany \r | 27 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Morphology of Different Parts of Medicinal Plant | 29 | ||
| 4.1. Introduction | 29 | ||
| 4.2. History | 29 | ||
| Bentham and Hooker's System | 30 | ||
| Hutchinson's System of Classification | 30 | ||
| 4.3. Study of Different Tissue Systems | 31 | ||
| Dermal Tissue System | 31 | ||
| Epidermis | 31 | ||
| Functions | 31 | ||
| Stomata | 32 | ||
| Trichomes | 32 | ||
| [A] Covering trichomes | 33 | ||
| [B] Glandular trichomes | 33 | ||
| Periderm | 34 | ||
| Vascular Tissue System | 34 | ||
| Function | 34 | ||
| [1] Xylem | 34 | ||
| [2] Phloem | 35 | ||
| [3] Cambium | 36 | ||
| Types of Vascular Bundles | 36 | ||
| Ground Tissue System | 36 | ||
| (a) Parenchyma | 37 | ||
| (b) Collenchyma | 37 | ||
| (c) Sclerenchyma | 37 | ||
| 4.4. Cell Contents | 38 | ||
| Starch | 38 | ||
| Aleurone Grain | 38 | ||
| Calcium Oxalate Crystals | 38 | ||
| Calcium Carbonate | 39 | ||
| Fixed Oils and Fats | 39 | ||
| Mucilage | 39 | ||
| 4.5. Cell Division | 39 | ||
| Mitosis | 39 | ||
| Prophase | 39 | ||
| Metaphase | 39 | ||
| Protometaphase | 39 | ||
| Anaphase | 40 | ||
| Telophase | 40 | ||
| Cytokinesis | 40 | ||
| Meiosis | 40 | ||
| Division I | 40 | ||
| Division II | 41 | ||
| 4.6. Morphological Study | 41 | ||
| Morphology of Bark | 41 | ||
| Methods of collection of barks | 42 | ||
| Morphology of bark | 42 | ||
| Histology of barks | 43 | ||
| Morphology of Roots | 43 | ||
| [A] Functions of roots | 43 | ||
| [B] Various parts of a root | 43 | ||
| [C] Types of roots | 43 | ||
| Uses of roots | 45 | ||
| Morphology of Stems | 45 | ||
| I. Underground modifications of stems | 45 | ||
| II. Sub-aerial modifications of stems: | 46 | ||
| III. Aerial modification of stems | 46 | ||
| Uses of stems | 47 | ||
| Morphology of Leaves | 47 | ||
| [A] A typical angiospermic leaf consists of the following parts: | 47 | ||
| [B] Shape of the lamina of leaves | 47 | ||
| [C] Leaf margins | 48 | ||
| [D] Leaf apices | 49 | ||
| [E] Leaf bases | 49 | ||
| [F] Leaf surface | 49 | ||
| [G] Types of leaves | 49 | ||
| [H] Venation | 50 | ||
| [I] Phyllotaxy | 50 | ||
| [J] Modifications of Leaves | 51 | ||
| Morphology of Flowers | 51 | ||
| Arrangement of Floral Parts on Thalamus | 52 | ||
| Placentation | 52 | ||
| Pollination | 52 | ||
| Morphology of Inflorescence | 53 | ||
| Types of Inflorescences | 53 | ||
| Morphology of Seeds | 54 | ||
| Seed coat | 54 | ||
| Embryo | 54 | ||
| Endosperm | 54 | ||
| Special features of seeds | 54 | ||
| Functions of Seeds | 54 | ||
| Morphology of Fruits | 55 | ||
| Simple fruits | 55 | ||
| Aggregate fruits | 55 | ||
| Compound fruits | 55 | ||
| False fruits | 55 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Study of Different Families | 57 | ||
| 5.1. Introduction | 57 | ||
| Floral Diagram | 57 | ||
| Floral Formula | 58 | ||
| 5.2. Apocynaceae | 58 | ||
| 5.3. Compositae | 59 | ||
| 5.4. Convolulaceae | 59 | ||
| 5.5. Cruciferae | 60 | ||
| 5.6. Gramineae | 60 | ||
| 5.7. Labiatae | 61 | ||
| 5.8. Leguminosae | 61 | ||
| Papilionaceae | 61 | ||
| Caesalpinieae | 62 | ||
| Mimoseae | 62 | ||
| 5.9. Liliaceae | 62 | ||
| 5.10. Papaveraceae | 63 | ||
| 5.11. Rubiaceae | 63 | ||
| 5.12. Rutaceae | 63 | ||
| 5.13. Scrophulariaceae | 64 | ||
| 5.14. Solanaceae | 64 | ||
| 5.15. Umbelliferae | 65 | ||
| PART C Cultivation, Collection, Production And Utillization Of Herbal Drugs \r | 67 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Cultivation, Collection and Processing of Herbal Drugs | 69 | ||
| 6.1. Introduction | 69 | ||
| 6.2. Soils, Seeds and Propagation Material | 69 | ||
| Methods of Plant Propagation | 70 | ||
| 1. Sexual method (seed propagation) | 70 | ||
| Methods of sowing the seeds | 70 | ||
| 2. Asexual method | 70 | ||
| Preparation and Types of Nursery Beds | 71 | ||
| Methods of Irrigation | 71 | ||
| 6.3. Good Agricultural Practices | 72 | ||
| 6.4. Factors Affecting Cultivation | 72 | ||
| Altitude | 72 | ||
| Temperature | 73 | ||
| Rainfall | 73 | ||
| Day Length and Day Light | 73 | ||
| Soil | 73 | ||
| Soil Fertility | 73 | ||
| Fertilizers and Manures | 74 | ||
| Pests and Pests Control | 74 | ||
| Microbes | 74 | ||
| Insects | 74 | ||
| Non insect pests | 75 | ||
| Weeds | 75 | ||
| General Methods of Pest Controls | 76 | ||
| Other Factors that Affect the Cultivated Plants | 76 | ||
| Air Pollution | 76 | ||
| Herbicide | 76 | ||
| 6.5. Plant Hormones and Growth Regulators | 76 | ||
| Auxins | 76 | ||
| Production and occurrence | 78 | ||
| Functions of auxin | 79 | ||
| Cytokinins | 79 | ||
| Production and occurrence | 79 | ||
| Functions of cytokinin | 80 | ||
| Ethylene | 80 | ||
| Production and occurrence | 80 | ||
| Functions of ethylene | 80 | ||
| Gibberellins | 81 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Indian Trade in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants | 88 | ||
| Introduction | 88 | ||
| Indian Herbal Trade in World Wcenario | 89 | ||
| Medicinal Plant-based Industries in Indigenous System of Medicine | 90 | ||
| Export Potential of Indian Phyto-Pharmaceutical Products | 91 | ||
| Indian Medicinal Plants Used in Cosmetic and Aromatherapy | 92 | ||
| Indian Medicinal Plants in Crude form | 92 | ||
| Spices | 92 | ||
| Volatile Oils | 92 | ||
| Phenolics | 92 | ||
| Alkaloids | 92 | ||
| Sulphur Compounds | 93 | ||
| Export of Spices India | 93 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Utilization of Aromatic Plants and Derived Products | 95 | ||
| 8.1. Introduction | 95 | ||
| Importance of aromatic plants | 95 | ||
| 8.2. Impact of industrialization | 95 | ||
