BOOK
Handbook of Small Animal Radiological Differential Diagnosis E-Book
Ruth Dennis | Robert M. Kirberger | Frances Barr | Robert H. Wrigley
(2010)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Handbook of Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound: Techniques and Differential Diagnoses provides a user-friendly reference for a wide range of radiographic and ultrasonographic findings in dogs and cats.
Key features
- Enables successful and clear interpretation of radiographs and ultrasonograms
- Offers clearly sequenced text arrangement from the identification of the radiographic or sonographic abnormalities to a list of subsequent considerations for each sign
- Prioritizes different clinical findings to tailor further diagnostic tests or therapeutic interventions
- Takes imaging abnormalities from the descriptive to the interpretative
New to this edition
- Colour throughout enhances user-friendliness
- Many new conditions
- Extra illustrations show techniques and normal anatomy
- Additional information on techniques, normal appearance and disease processes
- Expanded Further Reading sections
This book is intended for all users of small animal diagnostic imaging, from radiologists through to general practitioners to veterinary students, and will be an invaluable supplement to existing references in the subject.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Handbook of Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgements | xi | ||
| Chapter 1: Skeletal system: general | 1 | ||
| General | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Radiographic technique for the skeletal system | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Anatomy of bone: general principles | 2 | ||
| 1.3 Ossification and growth plate closures | 3 | ||
| 1.4 Response of bone to disease or injury | 3 | ||
| 1.5 Patterns of focal bone loss (osteolysis) | 4 | ||
| 1.6 Patterns of osteogenesis: periosteal reactions | 6 | ||
| 1.7 Principles of interpretation of skeletal radiographs | 7 | ||
| 1.8 Features of aggressive versus non-aggressive bone lesions | 8 | ||
| 1.9 Fractures: radiography, classification and assessment of healing | 9 | ||
| Bones | 14 | ||
| 1.10 Altered shape of long bones | 14 | ||
| 1.11 Dwarfism | 15 | ||
| 1.12 Delayed ossification or growth plate closure | 15 | ||
| 1.13 Increased radiopacity within bone | 16 | ||
| 1.14 Periosteal reactions | 18 | ||
| 1.15 Bony masses | 19 | ||
| 1.16 Osteopenia | 21 | ||
| 1.17 Coarse trabecular pattern | 22 | ||
| 1.18 Osteolytic lesions | 22 | ||
| 1.19 Expansile osteolytic lesions | 24 | ||
| 1.20 Mixed osteolytic–osteogenic lesions | 25 | ||
| 1.21 Multifocal diseases | 28 | ||
| 1.22 Lesions affecting epiphyses | 29 | ||
| 1.23 Lesions affecting physes | 30 | ||
| 1.24 Lesions affecting metaphyses | 31 | ||
| 1.25 Lesions affecting diaphyses | 33 | ||
| Further reading | 35 | ||
| Chapter 2: Joints | 39 | ||
| 2.1 Radiography of joints: technique and interpretation | 39 | ||
| 2.2 Soft tissue changes associated with joints | 41 | ||
| 2.3 Altered width of joint space | 42 | ||
| 2.4 Osteolytic (erosive) joint disease | 42 | ||
| 2.5 Proliferative joint disease | 44 | ||
| 2.6 Mixed osteolytic–proliferative joint disease | 45 | ||
| 2.7 Conditions that may affect more than one joint | 45 | ||
| 2.8 Mineralization in or near join | 46 | ||
| Further reading | 48 | ||
| Chapter 3: Appendicular skeleton | 51 | ||
| 3.1 Scapula | 52 | ||
