BOOK
Stage B, a Pre-cursor of Heart Failure, An Issue of Heart Failure Clinics - E-Book
(2012)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
In the joint American College of Cardiology /American Heart Association classification system, Stage B heart failure refers to patients with structural heart disease but no symptoms of heart failure. Preventing progression of heart failure in Stage B patients is a central concern to heart failure specialists, so two issues have been devoted to this topic. Part I focuses on an understanding of structural heart disease and the factors that cause progression from risk of heart failure to development of structural changes.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Heart Failure Clinics | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Heart Failure Clinics | ix | ||
| Editorial: Reducing the Burden of Stage B Heart Failure Will Require Connecting the Dots Between “Knowns” and“ Known Unknowns” | xi | ||
| REFERENCES | xiv | ||
| Preface: Stage B, a Pre-cursor of Heart Failure | xvii | ||
| Chapter 1. Myocyte Changes in Heart Failure | 1 | ||
| STRUCTURAL REMODELING OF THE HEART REFLECTS CHANGES IN MYOCYTE MORPHOLOGY | 1 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN MYOCYTE SHAPE | 2 | ||
| MYOCYTE SHAPE AND VENTRICULAR WALL STRESS | 2 | ||
| HUMAN GENETICS | 3 | ||
| MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CARDIOMYOCYTE GROWTH REGULATION | 3 | ||
| REVERSE REMODELING IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES | 4 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5 | ||
| Chapter 2. Changes in the Myocardial Interstitium and Contribution to the Progression of Heart Failure | 7 | ||
| MYOCARDIAL INTERSTITIUM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 7 | ||
| EXTRACELLULAR REMODELING IN CARDIAC DISEASE | 11 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATION OF THE MYOCARDIAL INTERSTITIUM | 16 | ||
| REFERENCES | 16 | ||
| Chapter 3. Pressure Overload | 21 | ||
| PRESSURE OVERLOAD: DEFINITION | 21 | ||
| CARDIAC CONSEQUENCES OF PRESSURE OVERLOAD | 22 | ||
| CLINICAL CORRELATES | 25 | ||
| MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF VH | 26 | ||
| TRANSITION FROM COMPENSATED HYPERTROPHY TO HF | 27 | ||
| SUMMARY | 28 | ||
| REFERENCES | 28 | ||
| Chapter 4. Volume Overload | 33 | ||
| ETIOLOGY OF DIFFERENT VOLUME OVERLOADS AND RELATION TO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 33 | ||
| SUMMARY | 39 | ||
| REFERENCES | 39 | ||
| Chapter 5. Ischemia/Infarction | 43 | ||
| FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES POST-MI | 43 | ||
| INFARCT SIZE, TRANSMURALITY, AND EARLY VENTRICULAR REMODELING | 43 | ||
| INFARCT EXPANSION | 43 | ||
| TRANSLATION OF ANIMAL DATA TO HUMANS | 45 | ||
| CORONARY REPERFUSION, INFARCT SIZE, AND EARLY REMODELING | 46 | ||
| NEW INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF EARLY REMODELING POSTREPERFUSION | 47 | ||
| AGING | 49 | ||
| SUMMARY | 49 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 49 | ||
| REFERENCES | 49 | ||
| Chapter 6. Cardiomyopathies: Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment | 53 | ||
| HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES | 55 | ||
| DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY | 60 | ||
| ENTEROVIRAL MYOCARDITIS | 65 | ||
| PARVOVIRUS B19–ASSOCIATED HEART DISEASE | 69 | ||
| HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6 HEART DISEASE | 69 | ||
| CYTOMEGALOVIRUS MYOCARDITIS | 69 | ||
| HEPATITIS AND MYOCARDITIS | 69 | ||
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS | 70 | ||
| INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS | 70 | ||
| INFLUENZA | 70 | ||
| MUMPS | 70 | ||
