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Book Details
Abstract
A practical reference for the general veterinary clinician, Small Animal Pediatrics: The First 12 Months of Life compiles into a single location the latest information in the rapidly developing field of canine and feline pediatrics. Editors Michael Peterson, DVM, MS, and Michelle Kutzler, DVM, PhD, DACT are joined by more than 40 expert contributors in providing coverage from prenatal care to one year of age. For ease of use, the text is divided into four sections. A General Considerations section opens the book by covering prenatal care of the bitch and queen, birth, normal physical examinations, growth, husbandry, nutrition, care of orphans, neonatal mortality, behavior, emergency and critical care, and immunology. The second section, Common Infectious Diseases, covers bacterial, viral, fungal, rickettsial, and parasitic infections. The third section describes diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to the young patient including radiology, ultrasound, aesthetic and surgical considerations, pain management, pharmacology, and clinical pathology. Finally, the fourth section covers a variety of organ systems with discussions on normal development, congenital conditions, and acquired diseases. The text also includes information that is usually difficult to find, including a pediatric formulary, care of orphan puppies, clinical pathology values, prenatal care, and normal growth and development guidelines. This book will be a significant asset to any veterinary library!
- Offers a practical, clinically oriented resource for the unique diagnostic and treatment challenges posed by pediatric and juvenile animal patients.
- Includes comprehensive coverage of all special problems encountered in pet management from birth through the first 12 months of life.
- Provides clear, step-by-step guidelines for important clinical procedures and techniques for the most vulnerable of small animal patients.
- Covers procedures such as intraosseous catheterization and fluid therapy, venipuncture, and tube feeding.
- Includes guidelines for designing and implementing a successful pediatric wellness program tailored to your own practice.
- Discusses infectious diseases in young animals, zoonotic potential, and human public health concerns.
- Provides key new information on puppy and kitten behavioral development including guidance for prevention and intervention for problem behaviors, the leading cause of pet euthanasia.
- Includes guidelines for kennel and cattery health management as well as shelter medicine health considerations.
- Discusses controversial health and ethical issues in veterinary pediatrics, such as ear cropping, tail docking, declawing, and early spay/neuter surgery (including both pro and con positions).
- Includes the latest recommendations for nutritional care of healthy and "special needs" puppies and kittens as well as the post-parturient and nursing dam.
- Offers an easy-to-use, well-organized format for quick and easy access to the most relevant information.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Small Animal Pediatrics | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
| Table of Contents | xv | ||
| I General Considerations | 1 | ||
| 1 Prenatal Care of the Bitch and Queen | 1 | ||
| Prebreeding Examination | 1 | ||
| Nutrition | 3 | ||
| Parasite Control | 3 | ||
| Birth Defects | 4 | ||
| The Pregnancy Confirmation Visit | 5 | ||
| The Prenatal Examination | 7 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 10 | ||
| 2 Birth and the First 24 Hours | 11 | ||
| Parturition | 11 | ||
| Natural Birth | 11 | ||
| Assistance in Natural Delivery | 11 | ||
| Cesarean Section | 12 | ||
| Neonatal Resuscitation after Cesarean Section | 13 | ||
| Extensive Resuscitation Measures | 13 | ||
| Respiratory System | 14 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 14 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 14 | ||
| Digestive System | 15 | ||
| Neonatal Nutrition/Colostrum Supplementation Guidelines | 15 | ||
| Colostrum | 15 | ||
| Weight Gain | 15 | ||
| Bottle or Tube Feeding | 16 | ||
| Immune System | 16 | ||
| Drug Metabolism | 17 | ||
| Examination of a Sick Neonate | 17 | ||
| Three Main Symptoms of Illness in Neonates | 17 | ||
| Hypothermia | 17 | ||
| Dehydration | 18 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 18 | ||
| Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Cats | 18 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 19 | ||
| 3 History and Physical Examination of the Neonate | 20 | ||
| Collecting a Comprehensive History | 20 | ||
| Duration of Illness | 20 | ||
| Clinical Signs Noted by the Owner | 20 | ||
| Number Affected in the Litter | 20 | ||
| Treatments Provided | 20 | ||
| History of the Dam | 20 | ||
| Colostrum Ingestion | 20 | ||
| Birth Weight and Changes in Body Weight | 21 | ||
| Physical Examination | 21 | ||
| Apgar Scoring | 21 | ||
| Body Temperature | 21 | ||
| Hydration Status | 22 | ||
| Behavior/Mentation | 22 | ||
| Sensory Organs | 22 | ||
| Neurologic System and Calvaria | 23 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 23 | ||