| Volatile oil | 95 | ||
| Essential oils | 96 | ||
| Indian scenario | 96 | ||
| World scenario | 97 | ||
| Future demand | 97 | ||
| Export of major essential oils from India | 97 | ||
| 8.3. Toxocity of essential oils | 97 | ||
| 8.4. Utilization of aromatic plants | 98 | ||
| Mentha Oil | 98 | ||
| Utilization of mentha oil and derived products | 98 | ||
| Eucalyptus oil | 98 | ||
| Utilization of eucalyptus oil | 98 | ||
| Geranium oil | 98 | ||
| Utilization of geranium oil | 99 | ||
| Vetiver oil (khus oil) | 99 | ||
| Utilization of vetiver oil | 99 | ||
| Sandalwood oil | 99 | ||
| Utilization of sandalwood oil | 99 | ||
| Utilization of sandalwood | 99 | ||
| Lemon grass oil | 100 | ||
| Utilization of lemon grass oil | 100 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Role of Medicinal Plants on National Economy | 101 | ||
| Introduction | 101 | ||
| Economic Growth Potential in Natural Health and Cosmetic Products | 103 | ||
| Future Economic Growth | 103 | ||
| Development of Herbal Medicinal Industry | 104 | ||
| Contribution to Economy of The People | 104 | ||
| PART D Annalytical Pharmacognosy \r | 105 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Drug Adulteration | 107 | ||
| Introduction | 107 | ||
| Adulteration | 107 | ||
| Types of Adulterants | 107 | ||
| Unintentional Adulteration | 107 | ||
| Name Confusion | 108 | ||
| Lack of Knowledge About Authentic Source | 108 | ||
| Similarity in Morphology | 108 | ||
| Lack of Authentic Plant | 108 | ||
| Similarity in Colour | 108 | ||
| Careless Collections | 108 | ||
| Unknown Reasons | 108 | ||
| Intentional Adulteration | 108 | ||
| Adulteration Using Manufactured Substances | 108 | ||
| Substitution Using Inferior Commercial Varieties | 109 | ||
| Substitution Using Exhausted Drugs | 109 | ||
| Substitution of Superficially Similar Inferior Natural Substances | 109 | ||
| Adulteration Using the Vegetative Part of the Same Plant | 109 | ||
| Addition of Toxic Materials | 109 | ||
| Adulteration of Powders | 109 | ||
| Addition of Synthetic Principles | 109 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Evaluation of Crude Drugs | 110 | ||
| Introduction | 110 | ||
| Organoleptic Evaluation | 110 | ||
| Microscopical Evaluation | 110 | ||
| Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method) | 111 | ||
| Chemical Evaluation | 111 | ||
| Physical Evaluation | 112 | ||
| Solubility | 112 | ||
| Optical Rotation | 112 | ||
| Refractive Index | 112 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 112 | ||
| Viscosity | 112 | ||
| Melting Point | 113 | ||
| Moisture Content | 113 | ||
| Ultraviolet Light | 113 | ||
| Ash Values | 113 | ||
| Extractive Values | 113 | ||
| Extractive Values of Some Crude Drugs | 113 | ||
| Foreign Organic Matters | 113 | ||
| Biological Evaluation | 114 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Biological screening of herbal drugs | 115 | ||
| Introduction | 115 | ||
| Need for Phyto-Pharmacological Evaluation | 115 | ||
| New Strategies for Evaluating Natural Products | 116 | ||
| Errors in Screening Procedures | 117 | ||
| Screening Methods for Analgesic Agents | 118 | ||
| Centrally Acting Analgesics | 118 | ||
| Hot Plate Method | 118 | ||
| Haffner's Tail Clip Method | 118 | ||
| Tail Immersion Test | 118 | ||
| Radiant Heat Method | 118 | ||
| Formalin Test in Rats | 118 | ||
| Tooth Pulp Stimulation | 118 | ||
| Grid Shock Test | 119 | ||
| Electrical Stimulation of the Tail | 119 | ||
| Peripherally Acting Analgesics | 119 | ||
| Pain in Inflamed Tissue (Randall-Selitto Test) | 119 | ||
| Writhing Test | 119 | ||
| Screening Methods for Antidiabetic Agents | 119 | ||
| Models for Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus | 119 | ||
| Alloxan-Induced Diabetes | 119 | ||
| Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes | 120 | ||
| Virus-Induced Diabetes | 120 | ||
| Insulin Antibodies-Induced Diabetes | 120 | ||
| Hormone-Induced Diabetes | 120 | ||
| Genetic Models | 120 | ||
| Nonobese Diabetic Mouse | 120 | ||
| Bio-Breeding Rat | 121 | ||
| Models for NIDDM | 121 | ||
| Streptozotocin-Induced Neonatal Model for NIDDM | 121 | ||
| Other Chemically Induced NIDDM Models | 121 | ||
| Adrenaline-Induced Acute Hyperglycaemia | 121 | ||
| Chelating Agents | 121 | ||
| Dithizone-Induced Diabetes | 121 | ||
| Models for Insulin Sensitivity and Insulinlike Activity | 121 | ||
| Euglycaemic Clamp Technique | 121 | ||
| Assay for Insulin and Insulin-Like Activity | 121 | ||
| Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal Agents | 122 | ||
| Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhoea in Rats | 122 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Motility Tests | 122 | ||
| PGE2-Induced Enteropooling | 122 | ||
| Screening Methods for Antifertility Agents | 122 | ||
| Screening Methods for Antifertility Activity in Females | 123 | ||
| Screening Methods for Antiovulatory Activity | 123 | ||
| Cupric Acetate-Induced Ovulation in Rabbits | 123 | ||
| HCG-Induced Ovulation in Rats | 123 | ||
| Screening Methods for Oestrogenic Compounds: In Vivo Methods | 123 | ||
| Assay for Water Uptake | 123 | ||
| Four-Day Uterine Weight Assay | 124 | ||
| Vaginal Opening | 124 | ||
| Vaginal Cornification | 124 | ||
| The Experimental Procedure for Taking Vaginal Smears | 124 | ||
| Chick Oviduct Method | 124 | ||
| Screening Methods for Oestrogenic Compounds: In Vitro Methods | 124 | ||
| Potency Assay | 124 | ||
| Oestrogen Receptor-Binding Assay | 125 | ||
| Screening Methods for Antioestrogens: In Vivo Methods | 125 | ||
| Antagonism of Physiological Effects of Oestrogens | 125 | ||
