Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get the practical information you need to add dental implants to your practice! Dr. Arun Garg, a leading dental implant educator, clinician, and researcher, uses a clear, succinct writing style to inform and guide you through the full scope of dental implantology. A patient-focused approach covers surgical templates and techniques, sterilization, pharmacology, bone biology, complications, and more. A robust appendix offers handy information including insurance codes, consent forms, surgical tray set-ups, and food recipes for patients recovering from surgery.
- A practical yet comprehensive approach covers all aspects of implant dentistry from patient history to post-operative care, with minimal use of jargon, in an easy-to-read format.
- Outstanding photos help you visualize and understand patient outcomes.
- An appendix on post-operative instructions includes a unique section on delicious yet recovery-specific recipes.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front cover | cover | ||
Half title page | i | ||
Implant Dentistry | iii | ||
Copyright page | iv | ||
Preface | v | ||
Acknowledgments | vii | ||
New to this Edition | ix | ||
Outstanding photos and illustrations! | ix | ||
Keep up with the innovations, techniques, and procedures of oral implantology with these new chapters! | x | ||
Practical information for you and your patients! | xi | ||
Table of Contents | xii | ||
1 The Historical Development of Dental Implants | 1 | ||
Dentistry and Dental Implants in the Pre-Modern Era | 3 | ||
Pain Relief, Better Function, and Pretty Smiles | 3 | ||
Scientific and Technical Advancements | 3 | ||
Modern History of Implants: 1700-1900 | 5 | ||
Modern History of Implants: 1900-1980 | 5 | ||
Modern History of Implants: 1980-Present | 6 | ||
SUMMARY | 12 | ||
REFERENCES | 13 | ||
2 Basic Armamentarium for Implant Surgery | 15 | ||
Bite Block | 16 | ||
Curette | 16 | ||
Elevator | 17 | ||
Forceps | 17 | ||
Extraction Forceps | 18 | ||
Hemostat | 18 | ||
Needle Holder | 18 | ||
Periosteal Elevator | 19 | ||
Retractor | 19 | ||
Rongeurs | 20 | ||
Scalpel | 20 | ||
Scissors | 21 | ||
Tissue Forceps | 21 | ||
Suction Tips | 21 | ||
Implant Guiding System | 22 | ||
Surgical Technique | 22 | ||
SUMMARY | 25 | ||
REFERENCES | 25 | ||
3 Patient Medical History for Dental Implant Surgery | 27 | ||
Dental and Medical History Form | 28 | ||
General Information | 28 | ||
Medical History | 28 | ||
Diabetes Mellitus | 35 | ||
Blood Dyscrasias | 36 | ||
Regular Intake of Corticosteroid or Immunosuppressive Drugs | 36 | ||
Cardiovascular Ailments and Hypertension | 37 | ||
Cancer Therapies: Radiation, Chemotherapy | 38 | ||
Alcohol, Drug, and Tobacco Addiction | 39 | ||
Pregnancy, Nursing, Menstrual Conditions, Birth Control Pills/Chemicals, and Menopause | 39 | ||
Osteoporosis | 40 | ||
Dental History | 40 | ||
Patient Interview | 41 | ||
Medical Consultation | 42 | ||
SUMMARY | 42 | ||
REFERENCES | 42 | ||
4 Anatomic Considerations in Oral Implantology | 47 | ||
Bone Structures of the Oral Cavity | 48 | ||
Maxilla | 48 | ||
Mandible | 50 | ||
Sensory and Motor Innervations of the Oral Cavity | 52 | ||
The Trigeminal Nerve (V) | 52 | ||
The Facial Nerve (VII) | 54 | ||
Vasculature of the Oral Cavity | 54 | ||
The Facial Artery | 54 | ||
The Maxillary Artery | 55 | ||
The Facial Vein | 55 | ||
The Maxillary Vein | 55 | ||
SUMMARY | 56 | ||
REFERENCES | 56 | ||
