Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The new edition of this highly successful book continues to offer readers everything they require to gain a full understanding of microbiology as it relates to modern dental practice. The rich combination of easy-to-read text together with the extensive artwork programme makes Essential Microbiology for Dentistry the first choice of microbiology textbook for many students of dentistry worldwide.
- Comprehensive coverage of the subject area makes the book suitable for all aspects of the curriculum
- Almost 300 tables and illustrations present clinical, diagnostic and practical information in an easy-to-follow manner
- Contains ‘Key Facts’ boxes to act as useful aide-mémoires
- Self-assessment sections at the end of each chapter allow students to assess their understanding in key areas of knowledge
- Addresses the subject on a strictly ‘need-to-know for the dentist’ approach [e.g. only salient bacteria are included with thumbnail sketches of viruses and fungi]
- Contains a detailed - and now expanded - glossary and abbreviations list
- Contains the latest organism nomenclature and information regarding unculturable bacteria and novel molecular technology
- Includes a highly expanded section on oral biofilms and their relevance to systemic disease such as heart disease, diabetes, adverse pregnancy outcomes and nosocomial pneumonia
- Contains a brand new section on oral immunology – prepared by guest authors – as relevant to dentistry
- Contains a new section on the microbiology of perimplantitis
- Presents a fully revised and expanded section on infection control in dentistry encompassing British and American guidelines
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Essential Microbiology for Dentistry | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Table of contents | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| A note on emerging and re-emerging infections | 1 | ||
| About this book | 2 | ||
| Further reading | 3 | ||
| Part 1 General microbiology | 5 | ||
| Part 1 text | 5 | ||
| Chapter 2 Bacterial structure and taxonomy | 7 | ||
| Eukaryotes and prokaryotes | 7 | ||
| Morphology | 7 | ||
| Shape and size | 7 | ||
| Arrangement | 7 | ||
| Gram-staining characteristics | 9 | ||
| Structure | 9 | ||
| Structures external to the cell wall | 9 | ||
| Flagella | 9 | ||
| Fimbriae and pili | 9 | ||
| Glycocalyx (slime layer) | 9 | ||
| Capsule | 10 | ||
| Cell wall | 10 | ||
| Bacteria with defective cell walls | 10 | ||
| Cytoplasmic membrane | 11 | ||
| Mesosome | 11 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 11 | ||
| Nuclear material or nucleoid | 11 | ||
| Ribosomes | 11 | ||
| Cytoplasmic inclusions | 11 | ||
| Bacterial spores | 11 | ||
| Clinical relevance of bacterial spores | 11 | ||
| Taxonomy | 12 | ||
| Genotypic taxonomy | 12 | ||
| How do organisms get their names? | 13 | ||
| Further reading | 14 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 351) | 14 | ||
| Chapter 3 Bacterial physiology and genetics | 15 | ||
| Bacterial physiology | 15 | ||
| Growth | 15 | ||
| Nutritional requirements | 15 | ||
| Oxygen and hydrogen | 15 | ||
| Carbon | 15 | ||
| Inorganic ions | 15 | ||
| Organic nutrients | 15 | ||
| Reproduction | 15 | ||
| Bacterial growth cycle | 15 | ||
| Growth regulation | 15 | ||
| Aerobic and anaerobic growth | 16 | ||
| Bacterial genetics | 16 | ||
| The bacterial chromosome | 17 | ||
| Replication | 17 | ||