| Screening Methods for Antioestrogens: In Vitro Methods | 125 | ||
| Aromatase Inhibition | 125 | ||
| Screening Methods for Progestins: In Vivo Methods | 125 | ||
| Proliferation of Uterine Endometrium in Oestrogenprimed Rabbits: Clauberg-McPhail Test | 126 | ||
| Pregnancy Maintenance Test | 126 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Rabbit's Endometrium | 126 | ||
| Prevention of Abortion in Oxytocin-Treated Pregnant Rabbits | 126 | ||
| Deciduoma Reaction in Rats | 126 | ||
| Screening Methods for Progestins; In Vitro Methods | 126 | ||
| Progesterone Receptor-Binding Assay | 126 | ||
| Screening Method for Antiprogestational Activity | 126 | ||
| Antagonism of Physiological Effect of Progesterone | 126 | ||
| Screening Method for Antiimplantation Activity | 127 | ||
| Screening Mthods for Abortifacient Activity | 127 | ||
| Screening Methods for Antifertility Activity in Males | 127 | ||
| In Vivo Methods | 127 | ||
| In Vitro Methods | 127 | ||
| Screening Methods for Antiinflammatory Agents | 129 | ||
| Testing of Dugs Peventing Aute and Sub-Acute Inflammation | 129 | ||
| Paw Oedema | 129 | ||
| Croton Oil Ear Oedema In Rats and Mice | 130 | ||
| Pleurisy Test | 130 | ||
| Ultraviolet Erythema in Guinea Pigs | 130 | ||
| Oxazolone-Induced Ear Oedema in Mice | 130 | ||
| Granuloma Pouch Technique | 130 | ||
| Vascular Permeability | 131 | ||
| Testing of Drugs Preventing the Proliferative Phase (Granuloma Formation) of Inflammation | 131 | ||
| Cotton Pellet Granuloma | 131 | ||
| Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats | 131 | ||
| Sponge Implantation Technique | 131 | ||
| Glass Rod Granuloma | 132 | ||
| Screening Methods for Antipyretic Agents | 132 | ||
| Antipyretic Testing in Rats | 132 | ||
| PART E Biogenesis of Phytopharma - Ceuticals \r | 139 | ||
| Chapter 13 - General Biosynthetic Pathways of Secondary Metabolites | 141 | ||
| Introduction | 141 | ||
| The Building Blocks | 141 | ||
| Shikimic Acid Pathway | 144 | ||
| Acetate-Mevalonate Pathway | 147 | ||
| Acetate-Malonate Pathway | 147 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates | 147 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Glycosides | 148 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Alkaloids | 148 | ||
| Ornithine Derivatives | 148 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Tropane | 148 | ||
| Lysine Derivatives | 149 | ||
| Phenylalanine Derivatives | 149 | ||
| Tyrosine Derivatives | 151 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Morphine | 151 | ||
| Tryptophan Derivatives | 151 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Quinoline Alkaloids | 151 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Lysergic Acid | 153 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds | 154 | ||
| PART F Pharmacognostical Study Of Crude Drugs \r | 157 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Drugs Containing Carbohydrates and Derived Products | 159 | ||
| Introduction | 159 | ||
| Classification | 159 | ||
| Monosaccharides | 159 | ||
| Bioses | 160 | ||
| Trioses | 160 | ||
| Tetroses | 160 | ||
| Pentoses | 160 | ||
| Hexoses | 160 | ||
| Heptoses | 160 | ||
| Disaccharides | 160 | ||
| Trisaccharides | 160 | ||
| Tetrasaccharides | 160 | ||
| Polysaccharides | 160 | ||
| Tests for Carbohydrates | 160 | ||
| Reduction of Fehling's Solution | 161 | ||
| Molisch Test | 161 | ||
| Osazone Formation | 161 | ||
| Resorcinol Test for Ketones (Selivanoff's Test) | 161 | ||
| Test for Pentoses | 161 | ||
| Keller-Kiliani Test for Deoxysugars | 161 | ||
| Furfural Test | 161 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates | 161 | ||
| Production of Monosaccharides by Photosynthesis | 161 | ||
| Production of Sucrose | 162 | ||
| Acacia Gum | 162 | ||
| Synonyms | 162 | ||
| Biological Source | 162 | ||
| Geographical Source | 162 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 162 | ||
| Morphology | 162 | ||
| History | 163 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 163 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 163 | ||
| Uses | 163 | ||
| Allied Drugs | 163 | ||
| Toxicology | 163 | ||
| Marketed Product | 164 | ||
| Guar Gum | 164 | ||
| Synonyms | 164 | ||
| Biological Source | 164 | ||
| Geographical Source | 164 | ||
| Cultivation, Collection and Preparation | 164 | ||
| Morphology | 164 | ||
| History | 164 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 165 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 165 | ||
| Uses | 165 | ||
| Toxicology | 165 | ||
| Marketed Product | 165 | ||
| Honey | 165 | ||
| Synonyms | 165 | ||
| Biological Source | 165 | ||
| Geographical Source | 165 | ||
| Collection and Preparation | 165 | ||
| Morphology | 166 | ||
| History | 166 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 166 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 166 | ||
| Uses | 166 | ||
| Adulterant and Substitutes | 167 | ||
| Toxicology | 167 | ||
| Marketed Product | 167 | ||
| Tragacanth | 167 | ||
| Synonyms | 167 | ||
| Biological Source | 167 | ||
| Geographical Source | 167 | ||
| Cultivation, Collection and Preparation | 167 | ||
| Morphology | 159 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 168 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 168 | ||
| Uses | 168 | ||
| Adulterant and Substitutes | 169 | ||
| Toxicology | 169 | ||
| Sodium Alginate | 169 | ||
| Synonyms | 169 | ||
| Biological Source | 169 | ||
| Geographical Source | 169 | ||
| Collection and Preparation | 169 | ||
| Morphology | 169 | ||
| History | 169 | ||
| Identification Tests | 169 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 170 | ||