| Respiratory System | 23 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract/Abdomen | 24 | ||
| Skin and Haircoat | 24 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 24 | ||
| Reproductive Tract | 24 | ||
| Sample Collection | 24 | ||
| Collection of Blood | 24 | ||
| Collection of Urine | 25 | ||
| Interpretation of Laboratory Results | 25 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 25 | ||
| Chemistry Profile | 25 | ||
| Urinalysis | 25 | ||
| Coagulation Testing | 27 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 27 | ||
| 4 History and Physical Examination of the Weanling and Adolescent | 28 | ||
| Collecting a Comprehensive History | 28 | ||
| Duration of Illness | 28 | ||
| Clinical Signs Noted by the Owner | 28 | ||
| Number Affected in the Litter | 28 | ||
| Treatments Provided | 28 | ||
| History of the Dam | 29 | ||
| Colostrum Ingestion/Immunity | 29 | ||
| Changes in Body Weight | 29 | ||
| Physical Examination | 29 | ||
| Apgar Scoring | 29 | ||
| Body Temperature | 29 | ||
| Hydration Status | 29 | ||
| Behavior/Mentation | 29 | ||
| Sensory Organs | 29 | ||
| Neurologic System and Calvaria | 30 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 30 | ||
| Respiratory System | 30 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract/Abdomen | 30 | ||
| Skin and Haircoat | 31 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 31 | ||
| Reproductive Tract | 31 | ||
| Sample Collection | 31 | ||
| Collection of Blood | 31 | ||
| Interpretation of Laboratory Results | 32 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 32 | ||
| Chemistry Profile | 32 | ||
| Urinalysis | 33 | ||
| Testing for Hereditary Disorders | 33 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 33 | ||
| 5 Growth | 34 | ||
| Failure to Grow* | 40 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 43 | ||
| 6 Husbandry of the Neonate | 44 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 44 | ||
| Regulation of Carbohydrates | 45 | ||
| Hepatic and Renal Considerations | 46 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Competence (see Chapters 32 and 34) | 47 | ||
| Nervous System (see Chapter 40) | 47 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System (see Chapter 36) | 47 | ||
| Immune System (see Chapter 14) | 47 | ||
| Antibiotics, Drugs, and Neonatal Animals (see Chapter 27) | 48 | ||
| Vaccinations (see Chapter 14) | 50 | ||
| Fading Puppies (see Chapter 11) | 51 | ||
| Nutritional Considerations (see Chapters 8 and 44) | 52 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 52 | ||
| 7 Standards of Care in Pediatrics | 53 | ||
| Importance of Standards of Care | 53 | ||
| Establishing Standards of Care and Protocols | 53 | ||
| The First Pediatric Visit | 54 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 54 | ||
| Physical Examination | 55 | ||
| Vaccination and Deworming | 55 | ||
| Topics of Discussion | 57 | ||
| Subsequent Pediatric Visits | 57 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 57 | ||
| 8 Nutritional Requirements and Feeding of Growing Puppies and Kittens | 58 | ||
| Neonate Digestion | 58 | ||
| Milk Contents | 58 | ||
| Milk Replacer Requirements | 58 | ||
| Transitional Diet | 59 | ||
| American Feed Control Officials | 59 | ||
| Specific Nutrients | 62 | ||
| Dietary Excesses | 62 | ||
| Controlling Intake | 63 | ||
| Expected Weight Gain | 63 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 66 | ||
| 9 Care of the Orphaned Puppy and Kitten | 67 | ||
| Fostering | 67 | ||
| Hand Rearing | 67 | ||
| Environmental Control | 67 | ||
| Feeding | 69 | ||
| Monitoring Growth | 71 | ||
| Weaning or Introducing Solid Food | 72 | ||
| Socialization | 72 | ||
| Passive Transfer Failure | 72 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 72 | ||
| 10 Emergency and Critical Care Issues | 73 | ||
| Initial Examination and Catheterization | 73 | ||
| Fluid Requirements | 73 | ||
| Laboratory Values (See Chapter 30) | 74 | ||
| Hypovolemia and Dehydration | 76 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 76 | ||
| Head Trauma | 77 | ||
| Sepsis | 77 | ||
| Respiratory Distress of the Newborn | 78 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation | 79 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 80 | ||
| Asystole and Pulseless Electrical Activity | 80 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia | 80 | ||
| Ventricular Fibrillation | 80 | ||
| Conclusion | 80 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 81 | ||
| 11 Neonatal Mortality | 82 | ||
| Owner Issues | 83 | ||
| Stud Issues | 83 | ||
| Environmental Issues | 83 | ||
| Nutritional Issues | 84 | ||
| Maternal Issues | 85 | ||
| Neonatal Issues | 86 | ||
| Infectious Issues | 87 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 87 | ||
| 12 Feline Behavioral Development | 88 | ||
| Prenatal Factors | 88 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Stressed/Undernourished Queen | 89 | ||
| Early Development | 89 | ||
| Nursing | 91 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Kneading | 91 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Nonproductive Sucking | 91 | ||
| Weaning | 91 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Early Weaning/Hand-Raising | 92 | ||