| POLIOMYELITIS | 70 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS | 70 | ||
| RUBELLA | 70 | ||
| VARICELLA | 70 | ||
| VARIOLA AND VACCINIA | 71 | ||
| ADENOVIRUS | 71 | ||
| ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY | 71 | ||
| REFERENCES | 73 | ||
| Chapter 7. Role of Apoptosis in Adverse Ventricular Remodeling | 79 | ||
| BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS OF THE REMODELED MYOCARDIUM | 80 | ||
| CASPASE 3: THE LINK BETWEEN DEGENERATION AND CELL DEATH | 81 | ||
| APOPTOSIS | 81 | ||
| APOPTOSIS INTERRUPTUS AND REMODELED MYOCARDIUM | 82 | ||
| APOPTOSIS-TARGETED INTERVENTIONS IN HEART FAILURE | 83 | ||
| MOLECULAR IMAGING OF CARDIAC APOPTOSIS | 84 | ||
| SUMMARY | 84 | ||
| REFERENCES | 84 | ||
| Chapter 8. Neurohumoral Stimulation | 87 | ||
| ARTERIAL BAROREFLEXES | 87 | ||
| LOW PRESSURE REFLEXES | 89 | ||
| THE CENTRAL RAS AND SYMPATHOEXCITATION IN CHF | 92 | ||
| SYMPATHOEXCITATORY REFLEXES | 92 | ||
| SUMMARY | 94 | ||
| REFERENCES | 95 | ||
| Chapter 9. Role of Oxidative Stress in Disease Progression in Stage B, a Pre-cursor of Heart Failure | 101 | ||
| ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DISEASE PROGRESSION OF HEART FAILURE | 102 | ||
| BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS | 104 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS | 105 | ||
| SUMMARY | 106 | ||
| REFERENCES | 107 | ||
| Chapter 10. From Risk Factors to Structural Heart Disease: The Role of Inflammation | 113 | ||
| RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWGRADE INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY | 114 | ||
| INFLAMMATION AND PROGRESSION OF STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASE: OVERVIEW | 116 | ||
| DIRECT EFFECTS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES ON MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY | 116 | ||
| INFLAMMATION AND LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING | 117 | ||
| ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN FIBROSIS AND DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION | 118 | ||
| VASCULAR EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION AND VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION | 119 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 120 | ||
| REFERENCES | 120 | ||
| Chapter 11. Diabetes and the Risk of Heart Failure | 125 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF DIABETES AND HEART FAILURE: 2 CONDITIONS INCREASING IN MAGNITUDE WORLDWIDE | 125 | ||
| DIABETES AS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR HEART FAILURE | 125 | ||
| DIABETES, IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE, AND LV REMODELING | 126 | ||
| SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETES | 126 | ||
| DIABETES AND VASCULAR STIFFNESS | 126 | ||
| ASSOCIATION OF DIABETES WITH OTHER CLINICAL RISK FACTORS | 126 | ||
| MECHANISMS FOR DIABETES-ASSO\\CIATED HEART FAILURE RISK | 127 | ||
| SUMMARY | 129 | ||
| REFERENCES | 129 | ||
| Chapter 12. Arterial Stiffness/Elasticity in the Contribution to Progression of Heart Failure | 135 | ||
| CONCEPT OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESS/ELASTICITY | 135 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESS | 137 | ||
| PREDICTIVE VALUE FOR PROGRESSION TO HEART FAILURE | 138 | ||
| EFFECT OF CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY ON ARTERIAL STIFFNESS/ELASTICITY | 139 | ||
| SUMMARY | 140 | ||
| REFERENCES | 140 | ||
| Chapter 13. Aging-Associated Cardiovascular Changes and Their Relationship to Heart Failure | 143 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES WITH AGING | 144 | ||
| CLINICAL APPROACH TO HEART FAILURE IN AGED PERSONS | 159 | ||
| SUMMARY | 161 | ||
| REFERENCES | 161 | ||
| Index | 165 |