BOOK
Essentials of Domestic Animal Embryology E-Book
Poul Hyttel | Fred Sinowatz | Morten Vejlsted | Keith Betteridge
(2009)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This reference on veterinary embryology covers general embryology, i.e. the development from the formation of the gametes over fertilization and initial embryogenesis up to the stage where organ formation is initiated, and special embryology, i.e. the development of the organ systems. Moreover, the book also includes a section on teratology, one on assisted reproductive technologies and one on veterinary and societal aspects. Written with the veterinary student in mind, this textbook is written in an accessible style with high quality colour illustrations and line drawings.
- Succinct and accessible
- 300 high-quality colour illustrations
- Written for undergraduates and invaluable for graduates wishing to brush up
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Essentials of Domestic Animal Embryology | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Foreword | xi | ||
| Acknowledgements | xiii | ||
| 1 History of embryology | 1 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 11 | ||
| 2 Cellular and molecular mechanisms in embryonic development | 13 | ||
| INITIAL EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND GESTATIONAL PERIODS | 13 | ||
| DIFFERENTIATION | 16 | ||
| Induction | 16 | ||
| Cellular and genomic potency | 19 | ||
| Molecular control of differentiation | 19 | ||
| PATTERNING | 20 | ||
| Homeobox genes | 20 | ||
| MORPHOGENESIS | 22 | ||
| EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND LIFE CYCLES | 22 | ||
| SUMMARY | 24 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 24 | ||
| 3 Comparative reproduction | 25 | ||
| PUBERTY AND THE OESTROUS CYCLE | 25 | ||
| HORMONAL MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY | 29 | ||
| SUMMARY | 31 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 31 | ||
| 4 Gametogenesis | 32 | ||
| PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS | 32 | ||
| THE CHROMOSOMES, MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS | 34 | ||
| Mitosis | 36 | ||
| Meiosis | 38 | ||
| Crossover and genetic recombination | 38 | ||
| Spermatocytes, spermatids, oocytes and polar bodies | 40 | ||
| CYTODIFFERENTIATION OF THE GAMETES | 40 | ||
| Oogenesis | 40 | ||
| Development of primordial follicles | 40 | ||
| Follicular and oocyte growth | 41 | ||
| Follicular and oocyte maturation | 45 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 47 | ||
| Development of spermatogonia and seminiferous tubules | 47 | ||
| Spermacytogenesis | 48 | ||
| Meiosis | 48 | ||
| Spermiogenesis | 48 | ||
| Spermatozoa | 50 | ||
| SUMMARY | 54 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 55 | ||
| 5 Fertilization | 56 | ||
| SPERM TRANSPORT IN THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT | 56 | ||
| CAPACITATION | 58 | ||
| INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPERMATOZOA AND THE ZONA PELLUCIDA | 59 | ||
| Adhesion of spermatozoa to zona pellucida | 59 | ||
| Acrosome reaction | 60 | ||
| ADHESION AND FUSION OF THE SPERMATOZOON AND OOCYTE | 61 | ||
| OOCYTE ACTIVATION | 62 | ||
| Block to polyspermic fertilization | 62 | ||
| Resumption of meiosis and pronucleus formation | 62 | ||
| SUMMARY | 66 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 66 | ||
| 6 Embryo cleavage and blastulation | 68 | ||
| CLEAVAGES AND GENOME ACTIVATION | 68 | ||
| COMPACTION | 69 | ||
| BLASTULATION | 71 | ||
| BLASTOCYST ELONGATION | 74 | ||
| SUMMARY | 76 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 77 | ||
| 7 Gastrulation, body folding and coelom formation | 79 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMNION | 79 | ||
| EARLY PHASES OF GASTRULATION | 79 | ||
| INITIAL FORMATION OF THE MESODERM AND ENDODERM | 82 | ||
| THE ECTODERM AND ITS EARLY DERIVATIVES | 86 | ||
| Neuroectoderm | 86 | ||
| Surface ectoderm | 88 | ||
| THE MESODERM AND ITS EARLY DERIVATIVES | 88 | ||
| Paraxial mesoderm | 88 | ||