| Play | 92 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Interspecies Play | 93 | ||
| Social Development | 93 | ||
| Socialization | 94 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Sensitive Period | 94 | ||
| Predatory Behavior | 94 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Predatory Aggression | 95 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Hunting | 95 | ||
| Elimination | 95 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Inappropriate Elimination | 95 | ||
| Sexual Behavior | 95 | ||
| Clinical Implications: Sexual Behavior | 96 | ||
| Learning | 96 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 96 | ||
| 13 Canine Behavioral Development | 97 | ||
| Complexity of Early Environment | 97 | ||
| Effect of Neonatal Stress | 97 | ||
| Sensitive Periods of Development | 97 | ||
| Fetal Period (Up to Birth) | 98 | ||
| Neonatal Period (0 Days to 10 Days) | 98 | ||
| Transition Period (11 Days to 21 Days) | 98 | ||
| Socialization Period (4 to 12 or 14 Weeks) | 99 | ||
| Fear Period (8 to 10 or More Weeks) | 99 | ||
| Juvenile Period (3 Months to Puberty) | 100 | ||
| Further Fear Periods (3-Week Duration, Between 4 and 11 Months) | 100 | ||
| Adolescent Period | 100 | ||
| Problem Prevention | 100 | ||
| Complex Early Environment | 100 | ||
| Socialization | 101 | ||
| Managing for Success | 101 | ||
| Crate Training | 101 | ||
| House Training | 101 | ||
| Exercise | 101 | ||
| Environment Enrichment | 101 | ||
| Consistent Rules | 102 | ||
| Training to Control | 102 | ||
| Leash Training | 102 | ||
| Preventing Jumping Up on People | 102 | ||
| The “Off” Command (Leave-It and Drop-It) | 102 | ||
| Bite Inhibition | 102 | ||
| Desensitization and Counter-Conditioning | 102 | ||
| Alone Training: Preventing Separation Anxiety | 103 | ||
| Aversive Techniques | 103 | ||
| Puppy Tests | 103 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 103 | ||
| 14 Immunologic Development and Immunization | 104 | ||
| Overview of Immunity of the Puppy and Kitten | 104 | ||
| Puppies | 104 | ||
| Kittens | 105 | ||
| Concepts of Maternal Immunity and Temporary Pregnancy-Associated Immune Suppression | 106 | ||
| Monitoring Maternal Passive Immunity | 107 | ||
| Puppies | 107 | ||
| Kittens | 108 | ||
| Age-Appropriate Vaccination for Puppies and Kittens | 109 | ||
| Adverse Reactions Associated with Vaccination | 110 | ||
| Monitoring the Immune Response with Antibody Titers | 111 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 112 | ||
| II Common Infectious Diseases in Puppies and Kittens | 113 | ||
| 15 Bacterial Infections | 113 | ||
| Role of Bacteria in Juvenile Small Animal Disease | 113 | ||
| Classification of Bacteria | 113 | ||
| Working with a Diagnostic Microbiologist | 113 | ||
| Systemic Infections | 113 | ||
| General Neonatal Septicemia and Bacteremia | 113 | ||
| Respiratory Infections: Puppies | 115 | ||
| Bordetella bronchiseptica | 115 | ||
| Respiratory and Ocular Infections: Kittens | 116 | ||
| Bacterial Urogenital Infections | 116 | ||
| Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 117 | ||
| Salmonella enterica | 117 | ||
| Campylobacter jejuni | 117 | ||
| Clostridium perfringens | 117 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to Diarrhea | 117 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 118 | ||
| 16 Viral Infections | 119 | ||
| Specific Viral Diseases of Pediatric Canine Patients | 120 | ||
| Canine Parvoviruses (CPV-2, CPV-1) | 120 | ||
| CPV-2 | 120 | ||
| CPV-1 | 121 | ||
| Canine Distemper Virus | 121 | ||
| Canine Adenoviruses | 122 | ||
| Canine Herpesvirus | 122 | ||
| Canine Coronavirus | 123 | ||
| Specific Viral Diseases of Pediatric Feline Patients | 124 | ||
| Feline Herpesvirus | 124 | ||
| Feline Calicivirus | 124 | ||
| Feline Panleukopenia | 125 | ||
| Feline Coronavirus | 126 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus | 126 | ||
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus | 127 | ||
| Interspecies Viral Spread Between Dogs and Cats | 127 | ||
| Fading Puppy and Kitten Syndromes | 128 | ||
| Emerging Viruses to Watch | 128 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 128 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 128 | ||
| 17 Fungal Infections | 130 | ||
| Cutaneous Fungal Infections | 130 | ||
| Dermatophytes | 130 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 130 | ||
| Diagnosis | 131 | ||
| Wood’s lamp | 131 | ||
| Direct hair examination (microscopic) | 131 | ||
| Fungal culture | 131 | ||
| Biopsy—histopathological examination | 132 | ||
| Treatment | 132 | ||
| Hair clipping | 132 | ||
| Topical treatment | 132 | ||
| Systemic treatment | 133 | ||
| Vaccines | 133 | ||
| Environmental Control | 133 | ||
| Prevention | 134 | ||
| Zoonotic Potential | 134 | ||
| Malasseziasis (Malassezia Dermatitis) | 134 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 134 | ||
| Diagnosis | 134 | ||
| Treatment | 134 | ||
| Zoonotic Potential | 135 | ||
| Systemic Fungal Infections | 135 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 135 | ||
| III Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches to the Pediatric Patient | 169 | ||