5 Sterilization, Disinfection, and Asepsis in Implantology | 59 | ||
Operating Room | 60 | ||
Surgical Instrument Care | 60 | ||
Dental Team | 61 | ||
Surgical Scrub | 61 | ||
Surgical Attire | 62 | ||
Patient Preparation | 63 | ||
Preoperative Preparation | 63 | ||
Preparation of the Surgical Field | 63 | ||
SUMMARY | 63 | ||
REFERENCES | 64 | ||
6 Radiographic Modalities for Dental Implants | 67 | ||
Intraoral Films | 68 | ||
Panoramic Radiographs | 69 | ||
Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs | 71 | ||
Plain (Conventional) Tomography | 72 | ||
Computed Tomography | 72 | ||
Cone Beam CT | 73 | ||
3G: Variable and Multiple Fields of View | 77 | ||
Digital Subtraction Radiography | 77 | ||
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 79 | ||
SUMMARY | 79 | ||
REFERENCES | 80 | ||
7 Implant Surgical Templates in Implant Dentistry | 83 | ||
Surgical Templates: The Literature | 84 | ||
The Development of Surgical Templates | 84 | ||
Stability of the Surgical Template | 86 | ||
The Edentulous Maxilla/Mandible and Immediate Loading | 87 | ||
Surgical Templates: An Overview | 88 | ||
Surgical Templates for Fully Edentulous Patients | 88 | ||
Surgical Templates for Partially Edentulous Patients | 90 | ||
Method I | 91 | ||
Method II | 91 | ||
Computerized Surgical Template Systems | 91 | ||
The Compu-Guide Surgical Template System | 92 | ||
SurgiGuides: The Bone-Supported Concept | 92 | ||
NobelGuide | 93 | ||
SUMMARY | 94 | ||
REFERENCES | 94 | ||
8 Generalized Surgical Technique for Endosseous Root-Form Implants | 97 | ||
Incision Design | 98 | ||
Implant Handpiece Usage and Irrigation | 99 | ||
Preparation of the Implant Bed | 99 | ||
Postoperative Course | 99 | ||
Exposure of the Implants | 100 | ||
SUMMARY | 102 | ||
9 Wound Healing and Suturing Techniques in Dental Implant Surgery | 103 | ||
Surgical Wounds and Wound Healing | 104 | ||
Types of Wounds and Wound Healing | 104 | ||
The Wound Healing Process | 104 | ||
Hemostasis | 104 | ||
Inflammation | 105 | ||
Proliferation (Granulation) | 105 | ||
Remodeling (Maturation) | 106 | ||
Factors Affecting Wound Healing | 106 | ||
Suture Materials | 106 | ||
Types of Sutures | 106 | ||
Nonresorbable Sutures. | 107 | ||
Resorbable Sutures. | 107 | ||
Suturing Techniques | 107 | ||
Surgical Knotting Techniques | 110 | ||
Square Knot. | 111 | ||
Slip Knot. | 111 | ||
Surgeon’s Knot. | 111 | ||
SUMMARY | 111 | ||
REFERENCES | 111 | ||
10 Pharmacological Agents in Implant Dentistry | 113 | ||
Inflammatory Pain | 114 | ||
Aspirin-Like Analgesics | 114 | ||
Opioid Analgesics | 115 | ||
Glucocorticosteroids | 116 | ||
Local Anesthetics | 118 | ||
Anxiolytic Medications and Oral Conscious Sedation | 119 | ||
Documentation | 121 | ||
Equipment and Supplies | 121 | ||
Training | 122 | ||
Potential Problems and Complications | 122 | ||
Antibiotics | 122 | ||
SUMMARY | 123 | ||
REFERENCES | 123 | ||
11 Anterior Single-Tooth Implants in the Esthetic Zone | 127 | ||
Pretreatment Guidelines | 129 | ||
Soft Tissue Considerations | 129 | ||
Bone Dimension | 129 | ||
Root Morphology | 130 | ||
Site Preparation Using Osteotomes | 130 | ||
Implant Placement | 131 | ||
Flap Design | 134 | ||
Prosthetic Considerations | 135 | ||
Final Restoration | 136 | ||
Two-Stage vs. One-Stage Protocols in the Anterior Maxilla | 136 | ||
Current Two-Stage Approach to Single-Tooth Implants in the Anterior Maxilla | 136 | ||
Original Techniques and New Technologies for Implant Placement and Restoration | 138 | ||