| 3.2 Shoulder | 53 | ||
| 3.3 Humerus | 55 | ||
| 3.4 Elbow | 55 | ||
| 3.5 Radius and ulna (antebrachium, forearm) | 60 | ||
| 3.6 Carpus | 63 | ||
| 3.7 Metacarpus, metatarsus and phalanges | 65 | ||
| 3.8 Pelvis and sacroiliac joint | 67 | ||
| 3.9 Hip (coxofemoral joint) | 68 | ||
| 3.10 Femur | 71 | ||
| 3.11 Stifle | 71 | ||
| 3.12 Tibia and fibula | 77 | ||
| 3.13 Tarsus (hock) | 77 | ||
| Further reading | 80 | ||
| Chapter 4: Head and neck | 85 | ||
| 4.1 Radiographic technique for the skull | 86 | ||
| 4.2 Breed and conformational variations of the skull and pharynx | 87 | ||
| Cranial Cavity | 88 | ||
| 4.3 Variations in shape of the cranial cavity | 88 | ||
| 4.4 Variations in shape of the foramen magnum | 88 | ||
| 4.5 Variations in radiopacity of the cranium | 88 | ||
| 4.6 Variations in thickness of the calvarial bones; calvarial masses | 89 | ||
| 4.7 Ultrasonography of the brain | 90 | ||
| Maxilla and Premaxilla | 90 | ||
| 4.8 Maxillary and premaxillary bony proliferation or sclerosis | 90 | ||
| 4.9 Maxillary and premaxillary bony destruction or rarefaction | 91 | ||
| 4.10 Mixed proliferative–osteolytic maxillary and premaxillary lesions | 92 | ||
| Mandible | 92 | ||
| 4.11 Mandibular bony proliferation or sclerosis | 92 | ||
| 4.12 Mandibular bony destruction orra refaction | 92 | ||
| 4.13 Mandibular fracture | 93 | ||
| 4.14 Mixed proliferative–osteolytic mandibular lesions | 93 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint | 93 | ||
| 4.15 Temporomandibular joint not clearly seen | 94 | ||
| 4.16 Abnormalities of the temporomandibular joint | 94 | ||
| Ear | 95 | ||
| 4.17 Abnormalities of the external ear canal | 95 | ||
| 4.18 Variations in the wall of the tympanic bulla | 96 | ||
| 4.19 Increased radiopacity of the tympanic bulla | 96 | ||
| 4.20 Ultrasonography of the tympanic bulla | 97 | ||
| Nasal Cavity | 97 | ||
| 4.21 Variations in shape of the nasal cavity | 97 | ||
| 4.22 Increased radiopacity of the nasal cavity | 97 | ||
| 4.23 Decreased radiopacity of the nasal cavity | 99 | ||
| Frontal Sinuses | 99 | ||
| 4.24 Variations in shape of the frontal sinuses | 100 | ||
| 4.25 Increased radiopacity of the frontal sinuses | 100 | ||
| 4.26 Variations in thickness of the frontal bones | 100 | ||
| Teeth | 101 | ||
| 4.27 Variations in the number of teeth | 101 | ||
| 4.28 Variations in the shape of teeth | 102 | ||
| 4.29 Variations in structure or radiopacity of the teeth | 102 | ||
| 4.30 Periodontal radiolucency | 102 | ||
| 4.31 Displacement or abnormal location of teeth | 102 | ||
| Pharynx and Larynx | 103 | ||
| 4.32 Variations in the pharynx | 103 | ||
| 4.33 Variations in the larynx | 104 | ||
| 4.34 Ultrasonography of the larynx | 104 | ||
| 4.35 Changes in the hyoid apparatus | 105 | ||
| Soft Tissues of The Head and Neck | 105 | ||
| 4.36 Thickening of the soft tissues of the head and neck | 105 | ||
| 4.37 Variations in radiopacity of the soft tissues of the head and neck | 105 | ||
| 4.38 Contrast studies of the nasolacrimal duct (dacryocystorhinography) | 106 | ||
| 4.39 Ultrasonography of the eye and orbit | 106 | ||
| 4.40 Contrast studies of the salivary ducts and glands (sialography) | 109 | ||
| 4.41 Ultrasonography of the salivary glands | 109 | ||
| 4.42 Ultrasonography of the thyroid and parathyroid glands | 110 | ||
| 4.43 Ultrasonography of the carotid artery and jugular vein | 110 | ||
| 4.44 Ultrasonography of lymph nodes of the head and neck | 110 | ||