| Genes | 18 | ||
| Genetic variation in bacteria | 18 | ||
| Mutation | 18 | ||
| Base substitution | 18 | ||
| Frame shift mutation | 18 | ||
| Insertion | 18 | ||
| Gene transfer | 18 | ||
| Conjugation | 18 | ||
| Transduction | 18 | ||
| Transformation | 19 | ||
| Transposition | 19 | ||
| Recombination | 19 | ||
| Plasmids | 19 | ||
| Clinical relevance of plasmids | 20 | ||
| Transposons | 21 | ||
| Recombinant DNA technology in microbiology | 21 | ||
| Gene cloning | 21 | ||
| Gene probes | 21 | ||
| DNA probes | 21 | ||
| Oligonucleotide probes | 21 | ||
| RNA probes | 21 | ||
| DNA/RNA probes and oral microbiology | 22 | ||
| Polymerase chain reaction | 22 | ||
| Materials | 22 | ||
| Method | 22 | ||
| PCR and its variations | 23 | ||
| Nested PCR | 23 | ||
| Multiplex PCR | 23 | ||
| Real-time PCR | 24 | ||
| Why is PCR so widely used? | 24 | ||
| Other techniques for genetic typing of microorganisms | 25 | ||
| Restriction enzyme analysis | 25 | ||
| Restriction fragment length polymorphism | 25 | ||
| Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis | 25 | ||
| Pyrosequencing | 25 | ||
| The era of ‘-omics’ | 25 | ||
| Genomics | 25 | ||
| Proteomics | 25 | ||
| Transcriptomics | 25 | ||
| Metabolomics | 25 | ||
| Further reading | 26 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 351) | 26 | ||
| Chapter 4 Viruses and prions | 27 | ||
| Structure | 27 | ||
| Viral nucleic acid | 27 | ||
| Viral protein | 27 | ||
| Viral lipid and carbohydrate | 27 | ||
| Virus symmetry | 27 | ||
| Taxonomy | 29 | ||
| DNA viruses | 29 | ||
| Papovaviruses | 29 | ||
| Papillomavirus | 29 | ||
| Polyomavirus | 29 | ||
| Adenoviruses | 29 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 29 | ||
| Structure | 30 | ||
| Poxviruses | 30 | ||
| Parvoviruses | 30 | ||
| Hepadnaviruses | 30 | ||
| RNA viruses | 30 | ||
| Picornaviruses | 30 | ||
| Orthomyxoviruses | 30 | ||
| Paramyxoviruses | 31 | ||
| Coronaviruses | 31 | ||
| Retroviruses | 31 | ||
| Other RNA viruses | 31 | ||
| Viroids | 31 | ||
| Viral replication | 32 | ||
| Pathogenesis of viral infections | 33 | ||
| Cellular antiviral response | 33 | ||
| Prions and prion diseases | 33 | ||
| Prion-induced diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies | 33 | ||
| Kuru | 33 | ||
| Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease | 33 | ||
| Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease | 33 | ||
| Fatal familial insomnia | 33 | ||
| Gerstmann–Straussler–Scheinker syndrome | 34 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 34 | ||
| Transmission | 34 | ||
| Prevention and dental implications | 34 | ||
| North American guidelines | 34 | ||
| British guidelines | 34 | ||
| Further reading | 35 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 351) | 35 | ||
| Chapter 5 Pathogenesis of microbial disease | 37 | ||
| General aspects of infection | 37 | ||
| Virulence | 37 | ||
| Communicable diseases | 37 | ||
| Natural history of infectious disease | 37 | ||
| Pathogenesis of bacterial disease | 38 | ||
| Determinants of bacterial pathogenicity | 38 | ||
| Transmission | 38 | ||
| Adherence to host surfaces | 38 | ||
| Biofilm formation | 38 | ||
| Invasiveness | 39 | ||
| Pyogenic inflammation | 40 | ||
| Granulomatous inflammation | 40 | ||
| Toxigenicity | 40 | ||
| Toxin production | 40 | ||
| Endotoxins | 40 | ||
| Exotoxins | 41 | ||
| Neurotoxins | 41 | ||
| Enterotoxins | 42 | ||
| Miscellaneous exotoxins | 42 | ||