Immediate Placement and Loading of Implants in Extraction Sites in the Esthetic Zone | 139 | ||
Discussion | 140 | ||
Case Management | 141 | ||
Summary | 142 | ||
REFERENCES | 142 | ||
12 Implant Exposure Techniques at Second-Stage Surgery | 145 | ||
General Considerations for Second-Stage Surgery | 146 | ||
Second-Stage Surgery Techniques | 147 | ||
Excisional Techniques | 148 | ||
Incisional Techniques Without Tissue Transference | 149 | ||
Incisional Techniques With Tissue Transference | 149 | ||
Summary | 150 | ||
REFERENCES | 150 | ||
13 Impression Materials, Concepts, and Techniques for Dental Implants | 153 | ||
Classification of Impression Materials | 154 | ||
Requirements for Implant Prosthetics | 154 | ||
Nonelastomeric Impression Materials | 155 | ||
Hydrocolloids | 156 | ||
Elastomeric Impression Materials | 157 | ||
Impression Technique for Osseointegrated Implants | 159 | ||
Summary | 161 | ||
REFERENCES | 161 | ||
14 Principles of Occlusion in Implant Dentistry | 163 | ||
Ideal Occlusion | 164 | ||
Balanced Occlusion | 164 | ||
Lingualized Occlusion | 165 | ||
Mutually Protected Occlusion | 166 | ||
Group Function Occlusion | 166 | ||
Different Types of Occlusal Loads | 167 | ||
Occlusal Factors Specific to Osseointegrated Implants | 168 | ||
Bruxism and Occlusion | 169 | ||
Signs of Unstable Occlusion | 169 | ||
Trial Therapy for the Bruxing Patient | 169 | ||
Occlusal Triggers to Bruxing Habits | 169 | ||
Bruxism and Contraindications for Implants | 170 | ||
SUMMARY | 170 | ||
REFERENCES | 171 | ||
15 Immediate Loading of Implants in the Edentulous Patient | 173 | ||
Introduction | 174 | ||
Immediate Extractions, Implant Placement, Grafting, and Loading | 175 | ||
Immediate Implants in Extraction Sites | 178 | ||
Immediate Loading of Implants in Extraction Sites | 178 | ||
Immediate Loading in Extraction, Implantation, and Augmented Sites | 178 | ||
The Mandible: Immediate and Early Loading Protocols | 179 | ||
The Maxilla: Immediate and Early Loading Protocols | 182 | ||
Wound Healing and Tissue Augmentation | 182 | ||
Platelet-Rich Plasma | 182 | ||
Bone Grafting Materials | 183 | ||
Membrane Barriers for Guided Tissue Regeneration | 184 | ||
Immediate Loading: Abutment Types and Rationale for Different Implant Designs | 185 | ||
General Implant Designs | 185 | ||
Implant Designs: Mandible | 186 | ||
SUMMARY | 186 | ||
REFERENCES | 186 | ||
16 Bone Biology, Osseointegration, and Bone Grafting | 193 | ||
Bone Biology | 194 | ||
Bone Cells | 194 | ||
Bone Metabolism | 194 | ||
Bone Structure | 195 | ||
Osseous Repair (Bone Modeling and Remodeling) | 197 | ||
Osseointegration | 200 | ||
Osteophyllic Phase | 200 | ||
Osteoconductive Phase | 200 | ||
Osteoadaptive Phase | 200 | ||
Biological Factors Related to Failure of Osseointegrated Oral Implants | 201 | ||
Systemic Factors | 202 | ||
Age and Genetics | 202 | ||
General Health | 202 | ||
Smoking | 202 | ||
Local Factors | 202 | ||
Bone Quality, Quantity, and Anatomical Location | 202 | ||
Radiation Therapy | 202 | ||
Operator-Related Factors | 203 | ||
Operator Experience | 203 | ||
Operator Technique (surgical trauma, bacterial contamination) | 203 | ||
Operator Policy | 203 | ||
Autogenous Bone Graft Techniques | 203 | ||
Sinus Augmentation Procedures | 203 | ||
Maxillary Sinus Anatomy | 203 | ||
Bone Grafting Materials | 204 | ||
Surgical Techniques | 206 | ||
Intraoperative Bleeding | 206 | ||
Grafting Procedure | 206 | ||