| Intermediate mesoderm | 89 | ||
| Lateral plate mesoderm and body folding | 90 | ||
| Blood and blood vessel formation | 91 | ||
| THE ENDODERM AND ITS EARLY DERIVATIVES | 91 | ||
| Formation of the allantois | 91 | ||
| THE PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS | 92 | ||
| SUMMARY | 92 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 93 | ||
| 8 Neurulation | 95 | ||
| FORMATION OF THE NEURAL TUBE: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY NEURULATION | 95 | ||
| Bending of the neural plate and apposition of neural folds | 95 | ||
| Fusion of neural folds | 96 | ||
| Apoptosis during neurulation | 97 | ||
| NEURAL CREST | 97 | ||
| Formation of neural crest | 97 | ||
| Migration of neural crest cells | 97 | ||
| Anterior neural crest | 98 | ||
| Circumpharyngeal neural crest | 99 | ||
| Trunk neural crest | 100 | ||
| Phylogenetic origin of the neural crest | 101 | ||
| SUMMARY | 101 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 102 | ||
| 9 Comparative placentation | 104 | ||
| PERI-IMPLANTATION CONCEPTUS DEVELOPMENT | 104 | ||
| CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM AND MATERNAL RECOGNITION OF PREGNANCY | 106 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF PLACENTA | 107 | ||
| SPECIES DIFFERENCES | 109 | ||
| Pig | 109 | ||
| Ruminants | 111 | ||
| Horse | 113 | ||
| Carnivores | 114 | ||
| Rodents and primates | 116 | ||
| ECTOPIC PREGNANCY | 117 | ||
| SUMMARY | 118 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 119 | ||
| 10 Development of the central and peripheral nervous system | 120 | ||
| NEURAL PLATE | 120 | ||
| NEURAL TUBE | 120 | ||
| CELL LINEAGES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 122 | ||
| HISTOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 125 | ||
| Nerve cells | 125 | ||
| Glial cells | 126 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPINAL CORD | 126 | ||
| Dorsal root ganglia and spinal nerves | 129 | ||
| Positional changes of the spinal cord: ascensus medullae spinalis | 130 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN | 132 | ||
| The brain flexures | 133 | ||
| Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | 133 | ||
| Myelencephalon | 133 | ||
| Metencephalon | 138 | ||
| Mesencephalon (midbrain) | 141 | ||
| Prosencephalon (forebrain) | 142 | ||
| Patterning of the prosencephalic region | 142 | ||
| Diencephalon | 143 | ||
| Telencephalon | 144 | ||
| Ventricular system of the brain | 148 | ||
| Meninges | 149 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 149 | ||
| Classification of peripheral nerves | 149 | ||
| General somatic efferent and afferent system | 150 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 151 | ||
| Origin of cranial nerves and their composition | 151 | ||
| Cranial nerves with special sensory function | 153 | ||
| The nerves of the pharyngeal arches | 153 | ||
| The general somatic efferent cranial nerves | 155 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 155 | ||
| Sympathetic nervous system | 157 | ||
| Parasympathetic nervous system | 157 | ||
| Enteric nervous system | 157 | ||
| SUMMARY | 158 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 162 | ||
| 11 Eye and ear | 163 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE | 163 | ||
| Optic cup and lens vesicle | 163 | ||
| Retina | 163 | ||
| Optic axon guidance | 169 | ||
| Attachment of the retina | 169 | ||
| Iris and ciliary body | 169 | ||
| Lens | 170 | ||
| Vitreous body | 171 | ||
| Choroid, sclera, and cornea | 171 | ||
| Eyelids and lacrimal glands | 172 | ||
| EAR | 172 | ||
| Development of the inner ear | 172 | ||
| Development of the middle ear | 175 | ||
| Tympanic cavity and auditory tube | 175 | ||
| Middle ear ossicles (auditory ossicles) and middle ear muscles | 176 | ||
| Development of the external ear | 177 | ||
| External auditory meatus | 177 | ||
| Tympanic membrane (eardrum) | 178 | ||
| Auricles (pinnae) | 178 | ||
| SUMMARY | 178 | ||
| Development of the eye | 178 | ||