| 21 Radiographic Considerations of the Young Patient | 169 | ||
| Radiographic Techniques | 169 | ||
| Progressive Puppy Skeletal Ossification and Growth | 170 | ||
| 3-Day-Old Puppy | 170 | ||
| 12-Day-Old Puppy | 172 | ||
| 26-Day-Old Puppy | 173 | ||
| 34-Day-Old Puppy | 173 | ||
| 42-Day-Old Puppy | 175 | ||
| 49-Day-Old Puppy | 176 | ||
| 55-Day-Old Puppy | 176 | ||
| 62-Day-Old Puppy | 177 | ||
| Anatomic Appearance | 179 | ||
| Thorax | 179 | ||
| Abdomen | 182 | ||
| Skeletal System | 184 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 191 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 191 | ||
| 22 Ultrasonography of the Young Patient | 192 | ||
| Equipment | 192 | ||
| Preparation | 192 | ||
| The Normal Abdomen | 193 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Disease | 196 | ||
| Acquired Gastrointestinal Disorders | 196 | ||
| Gastroenterocolitis | 196 | ||
| Intussusception | 197 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 197 | ||
| Congenital Gastrointestinal Disorders | 197 | ||
| Congenital Body Wall Evisceration (Celosomy) | 198 | ||
| Congenital Portosystemic Shunts | 198 | ||
| Traumatic Disorders | 198 | ||
| Genitourinary Disease | 199 | ||
| Acquired Disorders of the Genitourinary System | 199 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infection | 199 | ||
| Urolithiasis | 199 | ||
| Renal Toxicity | 199 | ||
| Congenital Disorders of the Genitourinary System | 200 | ||
| Renal Agenesis | 200 | ||
| Renal Dysplasia | 200 | ||
| Ectopic Ureter | 200 | ||
| Ureterocele | 200 | ||
| Patent Urachus | 201 | ||
| Cryptorchidism | 201 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 201 | ||
| 23 Anesthesia in the Pediatric Patient | 202 | ||
| Physiologic and Pharmacologic Considerations for Pediatric Animals during Anesthesia | 202 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 202 | ||
| Respiratory System | 203 | ||
| Hepatic and Renal System | 203 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 203 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 204 | ||
| Anesthetic Options for Pediatric Patients | 204 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations | 204 | ||
| Premedication | 204 | ||
| Catheter Placement | 205 | ||
| Induction | 205 | ||
| Anesthesia Maintenance | 206 | ||
| Analgesia | 207 | ||
| Recovery | 207 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 208 | ||
| 24 Surgical Considerations in the Young Patient | 209 | ||
| Preparation of the Patient for Surgery | 209 | ||
| Intraoperative Considerations | 209 | ||
| Postoperative Considerations | 210 | ||
| Elective Gonadectomy | 210 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 211 | ||
| 25 Pediatric Fracture Management | 212 | ||
| Fracture Assessment Score | 212 | ||
| Physeal Fractures | 214 | ||
| Principles of Repair | 214 | ||
| Closed | 214 | ||
| Open | 215 | ||
| External Coaptation | 215 | ||
| Indications/contraindications | 216 | ||
| Complications and cast management | 217 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 219 | ||
| 26 Pain Assessment and Management | 220 | ||
| Physiology and Development | 220 | ||
| Development of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems | 220 | ||
| Drug Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion | 220 | ||
| Development of the Spinal Cord, Pain Receptors, and Pain Recognition | 222 | ||
| Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain in Neonates | 222 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Pain | 222 | ||
| Physiologic Changes and Responses to Pain | 223 | ||
| Pain Assessment in Neonates | 224 | ||
| Pain Control | 224 | ||
| Sedatives | 224 | ||
| Acepromazine | 224 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 224 | ||
| Alpha-2 Agonists | 225 | ||
| Opiates | 226 | ||
| Mu Receptor Agonists | 226 | ||
| Morphine | 226 | ||
| Oxymorphone | 226 | ||
| Hydromorphone | 226 | ||
| Fentanyl | 226 | ||
| Meperidine | 227 | ||
| Methadone | 227 | ||
| Partial Mu Receptor Agonists: Buprenorphine | 227 | ||
| Agonist-Antagonists | 227 | ||
| Butorphanol | 227 | ||
| Nalbuphine | 227 | ||
| Nalorphine | 227 | ||
| Pentazocine | 227 | ||
| Mu Receptor Antagonists | 227 | ||
| Ketamine | 227 | ||
| Gabapentin | 228 | ||
| Tramadol | 228 | ||
| Steroids and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 228 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 228 | ||
| Carprofen | 228 | ||
| Deracoxib | 228 | ||
| Etodolac | 229 | ||
| Firocoxib | 229 | ||
| Flunixin meglumine | 229 | ||
| Ketoprofen | 229 | ||
| Meloxicam | 229 | ||
| Tepoxalin | 229 | ||
| Glucocorticoid Steroids | 230 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Techniques | 230 | ||
| Epidural | 230 | ||
| Infiltration of Local Anesthetics | 231 | ||
| Topical Local Anesthesia | 231 | ||
| Creams | 231 | ||
| Lidocaine Patches | 231 | ||
| Alternative Approaches to Pain Therapy | 231 | ||
| Cryotherapy | 231 | ||
| Acupuncture | 231 | ||
| Conclusion | 232 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 232 | ||
| 27 Pharmacologic Considerations in the Young Patient | 233 | ||
| Drug Absorption | 233 | ||
| Transplacental Transfer | 233 | ||
| Transfer from Milk | 233 | ||
| Oral Absorption | 233 | ||