Nasal Floor and Block Grafts for Premaxilla Augmentation | 206 | ||
SUMMARY | 208 | ||
REFERENCES | 208 | ||
17 Considerations for Implants in the Geriatric Patient | 213 | ||
Age-related Considerations | 214 | ||
Discussion | 215 | ||
SUMMARY | 216 | ||
REFERENCES | 217 | ||
18 Peri-implantitis: | 219 | ||
Soft Tissue–implant Interface | 220 | ||
Normal Flora within the Oral Cavity | 221 | ||
Development of Subgingival Microflora Around Dental Implants | 222 | ||
Prevention of Peri-implantitis | 224 | ||
Patient Home Care | 224 | ||
Follow-up Treatment | 225 | ||
Diagnosis of Peri-implantitis | 225 | ||
Treating the Ailing and Failing Implant | 226 | ||
SUMMARY | 228 | ||
REFERENCES | 228 | ||
19 Guidelines for Handling Complications Associated With Implant Surgical Procedures | 231 | ||
Postsurgical Complications | 232 | ||
Chronic Pain | 232 | ||
Altered/Lost Sensation | 232 | ||
Persistent Edema | 233 | ||
Hemorrhage/Hematoma | 233 | ||
Peri-implant Complications | 234 | ||
Soft Tissue Compromise (Peri-implant Mucositis) | 234 | ||
Peri-implant Infections (Peri-implantitis) | 234 | ||
Peri-implant Bone Loss | 235 | ||
Damage to Adjacent Teeth | 236 | ||
Retention of Excess Cement | 236 | ||
Important Surgical Complications | 237 | ||
With Split-Ridge Techniques | 237 | ||
With Inferior Alveolar Nerve Repositioning | 237 | ||
Sinus Membrane Perforations | 238 | ||
Fractured Mandible | 238 | ||
Tool/Component Aspirations | 239 | ||
Mechanical Complications | 239 | ||
Screw Loosening/Fracture | 239 | ||
Implant Fracture | 240 | ||
Esthetic/Prosthetic Complications | 241 | ||
Gingival Recession | 241 | ||
Improper Implant Positioning/Alignment | 241 | ||
Fractured Prostheses | 242 | ||
SUMMARY | 242 | ||
REFERENCES | 243 | ||
Glossary | 245 | ||
A | 245 | ||
B | 248 | ||
C | 251 | ||
D | 254 | ||
E | 256 | ||
F | 258 | ||
G | 260 | ||
H | 261 | ||
I | 262 | ||
J | 266 | ||
K | 266 | ||
L | 266 | ||
M | 267 | ||
O | 270 | ||
P | 272 | ||
Q | 276 | ||
R | 276 | ||
S | 278 | ||
T | 282 | ||
U | 284 | ||
V | 284 | ||
W | 285 | ||
X | 285 | ||
Y | 285 | ||
Z | 285 | ||
appendix A Useful Dental Codes for Dental Implant Surgery and Related Procedures | 287 | ||
4265 biologic materials to aid in soft and osseous tissue regeneration | 287 | ||
4266 guided tissue regeneration—resorbable barrier, per site | 287 | ||
4273 subepithelial connective tissue graft procedures, per tooth | 287 | ||
6010 surgical placement of implant body: endosteal implant | 287 | ||
6040 surgical placement: eposteal implant | 288 | ||
6050 surgical placement: transosteal implant | 288 | ||
6080 implant maintenance procedures, including removal of prosthesis, cleansing of prosthesis and abutments, and reinsertion of prosthesis | 288 | ||
6090 repair implant supported prosthesis, by report | 288 | ||
6095 repair implant abutment, by report | 288 | ||
6100 implant removal, by report | 288 | ||
6190 radiographic/surgical implant index, by report | 288 | ||
6199 unspecified implant procedure, by report | 288 | ||
7941 osteotomy—mandibular rami | 288 | ||
7943 osteotomy—mandibular rami with bone graft; includes obtaining the graft | 288 | ||
7944 osteotomy—segmented or subapical—per sextant or quadrant | 288 | ||
7945 osteotomy—body of mandible | 288 | ||
7250 surgical removal of residual tooth roots (cutting procedure) | 288 | ||
7950 osseous, osteoperiosteal, or cartilage graft of the mandible or facial bones—autogenous or nonautogenous, by report | 288 | ||