| Pathogenesis of viral disease | 42 | ||
| Entry of viral infections | 42 | ||
| Skin and mucosa | 43 | ||
| Oropharynx and intestinal tract | 43 | ||
| Respiratory tract | 43 | ||
| Genitourinary tract | 44 | ||
| Mechanisms of viral spread in the body | 44 | ||
| Local spread on body surfaces | 44 | ||
| Lymphatic spread | 44 | ||
| Viraemia and spread to organs | 44 | ||
| Central nervous system and peripheral nerve spread | 44 | ||
| Virus and host cell interactions | 45 | ||
| Permissive infection | 45 | ||
| Haemadsorption | 45 | ||
| Giant cell formation | 45 | ||
| Non-permissive infection | 45 | ||
| Latent viral infections | 46 | ||
| Chronic infections | 46 | ||
| Oncogenic infections | 46 | ||
| Slow virus infections | 46 | ||
| Transmission of viral infections and infection control | 46 | ||
| Host determinants of viral infection | 46 | ||
| Pathogenesis of fungal disease | 46 | ||
| Koch’s postulates | 46 | ||
| Further reading | 47 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 351) | 47 | ||
| Chapter 6 Diagnostic microbiology and laboratory methods | 49 | ||
| Diagnostic microbiology | 49 | ||
| Clinical request | 49 | ||
| Provision of clinical information | 49 | ||
| Collection and transport of specimens | 49 | ||
| Laboratory analysis | 49 | ||
| Interpretation of the microbiology report and use of information | 50 | ||
| Laboratory methods | 50 | ||
| Microscopic methods | 50 | ||
| Light microscopy | 50 | ||
| Bright-field or standard microscopy | 50 | ||
| Dark-ground microscopy | 51 | ||
| Phase-contrast microscopy | 51 | ||
| Fluorescence microscopy | 52 | ||
| Electron microscopy | 52 | ||
| Light microscopy and stains | 52 | ||
| Gram stain technique | 52 | ||
| Staining characteristics | 52 | ||
| Ziehl–Neelsen technique | 52 | ||
| Other stains | 52 | ||
| Detection of microbes by probing for their genes | 52 | ||
| Polymerase chain reaction | 52 | ||
| Nucleic acid probes | 52 | ||
| Cultural methods | 52 | ||
| Bacteriological media | 53 | ||
| Preparation of solid media and inoculation procedure | 53 | ||
| Liquid media | 54 | ||
| Media for blood culture | 54 | ||
| Transport media | 54 | ||
| Bacteriological transport media | 54 | ||
| Viral transport medium | 54 | ||
| Atmospheric requirements and incubation | 55 | ||
| Bacterial identification | 55 | ||
| Biochemical tests | 55 | ||
| Commercial identification kits | 56 | ||
| Method | 56 | ||
| Subtyping organisms | 56 | ||
| Genetic typing | 56 | ||
| Immunological methods | 57 | ||
| Identification of organisms using immunological techniques | 57 | ||
| Agglutination | 57 | ||
| Slide agglutination | 57 | ||
| Latex agglutination | 57 | ||
| Immunofluorescence | 57 | ||
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | 57 | ||
| Detection of antibodies in a patient’s serum | 57 | ||
| Laboratory investigations related to antimicrobial therapy | 58 | ||
| Susceptibility of organisms to antimicrobial agents | 58 | ||
| Laboratory testing for antimicrobial sensitivity | 58 | ||
| Disc diffusion test | 58 | ||
| Assessment of MIC and MBC | 59 | ||
| Method | 59 | ||
| Appropriate specimens in medical microbiology | 60 | ||
| Appropriate specimens for oral infections | 60 | ||
| Purulent infections | 61 | ||
| Mucosal infections | 61 | ||
| Periodontal infections and caries | 61 | ||
| Laboratory isolation and identification of viruses | 61 | ||
| Direct microscopy of clinical material | 61 | ||
| Isolation and identification from tissues | 62 | ||
