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Abstract
This handbook brings together, under a single cover, all aspects of the chemistry, physics, and engineering of surfaces and interfaces of materials currently studied in academic and industrial research. It covers different experimental and theoretical aspects of surfaces and interfaces, their physical properties, and spectroscopic techniques that have been applied to a wide class of inorganic, organic, polymer, and biological materials.
The diversified technological areas of surface science reflect the explosion of scientific information on surfaces and interfaces of materials and their spectroscopic characterization. The large volume of experimental data on chemistry, physics, and engineering aspects of materials surfaces and interfaces remains scattered in so many different periodicals, therefore this handbook compilation is needed.
The information presented in this multivolume reference draws on two decades of pioneering research on the surfaces and interfaces of materials to offer a complete perspective on the topic. These five volumes-Surface and Interface Phenomena; Surface Characterization and Properties; Nanostructures, Micelles, and Colloids; Thin Films and Layers; Biointerfaces and Applications-provide multidisciplinary review chapters and summarize the current status of the field covering important scientific and technological developments made over past decades in surfaces and interfaces of materials and spectroscopic techniques with contributions from internationally recognized experts from all over the world. Fully cross-referenced, this book has clear, precise, and wide appeal as an essential reference source long due for the scientific community.
The complete reference on the topic of surfaces and interfaces of materials
The information presented in this multivolume reference draws on two decades of pioneering research
Provides multidisciplinary review chapters and summarizes the current status of the field
Covers important scientific and technological developments made over past decades in surfaces and interfaces of materials and spectroscopic techniques
Contributions from internationally recognized experts from all over the world
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9780080533827_001_WEB | 1 | ||
| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials: Surface and Interface Phenomena | 4 | ||
| Copyright Page | 5 | ||
| Contents | 12 | ||
| About the Editor | 22 | ||
| List of Contributors | 24 | ||
| Volume Listing | 26 | ||
| CHAPTER 1. MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF INTERFACES BETWEEN DISSIMILAR MATERIALS | 30 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 31 | ||
| 2. Nanoscopic Scale | 34 | ||
| 3. Cube-on-Cube Interfaces | 52 | ||
| 4. Cube-non-Cube Interfaces | 61 | ||
| 5. Phase Transformations | 75 | ||
| 6. The Shape of Precipitates in Metals | 89 | ||
| 7. Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Scale | 97 | ||
| 8. Thermal Control of Laser Treatment | 98 | ||
| 9. Examples at Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Scale | 106 | ||
| 10. Summary and Outlook | 131 | ||
| Appendix A | 135 | ||
| Appendix B | 136 | ||
| Appendix C | 137 | ||
| References | 138 | ||
| CHAPTER 2. THERMAL OXIDATION OF SILICON AND Si-SiO2 INTERFACE MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND LOCALIZED STATES | 144 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 144 | ||
| 2. Thermal Oxidation of Silicon | 146 | ||
| 3. Characterization of the Si-SiO2 Interface | 158 | ||
| 4. Conclusion | 234 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 236 | ||
| References | 236 | ||