7953 bone replacement graft for ridge preservation—per site | 288 | ||
7995 synthetic graft—mandible or facial bones, by report | 289 | ||
7996 implant-mandible for augmentation purposes (excluding alveolar ridge), by report | 289 | ||
7999 unspecified oral surgery procedure, by report | 289 | ||
9230 analgesia, anxiolysis, inhalation of nitrous oxide | 289 | ||
9241 intravenous conscious sedation/analgesia—first 30 minutes | 289 | ||
9242 intravenous conscious sedation/analgesia—each additional 15 minutes | 289 | ||
9248 non-intravenous conscious sedation | 289 | ||
Useful Codes for Dental Implant Prosthetics and Related Procedures | 289 | ||
6053 implant/abutment-supported removable denture for completely edentulous arch | 289 | ||
6054 implant/abutment-supported removable denture for partially edentulous arch | 289 | ||
6055 dental implant supported connecting bar | 289 | ||
6056 prefabricated abutment—includes placement | 289 | ||
6057 custom abutment—includes placement | 289 | ||
6058 abutment-supported porcelain/ceramic crown | 289 | ||
6059 abutment-supported porcelain fused to metal crown (high noble metal) | 289 | ||
6060 abutment-supported porcelain fused to metal crown (predominantly base metal) | 290 | ||
6061 abutment-supported porcelain fused to metal crown (noble metal) | 290 | ||
6062 abutment-supported cast metal crown (high noble metal) | 290 | ||
6063 abutment-supported cast metal crown (predominantly base metal) | 290 | ||
6064 abutment-supported cast metal crown (noble metal) | 290 | ||
6094 abutment-supported crown—(titanium) | 290 | ||
6065 implant-supported porcelain/ceramic crown | 290 | ||
6066 implant-supported porcelain fused to metal crown (titanium, titanium alloy, high noble metal) | 290 | ||
6067 implant-supported metal crown (titanium, titanium alloy, high noble metal) | 290 | ||
6068 abutment-supported retainer for porcelain/ceramic FPD | 290 | ||
6069 abutment-supported retainer for porcelain fused to metal FPD (high noble metal) | 290 | ||
6070 abutment-supported retainer for porcelain fused to metal FPD (predominantly base metal) | 290 | ||
6071 abutment-supported retainer for porcelain fused to metal FPD (noble metal) | 290 | ||
6072 abutment-supported retainer for cast metal FPD (high noble metal) | 291 | ||
6073 abutment-supported retainer for cast metal FPD (predominantly base metal) | 291 | ||
6074 abutment-supported retainer for cast metal FPD (noble metal) | 291 | ||
6194 abutment-supported retainer crown for FPD—(titanium) | 291 | ||
6075 implant-supported retainer for ceramic FPD | 291 | ||
6076 implant-supported retainer for porcelain fused to metal FPD (titanium, titanium alloy, or high noble metal) | 291 | ||
6077 implant-supported retainer for cast metal FPD (titanium, titanium alloy, or high noble metal) | 291 | ||
6078 implant/abutment-supported fixed denture for completely edentulous arch | 291 | ||
6079 implant/abutment-supported fixed denture for partially edentulous arch | 291 | ||
appendix B Consent Form: Dental Implant(s) | 293 | ||
Part 1—Patient and Doctor Information | 293 | ||
Part 2—Details of Consent | 293 | ||
Condition | 293 | ||
Procedure—Dental Implant | 293 | ||
Alternatives | 294 | ||
Consequences of not Having Procedure Performed | 294 | ||
Other Procedures | 294 | ||
Risks | 294 | ||
Drugs, Medications, and Anesthesia | 295 | ||
Implant Database | 295 | ||
No guarantee | 295 | ||
Part 3—My Responsibility | 295 | ||
Part 4—Miscellaneous | 296 | ||