| Development of the ear | 179 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 181 | ||
| 12 Development of the blood cells, heart and vascular system | 182 | ||
| FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS | 182 | ||
| The mesoblastic period | 183 | ||
| Hepato-lienal period | 183 | ||
| Medullary period | 183 | ||
| THE HEART | 184 | ||
| Segmentation of the cardiac tube and loop formation | 186 | ||
| Formation of the four heart chambers | 187 | ||
| Incorporation of the sinus venosus into the atrium | 187 | ||
| Division of the atrioventricular channel | 190 | ||
| Division of the atrium | 190 | ||
| Division of the ventricle and the bulbus cordis | 191 | ||
| Division of the conus cordis and truncus arteriosus | 191 | ||
| Development of valves | 192 | ||
| Development of the conducting system | 193 | ||
| THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM | 193 | ||
| The aortic arches | 193 | ||
| The segmental arteries | 195 | ||
| THE VENOUS SYSTEM | 198 | ||
| The omphalomesenteric or vitelline veins and the umbilical vein | 198 | ||
| The cardinal veins | 198 | ||
| CIRCULATION BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH | 202 | ||
| The fetal circulation | 202 | ||
| The changes in circulation at birth | 204 | ||
| SUMMARY | 204 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 207 | ||
| 13 Development of the immune system | 208 | ||
| THE LYMPHOCYTES | 208 | ||
| Differentiation of the lymphoid cell lineages | 209 | ||
| The T lymphocyte | 209 | ||
| The B-lymphocyte | 210 | ||
| The circulation and final differentiation of lymphocytes | 211 | ||
| LYMPHOID ORGANS AND TISSUES | 211 | ||
| Thymus | 211 | ||
| Bone marrow/ileal Peyer’s patch | 212 | ||
| Lymphatic vasculature, lymph nodes and other secondary lymphoid tissues | 213 | ||
| Spleen | 214 | ||
| SUMMARY | 214 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 215 | ||
| 14 Development of the gastro-pulmonary system | 216 | ||
| THE ORAL AND NASAL CAVITY AND PALATE | 216 | ||
| The primary nasal and oral cavities | 217 | ||
| The nasal cavity | 219 | ||
| Conchae | 220 | ||
| Vomeronasal organ | 220 | ||
| Paranasal sinuses | 221 | ||
| The oral cavity | 221 | ||
| Tongue | 222 | ||
| Salivary glands | 222 | ||
| Teeth | 222 | ||
| THE FOREGUT | 226 | ||
| The pharynx | 226 | ||
| The pharyngeal clefts | 226 | ||
| The pharyngeal arches | 226 | ||
| The pharyngeal pouches | 228 | ||
| The larynx | 231 | ||
| The trachea | 231 | ||
| The bronchi and lungs | 231 | ||
| The embryonic period | 232 | ||
| The pseudo-glandular period | 232 | ||
| The canalicular period | 233 | ||
| The saccular period | 233 | ||
| The alveolar period | 233 | ||
| The postnatal period | 233 | ||
| The oesophagus | 233 | ||
| The stomach | 234 | ||
| The simple stomach | 234 | ||
| The ruminant stomach | 236 | ||
| The liver | 239 | ||
| The pancreas | 240 | ||
| THE MIDGUT | 242 | ||
| HINDGUT | 245 | ||
| SUMMARY | 246 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 250 | ||
| 15 Development of the urogenital system | 252 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE URINARY SYSTEM | 252 | ||
| Pronephros | 252 | ||
| Mesonephros | 252 | ||
| Metanephros | 253 | ||
| Collecting system | 255 | ||
| Bladder and urethra | 258 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALE AND FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS | 260 | ||
| Sex determination | 260 | ||
| Primordial germ cells and indifferent stage of gonadal development | 261 | ||
| Differentiation of the testis | 263 | ||
| Descent of the testes | 265 | ||
| Postnatal differentiation of Sertoli cells and formation of the blood-testis barrier | 267 | ||
| Main features of the adult testis | 267 | ||
| Differentiation of the ovaries | 268 | ||
| Descent of the ovaries | 270 | ||
| Development of the sexual duct system | 270 | ||
| Indifferent stage | 270 | ||
| Sexual duct system of the male | 271 | ||
| Male accessory sex glands | 272 | ||
| Sexual duct system of the female | 272 | ||
| Development of the vagina | 276 | ||