| Tissue culture | 62 | ||
| Serodiagnosis of viral infections | 62 | ||
| Serological tests | 63 | ||
| Serodiagnosis using multiple antigen systems | 63 | ||
| Molecular amplification methods for rapid viral diagnosis | 63 | ||
| Diagnosis of fungal infections | 63 | ||
| Candidal infections | 63 | ||
| Germ tube test | 63 | ||
| Histopathology | 64 | ||
| Other laboratory investigations | 64 | ||
| Further reading | 65 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 351) | 65 | ||
| Chapter 7 Antimicrobial chemotherapy | 67 | ||
| Bacteriostatic and bactericidal antimicrobial agents | 67 | ||
| Mode of action of antimicrobials | 67 | ||
| Principles of antimicrobial therapy | 67 | ||
| Choice of drug | 67 | ||
| Spectrum of activity of antimicrobial agents | 68 | ||
| Combination therapy | 68 | ||
| Antimicrobial prophylaxis | 69 | ||
| Aims | 69 | ||
| Prescribing an antimicrobial agent | 69 | ||
| Is there an infective aetiology? | 69 | ||
| Have relevant specimens been taken before treatment? | 69 | ||
| When should the treatment be started? | 69 | ||
| Which antimicrobial agent? | 69 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials | 70 | ||
| Dosage | 70 | ||
| Duration of treatment | 70 | ||
| Route of administration | 70 | ||
| Distribution | 70 | ||
| Excretion | 70 | ||
| Toxicity | 70 | ||
| Drug interactions | 70 | ||
| Failure of antimicrobial therapy | 70 | ||
| Antibiotic resistance in bacteria | 70 | ||
| Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance (Table 7.4) | 71 | ||
| Inactivation of the drug | 71 | ||
| Altered uptake | 71 | ||
| Modification of the structural target of the drug | 71 | ||
| Altered metabolic pathway | 71 | ||
| Emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and the role of the clinician | 71 | ||
| Antimicrobials commonly used in dentistry | 71 | ||
| Antibacterial agents | 71 | ||
| Penicillins | 71 | ||
| Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) | 72 | ||
| Part 2 Basic immunology (contributed by Drs Liwei Lu, Brian M Jones and Glen C Ulett) | 79 | ||
| Part 2 text | 79 | ||
| Chapter 8 The immune system and the oral cavity | 81 | ||
| The immune system: general considerations | 81 | ||
| The innate immune system | 81 | ||
| Mechanical and chemical barriers | 81 | ||
| Defensins and cathelicidins | 81 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 82 | ||
| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, pattern-recognition receptors and Toll-like receptors | 82 | ||
| Natural killer cells | 83 | ||
| Acute-phase proteins | 83 | ||
| Interferon | 84 | ||
| Complement | 84 | ||
| Alternative activation | 84 | ||
| Classical activation | 85 | ||
| Membrane attack | 85 | ||
| Biological effects of complement activation | 85 | ||
| Inflammation | 86 | ||
| The adaptive immune system | 86 | ||
| Cells of the immune system | 87 | ||
| The lymphoid organs | 87 | ||
| Antigen recognition | 88 | ||
| Major histocompatibility complex | 88 | ||
| The TCR and generation of T cell diversity | 88 | ||
| The BCR, generation of B cell diversity and isotype selection | 88 | ||
| Deletion of anti-self reactivities | 88 | ||
| T cell differentiation | 88 | ||
| B cell differentiation | 89 | ||
| Peripheral tolerance | 89 | ||
| Disorders of the Immune System | 89 | ||
| Oral defence mechanisms | 90 | ||
| Innate immune mechanisms | 90 | ||
| The oral mucosal epithelium | 91 | ||
| Antigen-non-specific defence chemicals in oral secretions (Table 8.3) | 91 | ||