| CHAPTER 3. SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL RECOMBINATION IN SEMICONDUCTORS | 246 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 247 | ||
| 2. Shockley-Read-Hall Recombination | 247 | ||
| 3. Auger Recombination | 249 | ||
| 4. III–V Semiconductors | 250 | ||
| 5. II–VI Semiconductors | 280 | ||
| 6. Group IV Semiconductors | 289 | ||
| 7. Group IV Binary Semiconductors | 298 | ||
| 8. Conclusions | 299 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 300 | ||
| References | 300 | ||
| CHAPTER 4. INTERFACES IN ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICES | 314 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 315 | ||
| 2. Theoretical Background in Organic Semiconductors | 321 | ||
| 3. Metal–Organic Interfaces | 325 | ||
| 4. Inorganic Semiconductor–Organic Semiconductor Interface | 339 | ||
| 5. Organic–Organic Interfaces | 348 | ||
| 6. Summary | 353 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 353 | ||
| References | 353 | ||
| CHAPTER 5. SURFACE SEGREGATION IN BINARY METAL ALLOYS | 358 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 359 | ||
| 2. Experimental Techniques | 361 | ||
| 3. Experimental Results | 366 | ||
| 4. Theoretical Overview | 404 | ||
| References | 408 | ||
| CHAPTER 6. SURFACTANT ADSORPTION LAYERS AT LIQUID–FLUID INTERFACES | 412 | ||
| 1. Thermodynamics of Surfactant Adsorption Layers | 412 | ||
| 2. Models of Adsorption Kinetics and Surface Relaxations | 426 | ||
| 3. Experimental Techniques | 430 | ||
| 4. Equilibrium and Dynamic Surface Tensions | 437 | ||
| 5. Dilational Surface Viscoelasticity | 444 | ||
| 6. Summary | 446 | ||
| 7. List of Symbols | 447 | ||
| References | 448 | ||
| CHAPTER 7. LIQUID CRYSTALS AT INTERFACES | 452 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 452 | ||
| 2. Mesophases Formed by Thermotropic Liquid Crystals | 453 | ||
| 3. Interfacial Behavior of Classical Amphiphiles | 454 | ||
| 4. Design Principles toward Combining Anisometric and Amphiphilic Building Blocks | 455 | ||
| 5. Rod-Shaped Liquid Crystalline Amphiphiles without Alkylene Spacers | 455 | ||
| 6. Amphiphiles with Rod-Shaped Moieties Incorporated in the Hydrophobic Molecular Part | 458 | ||
| 7. Rigid Amphiphiles with Laterally Attached Head Groups (Facial Amphiphiles) | 461 | ||
| 8. Amphiphilic Liquid Crystalline Polymers | 462 | ||
| 9. Discotic Amphiphiles with Hydrophilic Chains | 465 | ||
| 10. Discotic Amphiphiles with Hydrophilic Central Cores | 470 | ||
| 11. Concluding Remarks | 471 | ||
| References | 472 | ||
| CHAPTER 8. STABILIZED sp2/sp3 CARBON AND METAL–CARBON COMPOSITES OF ATOMIC SCALE AS INTERFACE AND SURFACE-CONTROLLING DIELECTRIC AND CONDUCTING MATERIALS | 476 | ||
| 1. Introduction: sp3/sp2 Hybrid Carbon Phases as a Forerunner of New Carbon Materials | 477 | ||
| 2. Symmetry and Atomic Arrangement of Stabilized sp3/sp2 Carbon | 480 | ||
| 3. Substrate–Carbon Interface, Film Profile, and Surface | 484 | ||
| 4. Synthesis | 489 | ||
| 5. Thermal Stability and Chemical, and Barrier Properties | 498 | ||
| 6. Mechanical Properties | 506 | ||
| 7. Electrical Properties and Electronic Transport Mechanisms | 515 | ||
| 8. Optical Properties | 521 | ||
| 9. Applications | 526 | ||
| 10. Conclusion | 529 | ||
| Appendix: A Few Notes for a Model Consideration of sp3/sp2 Non-Gibbsian Carbon Phases | 530 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 534 | ||
| References | 535 | ||
| CHAPTER 9. PLASMA DEPOSITION OF MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON: THE ROLE OF PLASMA-SURFACE INTERACTION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE | 538 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 538 | ||
| 2. From Amorphous to Microcrystalline Silicon | 539 | ||
| 3. Plasmas | 546 | ||