| Development of the external genitalia | 276 | ||
| External genital organs of the female | 277 | ||
| External genital organs in the male | 277 | ||
| SUMMARY | 279 | ||
| Kidney | 279 | ||
| Bladder and urethra | 280 | ||
| Development of the male genital organs | 280 | ||
| Development of the female genital organs | 280 | ||
| Development of the external genitalia | 281 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 284 | ||
| 16 Musculo-skeletal system | 286 | ||
| THE DEVELOPMENT OF BONES (OSTEOGENESIS) | 286 | ||
| Intramembranous bone formation | 286 | ||
| Endochondral bone formation | 287 | ||
| AXIAL SKELETON | 290 | ||
| Vertebral column and ribs | 290 | ||
| Formation of the intervertebral disc | 292 | ||
| Development of ribs and sternum | 292 | ||
| APPENDICULAR SKELETON | 293 | ||
| Development of the limbs | 294 | ||
| Limb bud | 294 | ||
| Epithelio-mesenchymal interactions during limb morphogenesis | 295 | ||
| Establishing of the limb axes | 296 | ||
| Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) | 297 | ||
| Progress zone | 297 | ||
| Development of the basic limb structure | 297 | ||
| Development of digits | 298 | ||
| Joints | 300 | ||
| SKULL | 300 | ||
| Neurocranium | 301 | ||
| Basic primordia of the cartilagenous neurocranium | 301 | ||
| Fates of the basic primordia | 301 | ||
| Membranous neurocranium (desmocranium) | 302 | ||
| Viscerocranium | 302 | ||
| Cartilaginous viscerocranium | 302 | ||
| Membranous viscerocranium | 303 | ||
| Establishment of facial processes | 303 | ||
| Formation of the palate (palatogenesis) | 304 | ||
| MUSCULAR SYSTEM | 305 | ||
| Generation of muscle: myogenesis | 305 | ||
| Proliferation and migration of myogenic cells | 305 | ||
| Fusion of myoblasts | 305 | ||
| Synthesis of muscle proteins | 307 | ||
| Muscle fibre growth | 307 | ||
| Histogenesis of muscle | 307 | ||
| Innervation of striated muscle | 308 | ||
| Phenotypes of muscle fibres | 308 | ||
| Morphogenesis of muscle | 309 | ||
| Muscles of the trunk and limbs | 309 | ||
| Formation of tendons | 311 | ||
| SUMMARY | 311 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 316 | ||
| 17 The integumentary system | 317 | ||
| EPIDERMIS | 317 | ||
| DERMIS (CORIUM) | 320 | ||
| SUBCUTIS | 320 | ||
| EPIDERMAL APPENDAGES | 320 | ||
| Hair | 320 | ||
| Sinus hairs | 322 | ||
| Skin glands | 322 | ||
| Sebaceous glands | 322 | ||
| Sweat glands | 323 | ||
| Hooves and claws | 323 | ||
| Horns | 325 | ||
| Mammary glands | 325 | ||
| SUMMARY | 327 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 329 | ||
| 18 Comparative listing of developmental chronology | 330 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 337 | ||
| 19 Teratology | 338 | ||
| HISTORY OF TERATOLOGY | 338 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 338 | ||
| CRITICAL PERIODS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT | 339 | ||
| CAUSES OF MALFORMATIONS | 339 | ||
| Significance of genotype | 339 | ||
| Abnormal chromosome numbers | 340 | ||
| Abnormalities in chromosome structure | 341 | ||
| Abnormalities caused by assisted reproductive technologies | 341 | ||
| Environmental factors | 342 | ||
| Mechanical factors | 342 | ||
| Physical factors | 342 | ||
| Chemical factors | 342 | ||
| Infectious agents | 344 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF MALFORMATIONS | 344 | ||
| Agenesis or aplasia | 344 | ||
| Hypoplasia and hyperplasia | 345 | ||
| Failure to fuse or close | 345 | ||
| Absence of normal cell death | 345 | ||
| Disturbances in tissue resorption | 345 | ||
| Failure of migration | 346 | ||
| Developmental arrest | 346 | ||
| Duplication and reversal of asymmetry (Figs 19-2, 19-3, 19-4, 19-5) | 346 | ||
| ORGAN MALFORMATIONS | 347 | ||
| CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 347 | ||
| Congenital heart malformations (Fig. 19-6) | 347 | ||
| Ectopia cordis | 348 | ||
| Dextrocardia | 348 | ||
| Acyanotic heart malformations | 349 | ||
| Obstruction of the left ventricular outflow (aortic stenosis) | 349 | ||