| Uses | 170 | ||
| Marketed Product | 170 | ||
| Pectin | 170 | ||
| Biological Source | 170 | ||
| Geographical Source | 170 | ||
| Preparation | 170 | ||
| Morphology | 171 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 171 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 171 | ||
| Uses | 171 | ||
| Toxicology | 171 | ||
| Karaya Gum | 171 | ||
| Synonyms | 171 | ||
| Biological Source | 171 | ||
| Geographical Source | 171 | ||
| Collection and Preparation | 171 | ||
| Morphology | 172 | ||
| History | 172 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 172 | ||
| Chemical Test | 172 | ||
| Uses | 172 | ||
| Adulterant and Substitutes | 172 | ||
| Bael | 172 | ||
| Synonyms | 172 | ||
| Biological Source | 172 | ||
| Geographical Source | 173 | ||
| Collection | 173 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 173 | ||
| Morphology | 173 | ||
| Uses | 174 | ||
| Substitutes | 174 | ||
| Marketed Products | 174 | ||
| Agar | 174 | ||
| Synonym | 174 | ||
| Botanical Source | 174 | ||
| Geographical Source | 174 | ||
| History | 174 | ||
| Collection | 174 | ||
| Morphology | 175 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 175 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 175 | ||
| Uses | 175 | ||
| Substitutes and Adulterants | 175 | ||
| Manna | 175 | ||
| Biological Source | 175 | ||
| Geographical Source | 176 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Drugs Containing Alkaloids | 185 | ||
| Introduction | 185 | ||
| Definition | 185 | ||
| History | 185 | ||
| Classification | 186 | ||
| True Alkaloids | 186 | ||
| Protoalkaloids | 186 | ||
| Pseudoalkaloids | 186 | ||
| Atypical Alkaloids | 187 | ||
| Typical Alkaloids | 187 | ||
| Occurrence in Nature | 188 | ||
| Properties | 189 | ||
| Extraction | 189 | ||
| Method A | 189 | ||
| Method B | 189 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 189 | ||
| Dragendorff's Test | 189 | ||
| Mayer's Test | 189 | ||
| Hager's Test | 189 | ||
| Wagner's Test | 189 | ||
| Tannic Acid Test | 189 | ||
| Ammonia Reineckate Test | 190 | ||
| Tropane Alkaloids | 190 | ||
| Belladonna | 190 | ||
| Synonyms | 190 | ||
| Biological Source | 190 | ||
| Geographical Source | 190 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 190 | ||
| Characteristics | 190 | ||
| Microscopy | 191 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 191 | ||
| Uses | 191 | ||
| Marketed Products | 191 | ||
| Datura Herb | 191 | ||
| Biological Source | 191 | ||
| Geographical Source | 191 | ||
| Characteristics | 191 | ||
| Microscopy | 192 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 192 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 192 | ||
| Uses | 192 | ||
| Other Species | 192 | ||
| Marketed Products | 192 | ||
| Stramonium | 193 | ||
| Synonyms | 193 | ||
| Biological Source | 193 | ||
| Geographical Source | 193 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 193 | ||
| Characteristics | 193 | ||
| Microscopy | 193 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 193 | ||
| Uses | 194 | ||
| Marketed Products | 194 | ||
| Hyoscyamus | 194 | ||
| Synonyms | 194 | ||
| Biological Source | 194 | ||
| Geographical Source | 194 | ||
| History | 194 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 194 | ||
| Characteristics | 194 | ||
| Microscopy | 195 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 195 | ||
| Uses | 195 | ||
| Marketed Products | 196 | ||
| Coca Leaves | 196 | ||
| Synonyms | 196 | ||
| Biological Source | 196 | ||
| Geographical Source | 196 | ||
| Cultivation | 196 | ||
| Characteristics | 196 | ||
| Microscopy | 196 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 196 | ||
| Uses | 196 | ||
| Adulterant | 197 | ||
| Duboisia | 197 | ||
| Synonyms | 197 | ||
| Biological Source | 197 | ||
| Geographical Source | 197 | ||
| Characteristics | 197 | ||
| Microscopy (Duboisia Myoporoides) | 197 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 197 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 198 | ||
| Uses | 198 | ||
| Indole Alkaloids | 198 | ||
| Ergot | 198 | ||
| Synonyms | 198 | ||
| Biological Source | 198 | ||
| Geographical Source | 198 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 198 | ||
| Sphacelia or Honeydew or Asexual Stage | 198 | ||
| Sclerotium or Ascigerous or Sexual Stage | 199 | ||
| Ascospore Stage | 199 | ||
| Characteristics | 199 | ||
| Microscopy | 199 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 199 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 200 | ||
| Uses | 200 | ||
| Rauwolfia | 200 | ||
| Synonyms | 200 | ||
| Biological Source | 201 | ||
| Geographical Source | 201 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 201 | ||
| Characteristics | 201 | ||
| Microscopy | 201 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 201 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Drugs Containing Glycosides | 232 | ||
| 16.1. Introduction | 232 | ||
| 16.2. Classification | 232 | ||
| On the Basis of Glycone | 232 | ||
| On the Basis of Glycosidic Linkage | 232 | ||
| On the Basis of Aglycone | 232 | ||
| 16.3. Distribution of Glycosides | 233 | ||
| 16.4. Chemical Tests of Glycosides | 233 | ||
| Chemical Tests for Anthraquinone Glycosides | 233 | ||
| Borntrager's test | 233 | ||
| Modified borntrager's test | 233 | ||
| Chemical Tests for Saponin Glycosides | 233 | ||
| Haemolysis test | 233 | ||
| Foam test | 233 | ||
| Chemical Tests for Steroid and Triterpenoid Glycosides | 233 | ||
| Libermann burchard test | 233 | ||
| Salkowaski test | 233 | ||
| Antimony trichloride test | 233 | ||