| 4. Plasma-Surface Interaction | 552 | ||
| 5. Plasma-Enhanced Chemical-Vapor Deposition of Microcrystalline Silicon (μc-Si:H) Films | 559 | ||
| References | 570 | ||
| CHAPTER 10. ISOTHERMAL DIFFUSION AND INTRADIFFUSION IN SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS | 574 | ||
| 1. General Comments on Isothermal Diffusion in Liquid Systems | 575 | ||
| 2. Experimental Techniques | 581 | ||
| 3. Two-Components Systems | 589 | ||
| 4. Ternary Surfactants Systems | 607 | ||
| 5. Anisotropic and Restricted Intradiffusion in Liquid Crystals and Emulsions | 623 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 624 | ||
| List of Symbols | 624 | ||
| Surfactant References | 626 | ||
| Appendix A: Collected Works on Surfactant Diffusion | 629 | ||
| References | 637 | ||
| CHAPTER 11. CATALYSIS BY SUPPORTED METAL OXIDES | 642 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 642 | ||
| 2. Properties of Metal Oxides | 645 | ||
| 3. Preparation of Supported Metal Oxides | 646 | ||
| 4. Characterization of Supported Metal Oxides | 650 | ||
| 5. Catalysis by Supported Metal Oxides | 663 | ||
| 6. Concluding Remarks and a Look into the Future | 672 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 673 | ||
| References | 673 | ||
| CHAPTER 12. STUDY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHASES ON ELECTRODES | 678 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 678 | ||
| 2. Classical Thermodynamic Theory | 679 | ||
| 3. Monolayer Nucleation and Growth | 681 | ||
| 4. Nucleation–Growth–Collision Theory | 682 | ||
| 5. Phase Transitions at a Constant Potential | 684 | ||
| 6. Influence of the Overpotential on Phase Transitions: Cyclic Voltammetry | 693 | ||
| 7. Interfacial Behavior of 2D Phase Transitions | 698 | ||
| 8. Remark: Phase Formation with and without Electron Transfer | 705 | ||
| 9. Destruction of a 2D Condensed Film | 705 | ||
| 10. Nucleation and Growth in the Electrochemical Deposition of Conducting Polymers | 706 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 708 | ||
| List of Symbols | 708 | ||
| References | 709 | ||
| Index | 714 | ||
| 9780080533827_002_WEB | 722 | ||
| Front Cover | 722 | ||
| Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials: Solid Thin Films and Layers | 725 | ||
| Copyright Page | 726 | ||
| Contents | 733 | ||
| About the Editor | 739 | ||
| List of Contributors | 741 | ||
| Volume Listing | 743 | ||
| CHAPTER 1. LANGMUIR–BLODGETT AND SELF-ASSEMBLED POLYMERIC FILMS | 747 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 747 | ||
| 2. Langmuir–Blodgett of π-Conjugated Functional Polymers | 748 | ||
| 3. Self-assembled Polymer Films | 789 | ||
| 4. Concluding Remarks | 803 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 804 | ||
| References | 804 | ||
| CHAPTER 2. MAGNETOTRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF ULTRATHIN METALLIC MULTILAYERS: MICROSTRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO SENSOR APPLICATIONS | 811 | ||
| 1. Sensors, Materials, and Devices | 811 | ||
| 2. Morphology-Induced Magnetic and Magnetotransport Changes in GMR Films | 819 | ||
| 3. Performance Parameters of Microfabricated GMR Multilayers in Sensors | 823 | ||
| 4. Magnetotransport Properties in Polycrystalline Co/NM Multilayers | 825 | ||
| 5. Colossal Magnetoresistance in Manganese Perovskite Films | 860 | ||
| 6. Outline | 870 | ||
| References | 872 | ||
| CHAPTER 3. LONG-RANGE HYDROPHOBIC FORCES DUE TO CAPILLARY BRIDGING | 877 | ||
| Preface | 878 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 878 | ||
| 2. Key Observations | 879 | ||
| 3. Theory of Capillary Forces | 882 | ||
| 4. Capillary Condensation | 884 | ||
| 5. Capillary Cavitation | 897 | ||
| 6. Hydrophobic Attraction | 930 | ||