| Pulmonary stenosis | 349 | ||
| Ventricular septal defects | 350 | ||
| Atrial septal defects | 350 | ||
| Dysplasia of the atrioventricular valves | 350 | ||
| Cyanotic heart malformations | 351 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 351 | ||
| Eisenmenger syndrome | 351 | ||
| Transposition of great vessels | 351 | ||
| Congenital malformations of the vascular system | 352 | ||
| Patent ductus arteriosus | 352 | ||
| Persistent right aortic arch | 352 | ||
| Anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery | 353 | ||
| Coarctation of the aorta | 353 | ||
| Malformations of the veins | 353 | ||
| Malformations of the lymphatic system | 354 | ||
| CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 354 | ||
| Myelodysplasia | 354 | ||
| Neural tube defects | 354 | ||
| Spina bifida | 354 | ||
| Meningocele | 355 | ||
| Rachioschisis | 355 | ||
| Congenital malformations of the brain | 355 | ||
| Dysraphia of the anterior neural tube (Fig. 19-7) | 355 | ||
| Hydrocephalus (Figs 19-8, 19-9, 19-10) | 356 | ||
| Arnold-Chiari malformation | 357 | ||
| Microcephaly | 357 | ||
| Hydranencephaly | 357 | ||
| Holoprosencepaly | 357 | ||
| Cerebellar hypoplasia | 357 | ||
| Cerebellar abiotrophy | 357 | ||
| Functional anomalies of the central nervous system | 357 | ||
| Congenital malformations of the peripheral nervous system | 358 | ||
| Aganglionic large instestine | 358 | ||
| Congenital defects affecting Schwann cells | 359 | ||
| Malformations of the eye | 359 | ||
| Anophthalmos and microphthalmos | 359 | ||
| Coloboma | 359 | ||
| Collie eye syndrome | 360 | ||
| Retinal dysplasia | 360 | ||
| Progressive retinal atrophies | 360 | ||
| Congenital cataract | 360 | ||
| Congenital primary glaucoma | 361 | ||
| Persistent pupillary membrane | 361 | ||
| Persistent hyaloid artery | 361 | ||
| Cyclopia (Figs 19-12, 19-13) | 361 | ||
| Malformations of the ear | 361 | ||
| Congenital deafness | 361 | ||
| External ear malformations | 362 | ||
| CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM | 362 | ||
| Renal agenesis | 362 | ||
| Renal hypoplasia | 362 | ||
| Renal duplications | 362 | ||
| Anomalies of renal migration | 363 | ||
| CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE GENITAL SYSTEM | 363 | ||
| Abnormalities of sexual differentiation | 363 | ||
| Abnormalities of chromosomal sex | 363 | ||
| XO Genotype (Turner’s syndrome in humans) | 363 | ||
| XXY Genotype (Klinefelter’s syndrome in humans) | 363 | ||
| Abnormalities of gonadal sex | 364 | ||
| Sex reversal | 364 | ||
| Abnormalities of phenotypic sex | 365 | ||
| Pseudohermaphroditism | 365 | ||
| True hermaphrodites | 365 | ||
| Testicular feminization syndrome (androgen insensitivity syndrome) | 366 | ||
| Vestigial structures from the embryonic genital ducts | 366 | ||
| Mesonephric ducts abnormalities | 366 | ||
| Paramesonephric duct abnormalities (Fig. 19-15) | 366 | ||
| Abnormalities of testicular descent (cryptorchidism) | 367 | ||
| Malformation of the external genitalia | 367 | ||
| CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | 368 | ||
| Facial cleft, cleft lip (harelip), and cleft palate complex | 368 | ||
| Occlusal abnormalities | 368 | ||
| Tongue abnormalities | 369 | ||
| Abnormalities of teeth | 369 | ||
| Abnormal number | 369 | ||
| Abnormalities in position, shape, and direction | 370 | ||
| Enamel lesions | 370 | ||
| Malformations of the oesophagus | 370 | ||
| Stenosis and atresia | 370 | ||
| Megaoesophagus | 370 | ||
| Vascular ring entrapment anomalies | 370 | ||
| Cricopharyngeal achalasia | 370 | ||
| Malformations of the gut | 371 | ||
| Stenosis and atresia of the gut | 371 | ||
| Duplications | 371 | ||
| Urorectal fistula | 371 | ||
| Neuromuscular disorders | 371 | ||
| CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM | 371 | ||
| Abnormalities of the limbs | 372 | ||
| Contracted tendons | 372 | ||
| Arthrogryposis | 372 | ||
| Hip dysplasia | 374 | ||
| Elbow dysplasia | 374 | ||
| Abnormalities of the body wall | 375 | ||