| Absorption from Extravascular Sites | 234 | ||
| Drug Distribution | 235 | ||
| Elimination | 235 | ||
| Drug Responses | 236 | ||
| Analgesia | 236 | ||
| Antibiotics | 236 | ||
| Formulary | 236 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 243 | ||
| 28 Toxicologic Considerations in the Young Patient**Some sections of this chapter are modified from Peterson ME, Talcott PA: Small animal toxicology, ed 2, St Louis, 2006, Saunders/Elsevier. | 244 | ||
| Relevant Physiologic Differences in Pediatric Patients Relative to Adults | 244 | ||
| Maternal Transfer of Toxin | 246 | ||
| Management of Toxicosis | 246 | ||
| Toxicologic History | 246 | ||
| Decontamination Procedures | 246 | ||
| Induction of Emesis | 247 | ||
| Gastric Lavage | 248 | ||
| Single-Dose Activated Charcoal | 248 | ||
| Multiple-Dose Activated Charcoal | 248 | ||
| Cathartic | 248 | ||
| Whole Bowel Irrigation | 248 | ||
| Manual Removal | 249 | ||
| Most Common Inquiries to Poison Centers for Pediatric Patients | 249 | ||
| Rodenticides | 249 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 249 | ||
| Antidepressants | 249 | ||
| Herbicides | 250 | ||
| Mushrooms | 250 | ||
| Silica Gel | 250 | ||
| Home Cleaning Products | 250 | ||
| Methylxanthines (Chocolate) | 250 | ||
| Amphetamines | 250 | ||
| Birth Control Pills | 250 | ||
| Flea Products | 250 | ||
| Calcium Oxalate Plants | 250 | ||
| Liquid Potpourri | 251 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 251 | ||
| 29 Effective Use of A Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory | 252 | ||
| Getting Started | 252 | ||
| Arrival at the Diagnostic Laboratory | 253 | ||
| Pitfalls | 253 | ||
| Reporting | 258 | ||
| Conclusion | 258 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 258 | ||
| 30 Clinical Chemistry of the Puppy and Kitten | 259 | ||
| Glucose | 259 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 259 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 260 | ||
| Protein | 261 | ||
| Albumin | 261 | ||
| Globulins | 261 | ||
| Hypoproteinemia | 263 | ||
| Hyperproteinemia | 264 | ||
| Lipids | 264 | ||
| Hypolipidemia | 265 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 265 | ||
| Liver | 266 | ||
| Alanine Aminotransferase | 266 | ||
| Glutamate Dehydrogenase | 266 | ||
| Alkaline Phosphatase | 266 | ||
| γ-Glutamyltransferase | 267 | ||
| Aspartate Aminotransferase | 267 | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | 267 | ||
| Bilirubin | 268 | ||
| Muscle | 268 | ||
| Creatine Kinase | 268 | ||
| Exocrine Pancreas | 268 | ||
| Amylase | 269 | ||
| Lipase | 269 | ||
| Trypsinogen | 269 | ||
| Decreased Pancreatic Enzyme Activity | 269 | ||
| Increased Pancreatic Enzyme Activity | 269 | ||
| Renal Parameters | 269 | ||
| Urea Nitrogen/Blood Urea Nitrogen | 269 | ||
| Decreased BUN | 270 | ||
| Increased BUN | 270 | ||
| Creatinine | 270 | ||
| Decreased Creatinine | 271 | ||
| Increased Creatinine | 271 | ||
| Minerals | 271 | ||
| Calcium | 271 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 271 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 272 | ||
| Phosphorus | 272 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 272 | ||
| Hyperphosphatemia | 273 | ||
| Magnesium | 273 | ||
| Electrolytes | 273 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalances | 274 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 274 | ||
| 31 Postmortem Examination of the Puppy and Kitten | 276 | ||
| Why do a Postmortem Examination? | 276 | ||
| What Comprises a Postmortem Examination? | 276 | ||
| Who Performs Postmortem Examinations? | 276 | ||
| Puppy and Kitten Losses and Common Causes | 276 | ||
| The Postmortem Examination | 277 | ||
| Submission to a Diagnostic Laboratory | 277 | ||
| Shipping of the Entire Animal | 277 | ||
| Communication with the Diagnostic Laboratory | 277 | ||
| Postmortem Examination at the Clinic | 278 | ||
| Setting up for a Necropsy | 279 | ||
| Complete Necropsy | 281 | ||
| Partial Necropsy | 281 | ||
| Sample Collection and Data Recording | 281 | ||
| Abortions, stillbirth, and perinatal puppies and kittens up to 24 hours of age | 283 | ||
| Neonatal, preweaning, and postweaning puppies and kittens | 283 | ||
| Packaging and Shipping | 287 | ||
| Disposal of Remains | 287 | ||
| Conclusion | 287 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 287 | ||
| IV Systematic Clinical Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Conditions | 289 | ||
| 32 The Cardiovascular System | 289 | ||
| Fetal Circulation | 289 | ||
| Development of the Cardiovascular System | 289 | ||
| Prevalence | 290 | ||
| Screening for Heart Disease | 290 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 290 | ||
| Nonpathologic Heart Murmurs | 290 | ||
| Pathologic Heart Murmurs | 290 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 291 | ||
| Radiography | 291 | ||
| Echocardiography | 291 | ||
| Classification of Congenital Heart Disease | 292 | ||
| Lesions Producing Left Basilar Murmurs | 292 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 292 | ||
| Pulmonic Stenosis | 293 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 295 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 295 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 296 | ||