| 7. Resume | 972 | ||
| References | 972 | ||
| CHAPTER 4. MORPHOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF THIN FILMS PREPARED BY VAPOR DEPOSITION | 975 | ||
| Introductory Remarks | 976 | ||
| 1. Thin Film Deposition Methods | 977 | ||
| 2. Influence of Stoichiometry on the Morphology of YBa2Cu3O7-δ Layers Prepared by MOCVD: Conditions for Epitaxial Growth | 980 | ||
| 3. Molecular Organic Thin Films | 988 | ||
| 4. Amorphous Growth of Silicon Oxide Obtained by CVD | 1002 | ||
| References | 1023 | ||
| CHAPTER 5. FABRICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND POSTPROCESSING OF CATHODIC-ARC-DERIVED HYDROGEN-FREE TETRAHEDRAL AMORPHOUS CARBON | 1027 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1028 | ||
| 2. Basic Principles and Realizations of the Cathodic Arc Method for Carbon Film Deposition | 1028 | ||
| 3. Experimental Studies of the Films' Structure and Composition | 1033 | ||
| 4. Effects of the Process Parameters on the Films Structure and Composition | 1043 | ||
| 5. Film Growth and Structure Models | 1051 | ||
| 6. Postdeposition Treatment | 1057 | ||
| 7. Mechanical Properties and Applications of ta-C and Related Films | 1064 | ||
| 8. Electrical, Optical, and Other Properties and Applications | 1070 | ||
| 9. Summary | 1075 | ||
| References | 1076 | ||
| CHAPTER 6. ELLIPSOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN FILMSCHAPTER 6. ELLIPSOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN FILMS | 1081 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1081 | ||
| 2. Principle of Ellipsometry | 1082 | ||
| 3. General Remarks | 1083 | ||
| 4. Instrumentation | 1083 | ||
| 5. Optical Models | 1085 | ||
| 6. The Complex Dielectric Function (Homogeneous Materials) | 1086 | ||
| 7. Light Penetration | 1090 | ||
| 8. Effective Medium Theories | 1090 | ||
| 9. Data Analysis | 1092 | ||
| 10. Inhomogeneous Thin Films | 1093 | ||
| 11. In Situ and Real-Time Characterization | 1096 | ||
| 12. Control of Materials Preparation and Processing | 1099 | ||
| 13. Examples | 1100 | ||
| 14. Closing Remarks | 1111 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1111 | ||
| References | 1111 | ||
| CHAPTER 7. HYDROPHOBICALLY MODIFIED POLYELECTROLYTES AND POLYELECTROLYTE BLOCK COPOLYMERSCHAPTER 7. HYDROPHOBICALLY MODIFIED POLYELECTROLYTES AND POLYELECTROLYTE BLOCK COPOLYMERS | 1115 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1115 | ||
| 2. Classes of Hydrophobically Modified Polyelectrolytes | 1116 | ||
| 3. Aggregation Phenomena in Aqueous HMP Solutions | 1121 | ||
| 4. Applications | 1141 | ||
| References | 1143 | ||
| CHAPTER 8. ASYMMETRICAL PHTHALOCYANINES | 1151 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1151 | ||
| 2. Synthetic Methods | 1152 | ||
| 3. Phthalocyanine-Based Derivatives | 1160 | ||
| 4. Characterizations, Physical Properties, and Potential Applications | 1163 | ||
| 5. Outlook | 1181 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1181 | ||
| References | 1181 | ||
| CHAPTER 9. THIN Ta2O5 LAYERS ON Si AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SiO2 FOR HIGH-DENSITY DRAM APPLICATIONS | 1185 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1185 | ||
| 2. Radio Frequency (RF) Sputtered Ta2O5 Layers | 1186 | ||
| 3. Thermal Thin Ta2O5 Films on Si | 1204 | ||
| 4. Conclusion | 1223 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1224 | ||
| References | 1224 | ||
| CHAPTER 10. MECHANISM OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE OXIDATION AND SULFUR OXIDE CORROSION OF VACUUM PLASMA COATINGS OF Me–Cr–Al–Y TYPE ON HEAT-RESISTANT NICKEL-BASED ALLOYS | 1227 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1227 | ||
