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Book Details
Abstract
This issue features internationally renowned experts who have provided their expertise on a variety of topics related to the importance of vitamin D. It was not until feed back loops were identified between Vitamin D production and parathyroid hormone, phosphate that it earned its place as a true endocrine hormone. Current social and economic conditions have brought it back into the limelight with outbreaks of rickets and osteomalacia even in developed countries. However its complex regulation, together with the identification and characterization of the vitamin D receptor and its role in influencing multiple genetic pathways and function has heralded a new era highlighting its importance in health and disease. This includes its role in auto immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, cancer especially breast and prostate, skin, neurological and cognitive disorders and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. We now know that adequate levels of vitamin D it is important in preventing falls and fracture. The need for supplementation and the amount recommended has also changed considerably from what we previously considered sufficient. The ongoing development of selective active analogs of vitamin D targeted to specific organs and function leads to the exciting possibility of improving outcomes of diseases associated with vitamin D regulation.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Vitamin D | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Table of Contents | vii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Chapter 1. Vitamin D: Metabolism | 1 | ||
| KEYWORDS | 1 | ||
| SYNTHESIS OF 1,25(OH)2D3 FROM VITAMIN D3 | 1 | ||
| ROLE OF THE VITAMIN D BINDING PROTEIN IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM AND ACTION | 2 | ||
| 24-HYDROXYLASE (24(OH)ASE) | 3 | ||
| REGULATION OF RENAL VITAMIN D HYDROXYLASES | 3 | ||
| EXTRARENAL 1-HYDROXYLASE (1α(OH)ASE) | 6 | ||
| VITAMIN D P450S IN AGING AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 6 | ||
| REFERENCES | 7 | ||
| Chapter 2. The Vitamin D Receptor: New Paradigms for the Regulation of Gene Expression by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 | 13 | ||
| KEYWORDS | 13 | ||
| VDR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 14 | ||
| VITAMIN D TARGET GENES | 15 | ||
| NEW APPROACHES REVEAL NEW INSIGHTS INTO VITAMIN D3–MEDIATED GENE REGULATION | 18 | ||
| GENOME-WIDE STUDIES REVEAL OVERARCHING PRINCIPLES OF GENE REGULATION BY STEROID HORMONES AND BY 1,25(OH)2D3 | 22 | ||
| SUMMARY | 23 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 23 | ||
| REFERENCES | 24 | ||
| Chapter 3. Assessment and Interpretation of Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in the Clinical Environment | 29 | ||
| KEYWORDS | 29 | ||
| METHODS OF 25(OH)D QUANTITATION | 30 | ||
| DETERMINING ANALYTICAL RECOVERY OF 25(OH)D2 AND 25(OH)D3 IN HUMAN SERUM OR PLASMA | 32 | ||
| DETERMINING AND DEFINING A “NORMAL” CIRCULATING 25(OH)D LEVEL | 35 | ||
| CLINICAL REPORTING OF CIRCULATING 25(OH)D CONCENTRATIONS | 35 | ||
| METHODS OF 1,25(OH)2D QUANTITATION | 37 | ||
| DETERMINING AND DEFINING A “NORMAL” CIRCULATING 1,25(OH)2D LEVEL | 38 | ||
| STABILITY OF 25(OH)D AND 1,25(OH)2D IN SERUM OR PLASMA | 39 | ||
| STANDARDIZATION OF 25(OH)D AND 1,25(OH)2D ANALYSIS | 39 | ||
| SUMMARY | 40 | ||
| REFERENCES | 40 | ||
| Chapter 4. Low Vitamin D Status: Definition, Prevalence, Consequences, and Correction | 45 | ||
| KEYWORDS | 45 | ||
| VITAMIN D BACKGROUND AND ASSESSMENT | 45 | ||
| LOW VITAMIN D STATUS: DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE | 46 | ||
| LOW VITAMIN D STATUS: CONSEQUENCES | 49 | ||
| WHEN SHOULD VITAMIN D STATUS BE ASSESSED? | 50 | ||
| APPROACHES TO VITAMIN D REPLETION/SUPPLEMENTATION | 51 | ||
| WHAT IS VITAMIN D TOXICITY? | 52 | ||
| DOES THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN D2 DIFFER FROM THAT OF VITAMIN D3? | 53 | ||
| SUMMARY | 53 | ||
| REFERENCES | 53 | ||
| Chapter 5. Maternal Vitamin D Status: Implications for the Development of Infantile Nutritional Rickets | 61 | ||
| CAUSE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFANTILE NUTRITIONAL RICKETS | 62 | ||
| VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN THE MOTHER-INFANT PAIR DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION | 65 | ||