| Right-to-Left Shunting Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 298 | ||
| Lesions Producing Left Apical Murmurs: Mitral Valve Dysplasia | 298 | ||
| Lesions Producing Right-Sided Murmurs | 299 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 299 | ||
| Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia | 300 | ||
| Congenital Diseases of the Pericardium | 301 | ||
| Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia | 301 | ||
| Intrapericardial Cysts | 302 | ||
| Congenital Rhythm Disorders | 302 | ||
| Accessory Atrioventricular Pathways | 302 | ||
| Sudden Death in German Shepherd Dogs | 303 | ||
| Miscellaneous Congenital Cardiac Malformations | 303 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 304 | ||
| 33 The Hematologic and Lymphoid Systems | 305 | ||
| Sample Collection | 305 | ||
| The Hemogram | 305 | ||
| Normal Hematologic Values for the Puppy and the Kitten | 305 | ||
| Erythrogram Evaluation | 308 | ||
| Leukogram Evaluation | 311 | ||
| Heritable Diseases of Puppies and Kittens Resulting in Hemogram Changes | 312 | ||
| Acquired Diseases Resulting in Hemogram Changes in Puppies and Kittens | 315 | ||
| Lymphocytes and the Lymphoid System | 316 | ||
| Lymphocytes in Circulation | 317 | ||
| Bone Marrow and Thymus | 317 | ||
| Lymph Nodes and Tonsils | 318 | ||
| Spleen | 320 | ||
| Platelets and Disorders of Hemostasis | 320 | ||
| Platelets | 321 | ||
| Platelet Counts | 322 | ||
| Platelet Function Testing | 322 | ||
| Platelet Disorders | 322 | ||
| Coagulopathies | 324 | ||
| Coagulation Screening Tests | 325 | ||
| Inherited Coagulation and Vascular Disorders | 325 | ||
| Acquired Coagulation and Vascular Disorders | 326 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 327 | ||
| 34 The Respiratory System | 328 | ||
| Normal Respiratory System Development | 328 | ||
| Clinical Examination of the Respiratory System | 329 | ||
| Respiratory Patterns | 329 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 330 | ||
| Endoscopic Examination | 330 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies of the Respiratory System | 331 | ||
| Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | 331 | ||
| Stenotic Nares | 331 | ||
| Laryngeal Collapse | 332 | ||
| Hypoplastic Trachea | 332 | ||
| Cleft Palate | 332 | ||
| Diaphragmatic Hernia | 333 | ||
| Peritoneopericardial Hernia | 333 | ||
| Congenital Pleuroperitoneal Hernia | 333 | ||
| Laryngeal Hypoplasia | 333 | ||
| Laryngeal Paralysis | 333 | ||
| Pectus Excavatum | 334 | ||
| Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia | 334 | ||
| Acquired Conditions of the Respiratory System | 334 | ||
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 334 | ||
| Aspiration Pneumonia | 334 | ||
| Meconium Aspiration | 334 | ||
| Infectious Tracheobronchitis | 335 | ||
| Canine Influenza | 336 | ||
| Infectious Pneumonia | 336 | ||
| Infectious Rhinitis and Laryngitis | 337 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal Polyp | 338 | ||
| Pleural Effusion | 338 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 338 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 339 | ||
| 35 Dental and Oral Cavity | 340 | ||
| Normal Anatomy and Development | 340 | ||
| Nomenclature | 340 | ||
| Normal Occlusion | 340 | ||
| Congenital and Hereditary Problems | 340 | ||
| Persistent Deciduous Teeth | 340 | ||
| Missing and Impacted Teeth | 341 | ||
| Supernumerary, Fusion, and Gemination Teeth | 345 | ||
| Malocclusions | 345 | ||
| Common Malocclusions | 345 | ||
| Anterior cross-bite (“reverse scissor bite”) | 345 | ||
| Lance canine teeth (mesioversion of the upper canine teeth) | 345 | ||
| Mandibular canine tooth (linguoversion of the lower canine teeth, with “base narrow canine teeth” being the lay term) | 346 | ||
| Class II malocclusion (overbite or “parrot mouth”) | 346 | ||
| Class III malocclusion (underbite, undershot jaw, or “sow mouth”) | 348 | ||
| Wry bite (Class IV malocclusions) | 348 | ||
| Other Congenital and Hereditary Conditions | 348 | ||
| Crowded and Rotated Teeth | 348 | ||
| Cleft Lip/Palate | 348 | ||
| Tight Lip Syndrome | 349 | ||
| Craniomandibular Osteopathy (Lion Jaw, Westie Jaw, Scottie Jaw) | 349 | ||
| Acquired Problems | 349 | ||
| Immune-Mediated and Viral Diseases | 349 | ||
| Viral Papillomatosis | 349 | ||
| Feline Juvenile Gingivitis | 349 | ||
| Feline Juvenile-Onset Periodontitis | 349 | ||
| Enamel Defects | 349 | ||
| Discolored Teeth | 349 | ||
| Oral Trauma | 350 | ||
| Tooth Trauma | 350 | ||
| Tooth Luxation/Avulsion | 350 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 350 | ||
| 36 The Digestive System**Adapted from Hoskins JD: The digestive system. In Hoskins JD (ed): Veterinary pediatrics: dogs and cats from birth to six months, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2001, WB Saunders, p 147. | 351 | ||
| Prenatal and Neonatal Development | 351 | ||
| The Oral Cavity | 352 | ||
| Stomatitis | 352 | ||
| Tumors of the Oral Cavity | 353 | ||
| Tonsillitis | 353 | ||
| The Salivary Glands | 353 | ||
| The Oropharynx | 353 | ||
| The Esophagus | 354 | ||
| Disorders of the Gastroesophageal Junction | 357 | ||
| The Stomach | 357 | ||