| 2. Damage to Gas Turbine Engine Blades Due to Operation Factors and Protective Coatings Employed | 1228 | ||
| 3. Materials and Study Methods | 1229 | ||
| 4. Structure of Vacuum Plasma Coating Co–Cr–Al–Y in the Initial Condition | 1231 | ||
| 5. Change in the Structure of VPS Co–Cr–Al–Y Coating after High-Temperature Oxidation | 1245 | ||
| 6. Mechanism of Sulfide-Oxide Corrosion of the Co-Cr-A1-Y Vacuum Plasma Coating | 1264 | ||
| 7. Conclusion | 1302 | ||
| References | 1305 | ||
| CHAPTER 11. ULTRATHIN PROTECTIVE ORGANIC LAYERS ON IRON SURFACES | 1307 | ||
| Introduction | 1307 | ||
| Key Experimental Techniques | 1308 | ||
| Protective Organic Coatings on the Surface of Iron Plates | 1310 | ||
| Surface Structure of Finely Dispersed Iron Particles | 1325 | ||
| References | 1347 | ||
| Index | 1351 | ||
| 9780080533827_003_WEB | 1359 | ||
| Front Cover | 1359 | ||
| Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials: Biomolecules, Biointerfaces, and Applications | 1362 | ||
| Copyright Page | 1363 | ||
| Contents | 1370 | ||
| About the Editor | 1378 | ||
| List of Contributors | 1380 | ||
| Volume Listing | 1382 | ||
| CHAPTER 1. INTERFACIAL AND MATERIALS ASPECTS OF THE IMMOBILIZATION OF BIOMOLECULES ONTO SOLID SURFACES | 1386 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1387 | ||
| 2. Aspects of Protein Adsorption to Solid Surfaces | 1388 | ||
| 3. Antibodies, Immunoassays, and Immunosensors | 1391 | ||
| 4. Immunosensing Methods | 1394 | ||
| 5. Atomic Force Microscopy of Biomolecules on Surfaces | 1398 | ||
| 6. Immobilization Techniques for Antibodies and Their Fragments | 1401 | ||
| 7. Conclusions | 1410 | ||
| References | 1411 | ||
| CHAPTER 2. THIN FILMS ON ELECTRODES FOR DIRECT PROTEIN ELECTRON TRANSFER | 1418 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1418 | ||
| 2. Recent History of Protein Electrochemistry | 1419 | ||
| 3. Electrochemical Theory for Thin Films Containing Redox Sites | 1420 | ||
| 4. Monomolecular and Submonomolecular Protein Films | 1425 | ||
| 5. Films of Proteins with Polymers or Lipids | 1429 | ||
| 6. Outlook for the Future | 1453 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1453 | ||
| References | 1453 | ||
| CHAPTER 3. INTERACTION OF SURFACTANTS WITH BIOMOLECULES AND MIMICS | 1458 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1458 | ||
| 2. Structure, Properties, and Classification of Surfactants | 1459 | ||
| 3. Structural Features of Biomolecules | 1463 | ||
| 4. Effects of Surfactants on Heme: Biomimetic Studies | 1465 | ||
| 5. Interaction of Drugs and Bioactive Substrates with Surfactants | 1480 | ||
| 6. Interaction of Surfactants with Bioactive Peptides and Analogues | 1486 | ||
| 7. Interaction of Surfactants with Proteins and Enzymes | 1495 | ||
| 8. Effects of Surfactants on Biomembranes and Lipids | 1507 | ||
| 9. Binding of Surfactants to Nucleic Acids | 1508 | ||
| 10. Conclusions | 1509 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1510 | ||
| References | 1510 | ||
| CHAPTER 4. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BILAYER VESICLES, BIOMOLECULES, AND INTERFACES | 1514 | ||
| 1. Interactions | 1514 | ||
| 2. Bilayer Vesicles and Liposomes | 1525 | ||
| 3. Interactions between Bilayer Vesicles, Biomolecules, and Drugs | 1529 | ||
| 4. Interactions between Bilayer Vesicles, Biomolecules, and Interfaces | 1537 | ||
| 5. Perspectives | 1542 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1543 | ||
| References | 1543 | ||
| CHAPTER 5. MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES OF POLY(L-GLUTAMIC ACID)-BASED AMPHIPHILES AND THEIR SURFACE FUNCTIONS | 1552 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1552 | ||
| 2. Langmuir Monolayers on Water | 1553 | ||