| Trichloro acetic acid test | 233 | ||
| Tetranitro methane test | 233 | ||
| Zimmermann test | 234 | ||
| Chemical Tests for Cardiac Glycosides | 234 | ||
| Keller-kiliani test | 234 | ||
| Legal test | 234 | ||
| Baljet test | 234 | ||
| 3,5-dinitro benzoic acid test | 234 | ||
| Chemical Tests for Coumarin Glycosides | 234 | ||
| FeCl3 test | 234 | ||
| Fluorescence test | 234 | ||
| Chemical Tests for Cynophoric Glycoside | 234 | ||
| Sodium picrate test | 234 | ||
| Ammonia test | 234 | ||
| Shinoda test | 234 | ||
| Vanillin HCl test | 234 | ||
| 16.5. ISOLATION | 234 | ||
| Stas-Otto Method | 234 | ||
| 16.6. ANTHRACENE GLYCOSIDES | 235 | ||
| Senna Leaf | 235 | ||
| Synonyms | 235 | ||
| Biological Source | 235 | ||
| Geographical Source | 235 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 235 | ||
| Characteristics | 236 | ||
| Microscopy | 236 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 236 | ||
| Chemical Test | 237 | ||
| Uses | 237 | ||
| Adulterants | 237 | ||
| Marketed Products | 238 | ||
| Aloe | 238 | ||
| Biological Source | 238 | ||
| Geographical Source | 238 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 238 | ||
| Preparation of Aloe | 238 | ||
| Curacao or barbados aloe | 238 | ||
| Socotrine aloe | 238 | ||
| Zanzibar aloe | 238 | ||
| Cape aloe | 238 | ||
| Characteristics | 238 | ||
| Curacao aloe | 238 | ||
| Socotrine aloes | 239 | ||
| Zanziber aloes | 239 | ||
| Cape aloes | 239 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 239 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 239 | ||
| Uses | 240 | ||
| Substituents and Adulterants | 240 | ||
| Marketed Products | 240 | ||
| Rhubarb | 240 | ||
| Synonyms | 240 | ||
| Biological Source | 240 | ||
| Geographical Source | 240 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 240 | ||
| Characteristics | 240 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 241 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 241 | ||
| Uses | 241 | ||
| Marketed Products | 241 | ||
| Other Rhubarbs | 241 | ||
| Indian rhubarb | 241 | ||
| Chinese rhapontic (Rhapontic rhubarb) | 242 | ||
| Geographical Source | 242 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 242 | ||
| Characteristics | 242 | ||
| Microscopy | 243 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 243 | ||
| Chemical Test | 243 | ||
| Uses | 243 | ||
| Substitutes | 243 | ||
| Marketed Products | 244 | ||
| 16.7. STEROL OR CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES | 244 | ||
| Digitalis Leaves | 244 | ||
| Synonyms | 244 | ||
| Biological Sources | 232 | ||
| Geographical Sources | 244 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 244 | ||
| Morphology | 245 | ||
| Microscopy | 245 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 245 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 246 | ||
| Uses | 246 | ||
| Adulterants | 247 | ||
| Marketed Products | 247 | ||
| Digitalis Lanata | 247 | ||
| Synonym | 247 | ||
| Biological Source | 247 | ||
| Geographical Source | 247 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 247 | ||
| Characteristics | 247 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 247 | ||
| Uses | 247 | ||
| Thevetia | 248 | ||
| Synonyms | 248 | ||
| Biological Source | 248 | ||
| Geographical Source | 248 | ||
| Morphology | 248 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 248 | ||
| Uses | 249 | ||
| Squill | 249 | ||
| Synonyms | 249 | ||
| Biological Source | 249 | ||
| Geographical Source | 249 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 249 | ||
| Characteristics | 249 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 249 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 250 | ||
| Uses | 250 | ||
| Red Squill | 250 | ||
| Indian Squill | 250 | ||
| Synonyms | 250 | ||
| Biological Source | 250 | ||
| Geographical Source | 250 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 250 | ||
| Morphology | 250 | ||
| Microscopy | 250 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Drugs Containing Volatile Oils | 280 | ||
| Introduction | 280 | ||
| Classification of Volatile Oils | 280 | ||
| Extraction of Volatile Oils | 280 | ||
| Extraction by Distillation | 280 | ||
| Extraction by Scarification | 280 | ||
| Extraction by Non-Volatile Solvent | 281 | ||
| Extraction by Volatile Solvent | 281 | ||
| Terpenoids | 281 | ||
| Isoprene Rule | 281 | ||
| Special Isoprene Rule | 281 | ||
| Classification of Terpenoids | 282 | ||
| Evaluation of Volatile Oils | 282 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 282 | ||
| Storage of Volatile Oils | 282 | ||
| Pharmaceutical Applications | 282 | ||
| Volatile oils Containing Hydrocarbons | 283 | ||
| Turpentine Oil | 283 | ||
| Synonyms | 283 | ||
| Botanical Source | 283 | ||
| Geographical Source | 283 | ||
| Collection and Preparation | 283 | ||
| Characteristics | 283 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 283 | ||
| Uses | 283 | ||
| Adulterants | 283 | ||
| Marketed Products | 283 | ||
| Volatile Oils Containing Alcohols | 283 | ||
| Peppermint | 284 | ||
| Synonym | 284 | ||
| Botanical Source | 284 | ||
| Geographical Source | 284 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 284 | ||
| Characteristics | 284 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 284 | ||
| Uses | 284 | ||
| Adulterants | 284 | ||
| Marketed Products | 284 | ||
| Pudina | 285 | ||
| Synonyms | 285 | ||
| Biological Source | 285 | ||
| Geographical Source | 285 | ||
| History | 285 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 285 | ||