| General skeletal anomalies | 375 | ||
| Chondrodysplasia | 375 | ||
| Osteopetrosis | 375 | ||
| Anomalies of the vertebral column | 375 | ||
| Malformations of the vertebral column | 375 | ||
| Block vertebrae | 377 | ||
| Hemivertebrae | 377 | ||
| Butterfly vertebrae | 377 | ||
| Spina bifida | 377 | ||
| Transitional vertebrae | 377 | ||
| Deviation of the vertebral column | 377 | ||
| Anomalies of the skull (Figs 19-21, 19-22, 19-23) | 378 | ||
| Muscular hypertrophy in cattle | 380 | ||
| SUMMARY | 380 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 381 | ||
| 20 The chicken and mouse as models of embryology | 383 | ||
| EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHICK EMBRYO | 383 | ||
| Fertilization, cleavage, and blastulation | 383 | ||
| Gastrulation | 383 | ||
| Development of the hypoblast | 383 | ||
| Development of the primitive streak | 384 | ||
| Fate of cells ingressing through the primitive streak | 385 | ||
| Axis formation | 387 | ||
| Differentiation of the ectoderm | 392 | ||
| The past and the future | 392 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 393 | ||
| THE MOUSE AS A MODEL IN EMBRYOLOGY | 394 | ||
| Mating and fertilization | 394 | ||
| Cleavage stages and compaction | 395 | ||
| Blastulation | 395 | ||
| Implantation | 396 | ||
| Formation of the egg cylinder | 396 | ||
| Gastrulation | 397 | ||
| Neurulation and turning | 397 | ||
| Embryonic stem (ES) cells | 398 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 401 | ||
| 21 Assisted reproduction technologies | 402 | ||
| ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION | 402 | ||
| Artificial insemination in cattle | 403 | ||
| Semen collection | 403 | ||
| Semen evaluation | 403 | ||
| Semen dilution, packaging and freezing | 404 | ||
| Insemination | 405 | ||
| Artificial insemination in the pig | 405 | ||
| Artificial insemination in the horse | 406 | ||
| Artificial insemination in small ruminants | 406 | ||
| Artificial insemination in the dog and cat | 406 | ||
| Sex sorting of spermatozoa | 407 | ||
| MULTIPLE OVULATION AND EMBRYO TRANSFER | 407 | ||
| Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in cattle | 408 | ||
| Multiple ovulation (‘superovulation’) | 408 | ||
| Embryo recovery | 409 | ||
| Embryo handling | 410 | ||
| Embryo transfer | 410 | ||
| Practical uses of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer | 411 | ||
| Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in pigs | 411 | ||
| Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in horses | 412 | ||
| Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in small ruminants | 412 | ||
| Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in carnivores | 412 | ||
| IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF EMBRYOS | 413 | ||
| In vitro production of embryos in cattle | 413 | ||
| Oocyte collection and in vitro maturation | 413 | ||
| In vitro fertilization | 414 | ||
| In vitro embryo culture | 415 | ||
| In vitro production of embryos in the pig | 415 | ||
| CRYOPRESERVATION OF OOCYTES AND EMBRYOS | 416 | ||
| Cellular injuries during cryopreservation | 416 | ||
| Methods for cryopreservation | 417 | ||
| CLONING AND GENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF EMBRYOS BY SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER | 418 | ||
| The method of somatic cell nuclear transfer | 418 | ||
| Problems associated with somatic cell nuclear transfer | 419 | ||
| Application of somatic cell nuclear transfer | 421 | ||
| STEM CELLS | 423 | ||
| The stem cell principle | 424 | ||
| Embryonic stem (ES) cells | 424 | ||
| Characteristics of ES cells | 425 | ||
| Derivation and culture of ES cells | 426 | ||
| In vitro differentiation of ES cells | 427 | ||
| Animal models for human ES cell therapy | 427 | ||
| Alternative avenues to pluripotent stem cells | 428 | ||
| ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN MAN | 429 | ||
| SUMMARY | 430 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 431 | ||
| Index | 435 |