| The Intestine | 359 | ||
| Protein-Losing Enteropathy | 361 | ||
| Wheat-Sensitive Enteropathy in Irish Setters | 361 | ||
| Selective Cobalamin Malabsorption in Giant Schnauzers and Border Collie Dogs | 361 | ||
| Enteropathy of Chinese Shar-Peis | 362 | ||
| Intestinal Obstruction | 362 | ||
| Ingested Foreign Objects | 362 | ||
| Rectal Prolapse | 365 | ||
| The Anus | 365 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 367 | ||
| 37 The Liver, Biliary Tract, and Exocrine Pancreas | 368 | ||
| Development of the Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas | 368 | ||
| Development of the Hepatic Circulation | 368 | ||
| Metabolic Functions | 368 | ||
| Biochemical indicators of hepatic disorders | 368 | ||
| Blood glucose | 368 | ||
| Urea cycle function and blood ammonia concentrations | 371 | ||
| Serum bile acids | 371 | ||
| Bilirubin metabolism | 372 | ||
| Liver enzyme activity | 372 | ||
| Albumin, globulins, coagulation factors, and protein C | 372 | ||
| Cholesterol | 373 | ||
| Hepatic hematopoiesis | 373 | ||
| Hepatic mineral storage | 373 | ||
| Hepatobiliary Disorders of the Young Dog and Cat | 373 | ||
| Congenital Anatomic Malformations | 373 | ||
| Gallbladder | 373 | ||
| Common bile duct diverticulum | 373 | ||
| Biliary atresia | 373 | ||
| Cystic hepatobiliary lesions | 374 | ||
| Common Vascular Malformations Involving the Liver | 375 | ||
| Portal hypoplasia versus portal hypoperfusion | 375 | ||
| Hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia | 375 | ||
| Portosystemic vascular anomaly | 375 | ||
| Intrahepatic arteriovenous fistula | 380 | ||
| Neonatal Jaundice | 380 | ||
| Congenital Metabolic Abnormalities | 380 | ||
| Copper Storage Hepatopathy | 382 | ||
| Abnormal Urate Catabolism in Dalmatians | 383 | ||
| Hepatic Lipidosis | 384 | ||
| Selected Infectious Disorders Affecting the Hepatobiliary System | 384 | ||
| Hepatic Abscessation | 384 | ||
| Liver Flukes | 384 | ||
| Canine Herpesvirus | 385 | ||
| Canine and Feline Parvovirus | 385 | ||
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis | 385 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus | 386 | ||
| Bordetella bronchiseptica | 386 | ||
| Virulent Systemic Calicivirus | 386 | ||
| Salmonellosis | 386 | ||
| Tyzzer’s Disease | 387 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 387 | ||
| Ascariasis | 388 | ||
| Exocrine Pancreas | 388 | ||
| Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency | 389 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 390 | ||
| 38 The Urinary System | 391 | ||
| Normal Development | 391 | ||
| Physiology | 391 | ||
| Excretion and Reabsorption | 391 | ||
| Micturition | 392 | ||
| Examination of the Urinary System | 392 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 394 | ||
| Ectopia | 394 | ||
| Duplication and Diverticula | 396 | ||
| Agenesis and Stenosis | 397 | ||
| Hypoplasia | 397 | ||
| Renal Dysplasia | 397 | ||
| Renal Amyloidosis | 398 | ||
| Polycystic Kidneys | 398 | ||
| Perirenal Cysts | 399 | ||
| Primary Glomerulopathies | 399 | ||
| Samoyed Hereditary Glomerulopathy | 399 | ||
| Bull Terrier Hereditary Glomerulopathy | 399 | ||
| English Cocker Spaniel Familial Glomerulopathy | 399 | ||
| Dalmatian Familial Glomerulopathy | 399 | ||
| Doberman Pinscher Familial Glomerulopathy | 400 | ||
| Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier Familial Glomerulonephritis | 400 | ||
| Familial Glomerulonephritis in Bernese Mountain Dogs and Brittany Spaniels | 400 | ||
| Tubulointerstitial Nephropathy of Norwegian Elkhounds | 400 | ||
| Miscellaneous Congenital Disorders | 400 | ||
| Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus | 400 | ||
| Congenital Interstitial Nephritis Secondary to Transplacental Infection | 400 | ||
| Ureteral Valves | 400 | ||
| Ureterocele | 400 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 401 | ||
| Vesicourethral Dysfunction in Manx Cats | 401 | ||
| Urachal Abnormalities | 401 | ||
| Fistulae | 401 | ||
| Congenital and Acquired Urine Disorders | 401 | ||
| Fanconi’s Syndrome | 401 | ||
| Renal Hematuria | 401 | ||
| Renal Telangiectasia | 402 | ||
| Cystinuria | 402 | ||
| Hyperuricuria | 402 | ||
| Xanthinuria | 402 | ||
| Hyperoxaluria | 402 | ||
| Urolithiasis | 403 | ||
| Acquired Anatomic Disorders | 403 | ||
| Hydronephrosis | 403 | ||
| Neoplasia | 403 | ||
| Malakoplakia of the Bladder | 403 | ||
| Urethral Prolapse | 404 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 404 | ||
| 39 The Reproductive Tract | 405 | ||
| Sexual Differentiation | 405 | ||
| Testicular Descent | 405 | ||
| Puberty | 407 | ||
| Reproductive Disorders in Male Pediatric Patients | 408 | ||
| Testicular Abnormalities | 408 | ||
| Internal Genital Tract Abnormalities | 410 | ||
| External Genital Tract Abnormalities | 410 | ||
| Reproductive Disorders in Female Pediatric Patients | 413 | ||
| Ovarian Abnormalities | 413 | ||
| Internal Genital Tract Abnormalities | 414 | ||
| External Genital Tract Abnormalities | 415 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 417 | ||
| 40 The Neurologic System | 418 | ||
| Nervous System Development | 418 | ||