| Functionality of salivary defence constituents | 93 | ||
| Microbial interactions and the normal oral flora | 93 | ||
| Adaptive immunity in oral health and disease | 93 | ||
| Oral lymphoid tissues | 94 | ||
| S-IgA in oral defence | 94 | ||
| PCD in response to oral microbes | 94 | ||
| Further reading | 96 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 351 & p. 352) | 96 | ||
| Chapter 9 The immune response | 99 | ||
| Antibodies | 99 | ||
| Cytokines | 99 | ||
| B cell activation | 100 | ||
| Antigen processing and presentation | 101 | ||
| Processing of endogenous antigens | 102 | ||
| Processing of exogenous antigen | 103 | ||
| T-helper subsets | 104 | ||
| Target cell killing | 104 | ||
| Activation of macrophages | 105 | ||
| Regulation of the immune response | 105 | ||
| Anti-idiotypic antibody | 105 | ||
| Regulatory T cells | 105 | ||
| Immunological memory | 106 | ||
| Memory B cells | 106 | ||
| Memory T cells | 106 | ||
| Further reading | 107 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 352) | 107 | ||
| Chapter 10 Immunity and infection | 109 | ||
| Immunity to bacteria | 109 | ||
| Summary of defence mechanisms | 109 | ||
| Bacterial evasion strategies | 109 | ||
| Damage caused by immune responses to bacteria | 109 | ||
| Immunity to viruses | 110 | ||
| Summary of defence mechanisms | 110 | ||
| Viral evasion strategies | 111 | ||
| Damage caused by immune responses to viruses | 111 | ||
| HIV and AIDS | 111 | ||
| Immunity to parasites | 113 | ||
| Summary of defence mechanisms | 113 | ||
| Parasite evasion strategies | 113 | ||
| Damage caused by immune responses to parasites | 114 | ||
| Immunity to fungi | 114 | ||
| Vaccination | 114 | ||
| Passive immunization | 114 | ||
| Active immunization | 114 | ||
| New approaches to vaccine development | 115 | ||
| Further reading | 117 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 352) | 117 | ||
| Part 3 Microbes of relevance to dentistry | 119 | ||
| Part 3 text | 119 | ||
| Chapter 11 Streptococci, staphylococci and micrococci | 121 | ||
| Streptococci | 121 | ||
| General properties | 121 | ||
| Part 4 Infections of relevance to dentistry | 193 | ||
| Part 4 text | 193 | ||
| Chapter 23 Infections of the respiratory tract | 195 | ||
| Normal flora | 195 | ||
| Important pathogens of the respiratory tract | 195 | ||
| Infections of the upper respiratory tract | 195 | ||
| Sore throat syndrome | 195 | ||
| Part 5 Oral microbiology | 263 | ||
| Part 5 text | 263 | ||
| Chapter 31 Normal oral flora, the oral ecosystem and plaque biofilms | 265 | ||
| Normal oral flora | 265 | ||
| A note on the nomenclature of oral flora | 265 | ||
| Flora of the oral cavity | 265 | ||
| Gram-positive cocci | 265 | ||
| Genus Streptococcus | 265 | ||
| mutans group | 265 | ||
| salivarius group | 265 | ||
| anginosus group | 266 | ||
| mitis group | 266 | ||
| Anaerobic streptococci | 266 | ||
| Genus Stomatococcus | 266 | ||
| Genera Staphylococcus and Micrococcus | 266 | ||
| Gram-positive rods and filaments | 266 | ||
| Genus Actinomyces | 266 | ||
| Genus Lactobacillus | 266 | ||
| Genus Eubacterium | 266 | ||
| Genus Propionibacterium | 266 | ||
| Other notable Gram-positive organisms | 267 | ||
| Gram-negative cocci | 267 | ||
| Genus Neisseria | 267 | ||
| Genus Veillonella | 267 | ||
| Gram-negative rods – facultative anaerobic and capnophilic genera | 267 | ||
| Genus Haemophilus | 267 | ||
| Genus Aggregatibacter | 267 | ||