| 3. Specific Interaction of Helical PLGA Monolayers with Amino Acids | 1566 | ||
| 4. Three-Dimensional Assembly of PBLG (Type E) and its Further Aggregation | 1573 | ||
| 5. Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Substrates (Type D) | 1575 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1589 | ||
| References | 1589 | ||
| CHAPTER 6. MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF PEPTIDES AND THEIR FUNCTION | 1592 | ||
| 1. Supramolecules in a Mesoscopic Range | 1592 | ||
| 2. Peptides as Building Blocks | 1593 | ||
| 3. Examples of Peptide Assemblies | 1594 | ||
| 4. Molecular Organization of Helical Peptides | 1597 | ||
| 5. Surface Potential | 1603 | ||
| 6. Electron Transfer | 1606 | ||
| 7. Perspectives | 1613 | ||
| References | 1613 | ||
| CHAPTER 7. THERMODYNAMICS OF SURFACTANT MICELLES AND VESICLES | 1618 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1618 | ||
| 2. Thermodynamics of Surfactant Aggregates | 1620 | ||
| 3. Reversibly Formed Bilayer Vesicles | 1629 | ||
| 4. Generally Shaped Micelles: The Tablet-Shaped Micelle | 1639 | ||
| 5. Summary | 1647 | ||
| References | 1648 | ||
| CHAPTER 8. USE OF POROUS MATERIALS FOR CRYOPUMPING | 1650 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1650 | ||
| 2. Cryopump Concepts | 1651 | ||
| 3. Cryosorbents | 1663 | ||
| 4. Experimental | 1668 | ||
| 5. Identification of the Pumping Mechanism on the Cryosorbent Surface | 1671 | ||
| 6. Cryosorption Properties of Charcoal | 1676 | ||
| 7. Conclusions and Prospects | 1687 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1688 | ||
| References | 1688 | ||
| CHAPTER 9. POROUS CARBONS IN ADSORPTION AND CATALYSIS | 1694 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1694 | ||
| 2. Preparation | 1695 | ||
| 3. Structure | 1701 | ||
| 4. Porous Carbons in Adsorption Processes | 1716 | ||
| 5. Porous Carbons in Catalytic Processes | 1725 | ||
| 6. Conclusions | 1736 | ||
| References | 1736 | ||
| CHAPTER 10. SIMULATION OF MICROPOROUS SYSTEMS: CONFINED FLUIDS IN EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSION IN ZEOLITES | 1742 | ||
| 1. Introduction | 1743 | ||
| 2. Statistical Physics | 1744 | ||
| 3. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Techniques | 1763 | ||
| 4. Monte Carlo Simulation Methods | 1776 | ||
| 5. Equilibrium Properties of Confined Fluids | 1790 | ||
| 6. Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Zeolites | 1803 | ||
| References | 1823 | ||
| CHAPTER 11. CONDUCTING POLYMER-BASED SCHOTTKY BARRIER AND HETEROJUNCTION DIODES AND THEIR SENSOR APPLICATION | 1830 | ||
| Introduction | 1830 | ||
| Conducting Polymers | 1831 | ||
| 3. Diodes | 1842 | ||
| 4. Schottky Diodes Based on Organic Semiconductors | 1851 | ||
| 5. Heterodiodes Based on Organic Semiconductors | 1868 | ||
| 6. Summary and Perspectives | 1874 | ||
| References | 1875 | ||
| Chapter 12. APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL ZEOLITES IN POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND INDUSTRY | 1880 | ||
| 1. General Introduction | 1881 | ||
| 2. Adsorption in Natural Zeolites | 1884 | ||
| 3. Ionic Exchange in Natural Zeolites | 1889 | ||
| 4. Modification of Natural Zeolites | 1893 | ||
| 5. Natural Zeolite Production | 1896 | ||
| 6. Conclusions | 1898 | ||
| Appendix A. Some Definitions and Terminology | 1899 | ||
| Appendix B. Interactions in Zeolites | 1899 | ||
| Appendix C. Thermodynamics of Adsorption in Zeolites | 1900 | ||
| Appendix D. Some Equations Describing Diffusion in Zeolites | 1901 | ||
| Apenndix E. Adsorbent Production Using Natural Zeolites | 1901 | ||
| Appendix E. Natural Zeolite Analysis | 1902 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1902 | ||
| References | 1902 | ||
| Index | 1908 |