| Characteristics | 285 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 285 | ||
| Uses | 286 | ||
| Marketed Products | 286 | ||
| Sandalwood Oil | 286 | ||
| Synonyms | 286 | ||
| Biological Source | 286 | ||
| Geographical Source | 286 | ||
| Cultivation | 286 | ||
| Characteristics | 286 | ||
| Microscopy | 286 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 287 | ||
| Uses | 287 | ||
| Substitutes and Adulterants | 287 | ||
| Marketed Products | 287 | ||
| Volatile Oils Containing Aldehydes | 287 | ||
| Lemongrass Oil | 287 | ||
| Synonyms | 287 | ||
| Biological Source | 287 | ||
| Geographical Source | 287 | ||
| Cultivation | 287 | ||
| Characteristics | 287 | ||
| Chapter 18 - Drugs Containing Resins | 318 | ||
| Definition | 318 | ||
| Classification | 318 | ||
| Resin Acids | 318 | ||
| Resin Esters | 318 | ||
| Resin Alcohols | 318 | ||
| Resin Phenols | 318 | ||
| Glucoresins | 318 | ||
| Resenes | 318 | ||
| Oleoresins | 319 | ||
| Gum Resins | 319 | ||
| Oleogum Resins | 319 | ||
| Balsams | 319 | ||
| Chemical Composition | 319 | ||
| Isolation | 319 | ||
| Asafoetida | 319 | ||
| Synonyms | 319 | ||
| Biological Source | 319 | ||
| Geographical Source | 319 | ||
| Collection | 319 | ||
| Characteristics | 320 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 320 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 320 | ||
| Uses | 320 | ||
| Adulteration | 320 | ||
| Allied Drugs | 321 | ||
| Marketed Products | 321 | ||
| Balsam of Peru | 321 | ||
| Synonyms | 321 | ||
| Biological Source | 321 | ||
| Geographical Source | 321 | ||
| Collection | 321 | ||
| Characteristics | 321 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 321 | ||
| Chapter 19 - Drugs Containing Lipids | 342 | ||
| 19.1. Introduction | 342 | ||
| 19.2. Fixed Oils And Fats | 342 | ||
| Analytical Parameters for Fats and Oils | 343 | ||
| 19.3. Waxes | 343 | ||
| Almond Oil | 343 | ||
| Biological Source | 343 | ||
| Geographical Source | 343 | ||
| Characteristics | 343 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 344 | ||
| Uses | 344 | ||
| Marketed Products | 344 | ||
| Arachis Oil | 344 | ||
| Synonyms | 344 | ||
| Biological Source | 344 | ||
| Geographical Source | 344 | ||
| Characteristics | 344 | ||
| Cultivation | 344 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 345 | ||
| Uses | 345 | ||
| Marketed Products | 345 | ||
| Castor Oil | 345 | ||
| Synonyms | 345 | ||
| Biological Source | 345 | ||
| Geographical Source | 345 | ||
| Preparation | 345 | ||
| Characteristics | 346 | ||
| Chapter 20 - Drugs Containing Tannins | 362 | ||
| Introduction | 362 | ||
| Classification | 362 | ||
| Hydrolysable Tannins | 362 | ||
| Nonhydrolysable or Condensed Tannins | 363 | ||
| Pseudotannins | 363 | ||
| Characteristics of Tannins | 363 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Tannins | 363 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 363 | ||
| Isolation | 364 | ||
| Medicinal Properties and Uses | 364 | ||
| Hydrolysable Tannins | 364 | ||
| Myrobalan | 364 | ||
| Synonyms | 364 | ||
| Biological Sources | 364 | ||
| Geographical Source | 364 | ||
| Collection and Preparation | 364 | ||
| Characteristics | 365 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 365 | ||
| Uses | 365 | ||
| Marketed Products | 365 | ||
| Bahera | 365 | ||
| Synonyms | 365 | ||
| Biological Source | 365 | ||
| Geographical Source | 365 | ||
| Chapter 21 - Enzymes and Protein Drugs | 377 | ||
| Enzymes | 377 | ||
| Properties of Enzymes | 377 | ||
| Diastase | 378 | ||
| Synonym | 378 | ||
| Chapter 22 - Fibres, Sutures and Surgical Dressings | 388 | ||
| Introduction | 388 | ||
| History | 388 | ||
| Classification and Properties | 388 | ||
| Vegetable Fibres | 389 | ||
| Cotton | 389 | ||
| Synonyms | 389 | ||
| Biological Source | 389 | ||
| Geographical Source | 389 | ||
| History | 389 | ||
| Cultivation, Collection, and Preparation | 390 | ||
| Description | 390 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 390 | ||
| Chemical Tests | 390 | ||
| Uses | 390 | ||
| Jute | 390 | ||
| Synonym | 390 | ||
| Biological Source | 390 | ||
| Geographical Source | 390 | ||
| History | 390 | ||
| Description | 391 | ||
| Preparation | 391 | ||
| Microscopy | 391 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 391 | ||
| Uses | 391 | ||
| Flax | 391 | ||
| Biological Source | 391 | ||
| Geographical Source | 391 | ||
| History | 391 | ||
| Cultivation, Collection, and Preparation | 391 | ||
| Description | 392 | ||
| Microscopy | 392 | ||
| Chemical Composition | 392 | ||
| Chapter 23 - Drugs of Mineral Origin | 399 | ||
| Introduction | 399 | ||
| Kaolin | 399 | ||
| Synonyms | 399 | ||
| Source | 399 | ||
| History | 399 | ||
| Collection and Preparation | 399 | ||
| Description | 399 | ||
| PART G Extraction, Isolation And Purification Of Herbal Drugs \r | 405 | ||
| Chapter 24 - General Methods for Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Herbal Drugs | 407 | ||
| Introduction | 407 | ||
| Extraction Methods | 407 | ||
| Maceration | 407 | ||
| Percolation | 408 | ||
| Modified Percolation | 408 | ||
| Continuous Extraction | 408 | ||
| Soxhlet Extraction | 408 | ||
| Large-Scale Extraction | 409 | ||
| Supercritical Fluid Extraction | 409 | ||
| Advantages of SFE: | 410 | ||
| Disadvantages of SFE: | 410 | ||
| Types of Extracts | 410 | ||
| Aqueous Extracts | 410 | ||
| Isolation and Identification of Natural Products | 411 | ||
| Fractional Crystallization | 411 | ||
| Fractional Distillation | 411 | ||
| Fractional Liberation | 411 | ||
| Sublimation | 411 | ||
| Chromatography | 411 | ||
| Retention | 412 | ||
| Paper Chromatography (PC) | 412 | ||