| Genus Eikenella | 268 | ||
| Genus Capnocytophaga | 268 | ||
| Gram-negative rods – obligate anaerobic genera | 268 | ||
| Genus Porphyromonas | 268 | ||
| Genus Prevotella | 268 | ||
| Genus Fusobacterium | 268 | ||
| Genus Leptotrichia | 268 | ||
| Genus Wolinella | 268 | ||
| Genus Selenomonas | 269 | ||
| Genus Treponema | 269 | ||
| A note on unculturable bacteria | 269 | ||
| Oral protozoa | 269 | ||
| Genus Entamoeba | 269 | ||
| Genus Trichomonas | 269 | ||
| The oral ecosystem | 269 | ||
| The oral environment | 269 | ||
| Oral habitats | 270 | ||
| Buccal mucosa and dorsum of the tongue | 270 | ||
| Teeth | 271 | ||
| Crevicular epithelium and gingival crevice | 271 | ||
| Prosthodontic and orthodontic appliances | 271 | ||
| Factors modulating microbial growth | 271 | ||
| Anatomical factors | 271 | ||
| Saliva | 271 | ||
| Gingival crevicular fluid | 271 | ||
| Microbial factors | 272 | ||
| Miscellaneous factors | 272 | ||
| Local environmental pH | 272 | ||
| Oxidation–reduction potential | 272 | ||
| Antimicrobial therapy | 272 | ||
| Diet | 272 | ||
| Iatrogenic factors | 272 | ||
| Nutrition of oral bacteria | 272 | ||
| Acquisition of the normal oral flora | 273 | ||
| Dental plaque biofilm | 273 | ||
| Composition | 273 | ||
| Distribution | 273 | ||
| Microbial adherence and plaque biofilm formation | 273 | ||
| Plaque biofilm formation | 273 | ||
| Detachment | 274 | ||
| Further notes on biofilms | 274 | ||
| Calculus formation | 275 | ||
| Structure | 275 | ||
| The role of oral flora in systemic infection | 275 | ||
| Further reading | 278 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 354) | 278 | ||
| Chapter 32 Microbiology of dental caries | 279 | ||
| Epidemiology | 279 | ||
| Classification | 279 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 279 | ||
| Diagnosis | 279 | ||
| Aetiology | 279 | ||
| Host factors | 280 | ||
| Tooth structure | 280 | ||
| Flow rate and composition of saliva | 280 | ||
| Diet | 280 | ||
| Microbiology | 281 | ||
| Specific and non-specific plaque hypothesis | 281 | ||
| The role of mutans streptococci | 281 | ||
| The role of lactobacilli | 281 | ||
| The role of Actinomyces spp. | 281 | ||
| The role of Veillonella | 282 | ||
| Plaque metabolism and dental caries | 282 | ||
| Ecological plaque hypothesis | 282 | ||
| Management of dental caries | 283 | ||
| Patient evaluation | 283 | ||
| Microbiological tests in caries assessment | 283 | ||
| Microbiology of root surface caries | 284 | ||
| Prevention of dental caries | 284 | ||
| Sugar substitutes | 284 | ||
| Fluoridation | 284 | ||
| Fissure sealants | 284 | ||
| Control of cariogenic plaque flora | 284 | ||
| Mechanical cleansing techniques | 284 | ||
| Antimicrobial agents | 284 | ||
| Active immunization against dental caries | 285 | ||
| Passive immunization | 285 | ||
| Replacement therapy | 285 | ||
| Further reading | 285 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 354 & p. 355) | 286 | ||
| Chapter 33 Microbiology of periodontal disease | 287 | ||
| Classification of periodontal disease | 287 | ||
| Ecology of the gingival crevice and the periodontal pocket | 287 | ||
| Aetiological factors | 287 | ||
| Host tissues | 287 | ||
| Host defence factors | 287 | ||
| Polymorphonuclear leukocytes | 288 | ||
| Antibody | 288 | ||
| Microorganisms in subgingival plaque biofilm | 288 | ||
| Microbiological studies of periodontal plaque flora | 289 | ||