| CONSEQUENCES OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN MOTHER-INFANT PAIRS | 69 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN MOTHER AND CHILD | 70 | ||
| SUMMARY | 74 | ||
| REFERENCES | 74 | ||
| Chapter 6. Osteomalacia as a Result of Vitamin D Deficiency | 81 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM | 81 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF OSTEOMALACIA | 83 | ||
| RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF OSTEOMALACIA | 87 | ||
| SKELETAL FRACTURES | 88 | ||
| BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN OSTEOMALACIA | 89 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO OSTEOMALACIA | 89 | ||
| TREATMENT OF OSTEOMALACIA | 90 | ||
| REFERENCES | 90 | ||
| Chapter 7. Genetic Disorders and Defects in Vitamin D Action | 93 | ||
| 1α-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN | 94 | ||
| MUTATIONS IN THE CYP27B1 GENE AS THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR 1α-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY | 94 | ||
| MOUSE MODELS OF 1α-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY | 95 | ||
| HVDRR IN CHILDREN | 97 | ||
| MUTATIONS IN THE VDR GENE AS THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR HVDRR | 97 | ||
| MOUSE MODELS OF HVDRR | 100 | ||
| THERAPY FOR HVDRR | 100 | ||
| ALOPECIA | 101 | ||
| SUMMARY | 102 | ||
| REFERENCES | 102 | ||
| Chapter 8. Vitamin D and Fracture Prevention | 107 | ||
| GOING BEYOND BONE | 107 | ||
| VITAMIN D: ITS ROLE IN MUSCLE HEALTH | 108 | ||
| VITAMIN D: ITS ROLE IN BONE HEALTH | 109 | ||
| ADDING CALCIUM TO VITAMIN D | 110 | ||
| SUMMARY | 110 | ||
| REFERENCES | 111 | ||
| Chapter 9. Vitamin D in Kidney Disease: Pathophysiology and the Utility of Treatment | 115 | ||
| CALCIUM | 115 | ||
| CKD-MBD | 116 | ||
| NORMAL VITAMIN D PHYSIOLOGY | 116 | ||
| VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN KIDNEY DISEASE | 117 | ||
| PHOSPHORUS | 118 | ||
| ROLE OF VITAMIN D TREATMENT IN CKD-MBD | 118 | ||
| EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 119 | ||
| VITAMIN D AND OVERALL SURVIVAL | 119 | ||
| OTHER POTENTIALLY BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D TREATMENT IN CKD | 119 | ||
| SUMMARY | 120 | ||
| REFERENCES | 120 | ||
| Chapter 10. Vitamin D and the Immune System: New Perspectives on an Old Theme | 125 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 125 | ||
| VITAMIN D AND INNATE IMMUNITY | 126 | ||
| VITAMIN D AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY | 129 | ||
| VITAMIN D, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND HUMAN HEALTH | 131 | ||
| SUMMARY | 133 | ||
| REFERENCES | 133 | ||
| Chapter 11. Vitamin D: Extraskeletal Health | 141 | ||
| SOURCES OF VITAMIN D | 141 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EXTRASKELETAL EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D | 142 | ||
| CANCER PREVENTION | 143 | ||
| PSORIASIS | 147 | ||
| VITAMIN D AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES | 149 | ||
| INNATE IMMUNITY | 150 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH | 153 | ||
| TYPE 2 DIABETES | 154 | ||
| SUMMARY | 154 | ||
| REFERENCES | 155 | ||
| Chapter 12. The Role of Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention and Treatment | 161 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 161 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF THE ANTICANCER EFFECTS OF CALCITRIOL | 162 | ||
| ANTICANCER EFFECTS OF CALCITRIOL IN ANIMAL MODELS | 166 | ||
| CLINICAL STUDIES | 167 | ||
| SUMMARY | 170 | ||
| REFERENCES | 170 | ||
| Chapter 13. Vitamin D and Diabetes | 179 | ||
| TYPE 1 DIABETES | 180 | ||
| TYPE 2 DIABETES | 186 | ||
| GESTATIONAL DIABETES | 192 | ||
| VITAMIN D AND DIABETES COMPLICATIONS | 192 | ||
| SUMMARY | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES | 195 | ||
| Chapter 14. Vitamin D Analogs | 207 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT VITAMIN D COMPOUNDS | 207 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN D COMPOUNDS | 214 | ||
| CRITERIA THAT INFLUENCE PHARMACOLOGIC EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D COMPOUNDS | 217 | ||
| MEMBRANE RECEPTORS AND NONGENOMIC EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ANALOGS | 221 | ||
| PROPOSED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF VITAMIN D COMPOUNDS | 221 | ||
| FUTURE PROSPECTS | 221 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 224 | ||
| REFERENCES | 224 | ||
| Index | 233 |