Photography | 296 | ||
Fees | 296 | ||
Part 5—Signature | 296 | ||
Understanding | 296 | ||
appendix C Surgical Trays | 297 | ||
Extraction Setup Kits and Instruments | 297 | ||
Additional Instruments | 297 | ||
Ridge Preservation Setup | 298 | ||
Implant Surgical Setup | 298 | ||
Soft Tissue Grafting Setup | 298 | ||
Sinus Grafting Setup | 298 | ||
Ridge Splitting Setup | 298 | ||
Postoperative Setup | 299 | ||
Possible Infection or Dry Socket Setup | 299 | ||
appendix D Postoperative Instructions and Menus for Patients of Implant Surgery | 301 | ||
Section 1. Easy Postoperative Care | 301 | ||
Bleeding, Pain, and Swelling | 301 | ||
Immediately After Surgery | 301 | ||
Bleeding | 301 | ||
Swelling | 301 | ||
Pain | 302 | ||
Cold Then Warm | 302 | ||
Ongoing Oral Hygiene | 302 | ||
Diet | 302 | ||
Maintain Proper Diet | 302 | ||
Wearing Your Prosthesis | 302 | ||
Activity | 302 | ||
Postop Care Recap | 302 | ||
Section 2. The First 24 Hours | 303 | ||
BEVERAGES | 303 | ||
MAIN COURSES | 305 | ||
DESSERTS | 307 | ||
Section 3. Days 2-5 | 308 | ||
BEVERAGES | 308 | ||
BREAKFAST | 309 | ||
SOUPS | 310 | ||
LUNCH AND DINNER | 312 | ||
DESSERTS | 313 | ||
Section 4. Days 6 to 14 | 314 | ||
MAIN COURSES | 314 | ||
Day 14 and Beyond | 317 | ||
Fitness 101 | 317 | ||
Five Pillars of Fitness | 317 | ||
Strength | 317 | ||
Push-Ups | 317 | ||
Crunches | 317 | ||
Squats | 318 | ||
Lunges | 318 | ||
Leg Lift | 318 | ||
Lifestyle Activities That Encourage Strength: Weightlifting, Swimming, Rowing | 318 | ||
Agility | 318 | ||
Shuttle Run | 318 | ||
Ski Hops | 318 | ||
Broad Jump | 318 | ||
One-Foot Balance | 319 | ||
Figure 8 Pattern | 319 | ||
Lifestyle Activities That Encourage Agility: Soccer, Football, Tennis, Badminton, Basketball | 319 | ||
Flexibility | 319 | ||
Toe Touch | 319 | ||
Chest Lift | 319 | ||
Shoulder Roll | 319 | ||
Knee Hug | 319 | ||
Side Stretch | 320 | ||
Lifestyle Activities That Encourage Flexibility: Yoga, Tai Chi, Dance/Ballet, Stretching | 320 | ||
Cardiovascular | 320 | ||
Jumping Rope | 320 | ||
Swimming | 320 | ||
Fast Walking | 320 | ||
Squash/Tennis | 320 | ||
Walking Stairs | 321 | ||
Lifestyle Activities That Encourage Cardio Development: Cycling, Running/Jogging, Boxing, Soccer, Dancing Vigorously, Trampoline Jumping, Gym Activities—Treadmill and Elliptical, As Well As Tennis and Squash, of Course | 321 | ||
Endurance | 321 | ||
Lifestyle Activities That Encourage Endurance: Swimming, Bicycling, Walking Briskly, Tennis, Volleyball, Rowing, Dancing, Climbing Stairs or Hills, Skiing, Hiking, Jogging | 321 | ||
ABCs of Vitamins and Nutrition | 321 | ||
Vitamin A | 321 | ||
Vitamin B1 | 321 | ||
Vitamin B2 | 321 | ||
Vitamin B3 | 321 | ||
Vitamin B4 | 322 | ||
Vitamin B5 | 322 | ||
Vitamin B6 | 322 | ||
Vitamin B9 | 322 | ||
Vitamin B12 | 322 | ||
Vitamin C | 322 | ||
Vitamin D | 322 | ||
Vitamin E | 322 | ||
Vitamin K | 322 | ||
Top 5 Minerals | 322 | ||
5. Potassium | 322 | ||
4. Iron | 322 | ||
3. Sodium | 322 | ||
2. Zinc | 323 | ||
1. Calcium | 323 | ||
Balanced Diet | 323 | ||
Protein Power | 323 | ||
Four Tips for a Protein-Packed Day | 323 | ||
Index | 325 | ||
A | 325 | ||
B | 326 | ||
C | 327 | ||
D | 328 | ||
E | 329 | ||
F | 330 | ||
G | 330 | ||
H | 330 | ||
I | 331 | ||
J | 331 | ||
K | 331 | ||
L | 332 | ||
M | 332 | ||
N | 333 | ||
O | 333 | ||
P | 334 | ||
R | 335 | ||
S | 336 | ||
T | 337 | ||
U | 338 | ||
V | 338 | ||
W | 338 | ||
X | 338 | ||
Y | 338 | ||
Z | 338 |