| Specific and non-specific plaque hypotheses | 289 | ||
| The specific plaque hypothesis | 289 | ||
| The non-specific plaque hypothesis | 289 | ||
| The ecological plaque hypothesis | 290 | ||
| Clinical implications | 290 | ||
| Periodontal health and disease | 290 | ||
| A note on the role of viruses in periodontal disease | 290 | ||
| Relationship between chronic marginal gingivitis and periodontitis | 291 | ||
| Chronic marginal gingivitis | 291 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 291 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 292 | ||
| The initial lesion | 292 | ||
| The early lesion | 292 | ||
| The established lesion | 292 | ||
| Microbiology | 292 | ||
| Treatment | 292 | ||
| The transition from gingivitis to periodontitis | 292 | ||
| Chronic periodontitis (formerly adult periodontitis) | 292 | ||
| Morbidity | 292 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 292 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 293 | ||
| Microbiology | 293 | ||
| Spirochaetes | 293 | ||
| Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Tannerella spp. | 293 | ||
| Capnocytophaga and corroding bacteria | 293 | ||
| Aggressive periodontitis | 293 | ||
| Localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis (formerly localized/generalized juvenile periodontitis) | 293 | ||
| Morbidity | 293 | ||
| Initiation and course | 294 | ||
| Part 6 Cross infection and control | 323 | ||
| Part 6 text | 323 | ||
| Chapter 36 Principles of infection control | 325 | ||
| Cross infection | 325 | ||
| Principles of infection transmission | 325 | ||
| Source of infection | 325 | ||
| Standard infection control | 325 | ||
| Evolution of universal precautions, standard precautions and additional precautions (or transmission-based precautions) | 326 | ||
| A note on the management of potential carriers of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion diseases | 326 | ||
| Mode of transmission | 326 | ||
| Airborne infection | 327 | ||
| Infection via sharps and needlestick injuries | 327 | ||
| Mode of entry | 327 | ||
| Infection control procedures | 327 | ||
| Further reading | 328 | ||
| Review questions (answers on p. 355) | 328 | ||
| Chapter 37 Infection control procedures in dentistry | 329 | ||
| Practice management and staff development | 329 | ||
| Infection control: specific practical features | 329 | ||
| Patient evaluation | 329 | ||
| Personal protection | 329 | ||
| Personal hygiene | 329 | ||
| Hand care | 330 | ||
| Clinic clothing | 330 | ||
| Barrier protection | 330 | ||
| Gloves | 331 | ||
| Contact dermatitis and latex hypersensitivity | 331 | ||
| Eye shields | 332 | ||
| Face masks | 332 | ||
| Rubber dam isolation | 332 | ||
| A note on pre-procedural mouthrinse | 332 | ||
| Aspiration and ventilation | 332 | ||
| Handling sharps and related injuries | 332 | ||
| Sharps injury protocol | 332 | ||
| Immunization procedures | 332 | ||
| Bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccine | 333 | ||
| Answers to review questions | 351 | ||
| Glossary of terms and abbreviations | 357 | ||
| Index | 367 | ||
| A | 367 | ||
| B | 368 | ||
| C | 369 | ||
| D | 371 | ||
| E | 371 | ||
| F | 372 | ||
| G | 372 | ||
| H | 373 | ||
| I | 374 | ||
| J | 375 | ||
| K | 375 | ||
| L | 375 | ||
| M | 375 | ||
| N | 376 | ||
| O | 376 | ||
| P | 377 | ||
| Q | 378 | ||
| R | 378 | ||
| S | 379 | ||
| T | 381 | ||
| U | 381 | ||
| V | 382 | ||
| W | 382 | ||
| X | 382 | ||
| Y | 382 | ||
| Z | 382 |