| Thin Layer Chromatography | 413 | ||
| High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography | 413 | ||
| Column Chromatography | 413 | ||
| Flash Column Chromatography | 413 | ||
| High-Performance Liquid Chromatography | 413 | ||
| Gas Chromatography | 414 | ||
| Spectroscopy | 414 | ||
| Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy | 415 | ||
| Infrared Spectroscopy | 415 | ||
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 415 | ||
| Mass Spectroscopy | 416 | ||
| Chapter 25 - Isolation of Phytopharmaceuticals | 417 | ||
| Introduction | 417 | ||
| Isolation of atropine | 417 | ||
| Isolation | 417 | ||
| Identification | 418 | ||
| Thin Layer Chromatography of Atropine | 418 | ||
| Isolation of andrographolide | 418 | ||
| PART H Medicinal plant Biotechnology \r | 435 | ||
| Chapter 26 - Plant Tissue Culture | 437 | ||
| Introduction | 437 | ||
| Advantages of Tissue Culture Technique over the Conventional Cultivation Techniques | 437 | ||
| Availability of raw material | 437 | ||
| Fluctuation in supplies and quality | 437 | ||
| Patent rights | 437 | ||
| Political reasons | 437 | ||
| Easy purification of the compound | 437 | ||
| Modifications in chemical structure | 437 | ||
| Disease-free and desired propagule | 437 | ||
| Crop improvement | 438 | ||
| Biosynthetic pathway | 438 | ||
| Immobilization of cells | 438 | ||
| History | 438 | ||
| Basic Requirements for a Tissue Culture Laboratory | 439 | ||
| Equipment and Apparatus | 439 | ||
| Culture vessels and glassware | 439 | ||
| Equipment | 439 | ||
| Washing and storage facilities | 440 | ||
| Media preparation room | 440 | ||
| Sterilization Room | 440 | ||
| Aseptic chamber/area for transfer of culture | 440 | ||
| Incubation room or incubator | 440 | ||
| Data collection and recording the observation | 441 | ||
| General Procedures Involved in Plant Tissue Culture | 441 | ||
| Sterilization of Glassware Tools/Vessels | 441 | ||
| Cleaning of glassware | 441 | ||
| Preparation of Explant | 441 | ||
| Surface Sterilization of Explant | 442 | ||
| Seeds | 442 | ||
| Fruits | 442 | ||
| Stem | 442 | ||
| Leaves | 442 | ||
| Production of Callus from Explant | 442 | ||
| Proliferation of Callus | 442 | ||
| Sub-culturing of Callus | 442 | ||
| Suspension Culture | 442 | ||
| Culture Media | 442 | ||
| Media Composition | 443 | ||
| Inorganic nutrients | 443 | ||
| Organic nutrients | 444 | ||
| Plant growth regulators | 444 | ||
| Solidifying agents for solidification of the media | 445 | ||
| Gelling agent used to solidify liquid media | 445 | ||
| Media Preparation | 445 | ||
| Procedure | 445 | ||
| Concentration of the ingredients | 446 | ||
| Solution preparation | 446 | ||
| Semisolid media preparation | 446 | ||
| Sterilization of Culture Media | 446 | ||
| Types of Plant Tissue Cultures | 446 | ||
| Root Tip Culture | 446 | ||
| Leaves or Leaf Primordia Culture | 446 | ||
| Shoot Tip Culture | 446 | ||
| Complete Flower Culture | 447 | ||
| Anther and Pollens Culture | 447 | ||
| Ovule and Embryo Culture | 447 | ||
| Protoplast Culture | 447 | ||
| Hairy Root Culture | 448 | ||
| Establishment and Maintenance of various Cultures | 448 | ||
| Callus Culture | 448 | ||
| Initiation of callus culture | 448 | ||
| (a) Selection and preparation of explant | 448 | ||
| Preparation: | 448 | ||
| (b) Selection of culture medium | 448 | ||
| (c) Transfer of explant | 448 | ||
| (d) Incubation of culture | 448 | ||
| Induction | 449 | ||
| Cell division | 449 | ||
| Cell differentiation | 449 | ||
| Maintenance | 449 | ||
| Suspension Culture | 449 | ||
| Initiation of suspension culture | 449 | ||
| Growth pattern of suspension culture | 450 | ||
| Maintenance of suspension culture | 451 | ||
| Applications of Plant Tissue Culture | 451 | ||
| Production of Phytopharmaceuticals | 451 | ||
| Biochemical Conversion (Bio-transformation) | 452 | ||
| Clonal Propagation (Micro-Propagation) | 452 | ||
| Somaclonal Variation | 452 | ||
| Immobilization of Plant Cells | 452 | ||
| PART I Micellaneous\r | 453 | ||
| Chapter 27 - Ayurvedic Pharmacy | 455 | ||
| 27.1. Introduction | 455 | ||
| 27.2. Market potential | 455 | ||
| 27.3. Asava and arista | 455 | ||
| Definition | 455 | ||
| Method of Preparation for Arista | 455 | ||
| Method of Preparation for Asava | 456 | ||
| General Precautions | 456 | ||
| Chapter 28 - Marine Pharmacognosy | 461 | ||
| 28.1. Introduction | 461 | ||
| 28.2. Marine organisms as potential source of drugs | 461 | ||
| 28.3. Antiviral agents | 462 | ||
| Ara-A | 462 | ||
| Eudistomins | 462 | ||
| Didemnins | 462 | ||
| Avarol and Avarones | 463 | ||
| Patellazole B | 463 | ||
| Fucoidan | 463 | ||
| 28.4. Antimicrobial agents | 465 | ||
| 28.5. Antiparasitic agents | 465 | ||
| -Kainic Acid | 465 | ||
| Domoic Acid | 465 | ||
| Laminine | 465 | ||
| Bengamide F | 466 | ||
| Cucumechinoside F | 466 | ||
| 28.6. Anticancer agents | 466 | ||
| Bryostatin I | 466 | ||
| 28.7. Antispasmodic agents | 467 | ||
| Agelasidine A | 467 | ||
| 28.8. Cardiovascular agents | 467 | ||
| Eledoisin | 467 | ||
| Octopamine | 467 | ||
| 28.9. Antiinflammatory agents | 467 | ||
| 28.10. Insecticides | 468 | ||
| 28.11. Anticoagulants | 468 | ||
| 28.12. Prostaglandins | 468 | ||
| 28.13. Marine toxins | 468 | ||
| Tetrodotoxin | 468 | ||
| Saxitoxin | 469 | ||
| Ciguatoxin | 469 | ||
| Holothurin A | 469 | ||
| Aplysins | 469 | ||
| Lophotoxin | 469 | ||
| Lyngbyatoxin | 469 | ||
| 28.14. Conclusion | 470 | ||
| Chapter 29 - Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals | 471 | ||
| Nutraceuticals | 471 | ||
| Classification | 471 | ||