| Congenital or Anomalous Brain Conditions with Clinical Signs from Birth to 2 Months of Age | 420 | ||
| Congenital or Anomalous Conditions with Clinical Signs from 2 to 12 Months of Age | 428 | ||
| Neurologic Examination of the Neonate Aged 0 to 3 Weeks | 428 | ||
| Neurologic Examination of the Puppy or Kitten after 3 Weeks of Age | 429 | ||
| Degenerative Diseases Seen in Dogs and Cats between 2 and 12 Months of Age | 429 | ||
| Metabolic and Neoplastic Conditions that Affect the Nervous System | 433 | ||
| Nutritional Conditions that Affect the Nervous System | 433 | ||
| Infectious and Inflammatory Neurologic Lesions in Dogs and Cats | 433 | ||
| Traumatic Neurologic Lesions of Young Cats and Dogs | 433 | ||
| Toxin-Induced Neurologic Diseases in Young Cats and Dogs | 434 | ||
| Vascular Etiologies of Neurologic Disease in Young Animals | 434 | ||
| Idiopathic Neurologic Disease in Young Animals | 434 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 435 | ||
| 41 The Skin and Ear | 436 | ||
| Genodermatoses | 436 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 436 | ||
| Papillomas | 436 | ||
| Impetigo | 436 | ||
| Dermatophytosis | 436 | ||
| Parasitic Diseases | 439 | ||
| Demodicosis | 439 | ||
| Sarcoptic Mange | 440 | ||
| Cheyletiellosis | 440 | ||
| Pediculosis | 440 | ||
| Fleas | 440 | ||
| Miscellaneous Diseases | 441 | ||
| Juvenile Cellulitis | 441 | ||
| Otitis Externa | 441 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 442 | ||
| 42 The Musculoskeletal System | 443 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Development | 443 | ||
| Orthopedic Examination | 445 | ||
| The Young Dog with Hindlimb Lameness | 445 | ||
| The Young Dog with Forelimb Lameness | 445 | ||
| Congenital Musculoskeletal Diseases | 446 | ||
| Retarded Growth | 446 | ||
| Osteochondrodysplasia | 447 | ||
| Dysostosis | 447 | ||
| Joint Malformations | 447 | ||
| Congenital Myopathies | 448 | ||
| Acquired Musculoskeletal Diseases | 448 | ||
| Acquired Bone Diseases | 448 | ||
| Traumatic Injuries (Fractures) | 448 | ||
| Limb Deformities with Primary Skeletal Abnormalities | 449 | ||
| Nutritional Diseases | 450 | ||
| Developmental Orthopedic Bone Diseases | 450 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 452 | ||
| Joint Diseases | 454 | ||
| Inflammatory Arthropathies | 454 | ||
| Infectious arthropathies | 454 | ||
| Noninfectious arthropathies | 454 | ||
| Noninflammatory Arthropathies | 454 | ||
| Developmental orthopedic joint diseases | 454 | ||
| Osteochondrosis | 454 | ||
| Shoulder | 454 | ||
| Shoulder osteochondrosis | 454 | ||
| Elbow | 455 | ||
| Elbow dysplasia | 455 | ||
| United anconeal process | 455 | ||
| Fragmented medial coronoid process | 456 | ||
| Osteochondrosis of the medial humeral condyle | 456 | ||
| Hip | 456 | ||
| Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease | 456 | ||
| Hip dysplasia | 456 | ||
| Stifle | 458 | ||
| Femoral condylar osteochondrosis(itis) dissecans | 458 | ||
| Patellar luxation | 458 | ||
| Cruciate ligament avulsion | 458 | ||
| Tarsus | 458 | ||
| Tarsal osteochondrosis(itis) dissecans | 458 | ||
| Acquired Musculotendinous Diseases | 458 | ||
| Infectious Myopathies | 458 | ||
| Traumatic Myopathies and Tendinopathies | 459 | ||
| Limb Deformities without Primary Skeletal Abnormalities | 460 | ||
| Dislocations | 460 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 460 | ||
| 43 The Eye | 461 | ||
| The Ophthalmic Examination | 461 | ||
| The Globe and Orbit | 461 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 461 | ||
| Anophthalmos | 461 | ||
| Microphthalmia | 461 | ||
| Atypical Eye Position | 461 | ||
| Atypical Eye Motion | 461 | ||
| Acquired Abnormalities | 462 | ||
| Orbital Cellulitis and Abscessation | 462 | ||
| Orbital Neoplasia | 462 | ||
| Traumatic Proptosis | 462 | ||
| Enophthalmos | 463 | ||
| The Eyelids | 463 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 463 | ||
| Premature or Delayed Eyelid Opening | 463 | ||
| Eyelid Agenesis | 463 | ||
| Entropion | 464 | ||
| Ectropion | 465 | ||
| Distichiasis | 465 | ||
| Trichiasis | 465 | ||
| Ectopic Cilia | 465 | ||
| Acquired Abnormalities | 465 | ||
| Lacerations | 465 | ||
| Allergic Reactions | 466 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 466 | ||
| Parasitic Infestations | 466 | ||
| Neoplasia | 466 | ||
| The Conjunctiva | 466 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 466 | ||
| Dermoid | 466 | ||
| Medial Canthal Trichiasis | 466 | ||
| Acquired Abnormalities | 467 | ||
| Allergic Conjunctivitis | 467 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 467 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis | 467 | ||
| The Lacrimal System | 467 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 467 | ||
| Lacrimal Punctal Atresia | 467 | ||
| Lacrimal Punctal Scarring | 468 | ||
| Index | 503 | ||
| A | 503 | ||
| B | 504 | ||
| C | 505 | ||
| D | 508 | ||
| E | 509 | ||
| F | 510 | ||
| G | 512 | ||
| H | 513 | ||
| I | 514 | ||
| J | 515 | ||
| K | 515 | ||
| L | 515 | ||
| M | 516 | ||
| N | 517 | ||
| O | 518 | ||
| P | 519 | ||
| Q | 521 | ||
| R | 521 | ||
| S | 522 | ||
| T | 523 | ||
| U | 525 | ||
| V | 525 | ||
| W | 526 | ||
| X | 526 | ||
| Y | 526 | ||
| Z | 526 |