| Inorganic Mineral Supplements | 472 | ||
| Vitamin Supplement | 472 | ||
| Digestive Enzymes | 472 | ||
| Probiotics | 473 | ||
| Prebiotics | 473 | ||
| Dietary Fibres | 473 | ||
| Cereals and Grain | 473 | ||
| Health Drinks | 474 | ||
| Antioxidants | 474 | ||
| Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids | 474 | ||
| Herbs as Functional Foods | 475 | ||
| Flaxseeds | 475 | ||
| Ginkgo biloba | 475 | ||
| Spirulina | 475 | ||
| Ginseng | 476 | ||
| Garlic organosulphur compounds | 476 | ||
| Tea catechins | 476 | ||
| Citrus limonoids | 477 | ||
| Soya products | 477 | ||
| Tomato lycopenes | 477 | ||
| Momordica charantia | 478 | ||
| Turmeric curcuminoids | 478 | ||
| Black cohosh | 478 | ||
| Fenugreek | 478 | ||
| Market scenario of nutraceuticals | 478 | ||
| Regulatory obstacles | 479 | ||
| Standards and quality control | 479 | ||
| Emerging scenario | 479 | ||
| Conclusions | 479 | ||
| Cosmeceuticals | 479 | ||
| Skin cosmeceuticals | 480 | ||
| Sunscreens | 481 | ||
| Moisturizers | 482 | ||
| Bleaching Agents | 482 | ||
| Hair cosmeceuticals | 482 | ||
| Other cosmeceuticals | 483 | ||
| Regulatory aspects | 483 | ||
| Conclusions | 483 | ||
| Chapter 30 - Natural Pesticides | 484 | ||
| 30.1. Introduction | 484 | ||
| 30.2. Methods of Pest Control | 484 | ||
| Natural Controls | 484 | ||
| Artificial Control | 484 | ||
| 30.3. Classification | 485 | ||
| Insecticides | 485 | ||
| Herbicides | 485 | ||
| Fungicides | 485 | ||
| Rodenticides | 485 | ||
| 30.4. Essentials of a Good Pesticide | 486 | ||
| Pyrethrum Flowers | 486 | ||
| Synonym | 486 | ||
| Biological Source | 486 | ||
| Geographical Source | 486 | ||
| Cultivation and Collection | 486 | ||
| Characteristics | 486 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 486 | ||
| Uses | 487 | ||
| Derris Roots | 487 | ||
| Synonym | 487 | ||
| Biological Source | 487 | ||
| Geographical Source | 487 | ||
| Characteristics | 487 | ||
| Microscopy | 488 | ||
| Chapter 31 - Poisonous Plants | 495 | ||
| 31.1. Introduction | 495 | ||
| 31.2. Definition of Poisonous Plants | 495 | ||
| 31.3. Toxic Constituents of the Plants | 495 | ||
| 31.4. Factors Determining the Toxicity of Plants | 496 | ||
| 31.5. Classification of Poisonous Plants | 497 | ||
| Poisoning by Plants with Anticholinergic (Antimuscarinic) Poisons | 497 | ||
| Atropa Belladonna L | 497 | ||
| Family | 497 | ||
| Common Names | 497 | ||
| Description | 497 | ||
| Toxic Part | 497 | ||
| Toxins | 497 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 497 | ||
| Management | 497 | ||
| Poisoning by Plants with Calcium Oxalate Crystals | 498 | ||
| Alocasia Species | 498 | ||
| Chapter 32 - Natural Allergens | 507 | ||
| 32.1. Allergens | 507 | ||
| 32.2. What is Allergy | 507 | ||
| 32.3. Types of Allergens | 507 | ||
| Inhalant Allergens | 507 | ||
| Pollen allergens | 508 | ||
| Ingestant Allergens | 508 | ||
| Injectant Allergens | 508 | ||
| Contactant Allergens | 508 | ||
| Infectant Allergens | 509 | ||
| Chapter 33 - Natural Colours and Dyes | 510 | ||
| 33.1. Introduction | 510 | ||
| 33.2. History | 510 | ||
| 33.3. Types of natural dyes and mordants | 511 | ||
| Mordant | 511 | ||
| 33.4. Natural dyes obtained from plants | 511 | ||
| Medicinal Properties of Natural Dyes | 512 | ||
| 33.5. Natural dyes obtained from minerals | 513 | ||
| 33.6. Natural dyes obtained from animals | 513 | ||
| 33.7. Characterization of dyes | 513 | ||
| 33.8. Chemistry of natural dyes | 513 | ||
| 33.9. Preparation of dyes | 513 | ||
| 33.10. Advantages And Limitations Of Natural Dyes | 514 | ||
| 33.11. Technology for production of natural dyes | 514 | ||
| 33.12. Genetic variation and dye content | 514 | ||
| 33.13. Conclusions | 515 | ||
| Chapter 34 - Hallucinogenic Plants | 516 | ||
| 34.1. Introduction | 516 | ||
| 34.2. Medical Uses of Hallucinogens | 516 | ||
| Belladonna | 517 | ||
| PART J Traditional Drugs Of India \r | 523 | ||
| Chapter 35 - Detail Study of Traditional Drugs of India | 525 | ||
| Introduction | 525 | ||
| Adusa | 525 | ||
| Synonym | 525 | ||
| Regional Names | 525 | ||
| Biological Source | 525 | ||
| Family | 525 | ||
| Habitat | 526 | ||
| Macroscopy | 526 | ||
| Microscopy | 526 | ||
| Standards | 526 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 526 | ||
| Uses | 526 | ||
| Marketed Formulations | 526 | ||
| Amla | 526 | ||
| Synonyms | 526 | ||
| Regional Names | 526 | ||
| Biological Source | 526 | ||
| Family | 526 | ||
| Habitat | 527 | ||
| Macroscopy | 527 | ||
| Microscopy | 527 | ||
| Standards | 527 | ||
| Chemical Constituents | 527 | ||
| Uses | 527 | ||
| Marketed Formulations | 527 | ||
| Apamarga | 528 | ||
| Synonym | 528 | ||
| Regional Names | 528 | ||
| Biological Source | 528 | ||
| Family | 528 | ||
| Habitat | 528 | ||
| Macroscopy | 528 | ||
| Index\r | 555 | ||
| A | 555 | ||
| B | 557 | ||
| C | 558 | ||
| D | 560 | ||
| E | 560 | ||
| F | 561 | ||
| G | 561 | ||
| H | 562 | ||
| I | 562 | ||
| J | 563 | ||
| K | 563 | ||
| L | 563 | ||
| M | 564 | ||
| N | 565 | ||
| O | 565 | ||
| P | 566 | ||
| Q | 567 | ||
| R | 567 | ||
| S | 568 | ||
| T | 569 | ||
| U | 570 | ||
| V | 570 | ||
| W | 571 | ||
| X | 571 | ||
| Y | 571 | ||
| Z | 571 | ||
| Biological Index | 572 | ||
| A | 572 | ||
| B | 573 | ||
| C | 573 | ||
| D | 574 | ||
| E | 574 | ||
| F | 574 | ||
| G | 574 | ||
| H | 575 | ||
| I | 575 | ||
| J | 575 | ||
| K | 575 | ||
| L | 575 | ||
| M | 575 | ||
| N | 576 | ||
| O | 576 | ||
| P | 576 | ||
| Q | 577 | ||
| R | 577 | ||
| S | 577 | ||
| T | 577 | ||
| U | 578 | ||
| V | 578 | ||
| W | 578 | ||
| X | 578 | ||
| Z | 578 |