| 4.45 Cervical oesophagus | 111 | ||
| 4.46 Nasal dermoid sinus cyst | 111 | ||
| Further reading | 111 | ||
| Chapter 5: Spine | 115 | ||
| 5.1 Radiographic technique for the spine | 115 | ||
| 5.2 Variations in vertebral number | 116 | ||
| 5.3 Variations in vertebral size and shape: congenital or developmental | 117 | ||
| 5.4 Variations in vertebral size and shape: acquired | 119 | ||
| 5.5 Variations in vertebral alignment | 122 | ||
| 5.6 Diffuse changes in vertebral opacity | 124 | ||
| 5.7 Localized changes in vertebral opacity | 124 | ||
| 5.8 Abnormalities of the intervertebral disc space | 126 | ||
| 5.9 Irregularity of the vertebral endplates | 127 | ||
| 5.10 Abnormalities of the intervertebral foramen | 128 | ||
| 5.11 Abnormalities of the articular facets | 129 | ||
| 5.12 Lesions in the paravertebral soft tissues | 130 | ||
| 5.13 Ultrasonography of paravertebral soft tissues | 130 | ||
| 5.14 Spinal contrast studies: technique and normal appearance | 131 | ||
| 5.15 Technical errors during myelography | 133 | ||
| 5.16 Extradural spinal cord compression on myelography | 134 | ||
| 5.17 Intradural–extramedullary spinal cord compression on myelography | 137 | ||
| 5.18 Intramedullary spinal cord enlargement on myelography | 138 | ||
| 5.19 Miscellaneous myelographic findings | 139 | ||
| 5.20 Changes on plain radiographs that are unlikely to be significant | 140 | ||
| 5.21 Neurological deficits involving the spinal cord or proximal nerve roots with normal plain radiographs and myelogram | 140 | ||
| Further reading | 141 | ||
| Chapter 6: Lower respiratory tract | 145 | ||
| 6.1. Radiographic Technique for the Thorax and Effect of Positioning | 145 | ||
| 6.2. Ultrasonographic Technique for the Thorax | 146 | ||
| 6.3. Poor Intrathoracic Ultrasonographic Visualization | 147 | ||
| 6.4. Thoracic Radiological Changes Associated with Ageing | 147 | ||
| 6.5. Border Effacement in the Thorax | 148 | ||
| 6.6. Tracheal Displacement | 148 | ||
| 6.7. Tracheal Diameter Variations | 150 | ||
| 6.8. Tracheal Lumen Opacification | 151 | ||
| 6.9. Tracheal Wall Visibility Variations | 151 | ||
| 6.10. Tracheal Ultrasonography | 152 | ||
| 6.11. Changes of the Main Stem (Principal) Bronchi | 152 | ||
| 6.12. Bronchial Lung Pattern | 153 | ||
| Increased bronchial wall visibility | 153 | ||
| Bronchial dilation | 154 | ||
| Bronchial lumen opacification | 154 | ||
| 6.13. Artefactual Increase in Lung Opacity | 154 | ||
| 6.14. Alveolar Lung Pattern | 154 | ||
| 6.15. Poorly Marginated Pulmonary Opacities or Areas of Consolidation | 157 | ||
| 6.16. Ultrasonography of Areas of Alveolar Filling | 159 | ||
| 6.17. Single Radiopaque Lung Lobe | 159 | ||
| 6.18. Ultrasonography of Consolidated Lung Lobes | 160 | ||
| 6.19. Solitary Pulmonary Nodules or Masses | 160 | ||
| 6.20. Nodular Lung Pattern | 161 | ||
| 6.21. Ultrasonography of Pulmonary Nodules or Masses | 163 | ||
| 6.22. Interstitial Lung Pattern | 163 | ||
| 6.23. Vascular Lung Pattern | 165 | ||
| 6.24. Mixed Lung Pattern | 167 | ||
| 6.25. Generalized Pulmonary Hyperlucency | 168 | ||
| 6.26. Focal Areas Of Pulmonary Hyperlucency (Including Cavitary Lesions) | 169 | ||
| 6.27. Intrathoracic Mineralized Opacities | 170 | ||
| 6.28. Hilar Masses | 171 | ||
| 6.29. Increased Visibility of Lung or Lobar Edges | 171 | ||
| 6.30. Lower Respiratory Tract Clinical Signs But Normal Radiographs | 171 | ||
| Chapter 7: Cardiovascular system | 175 | ||
| 7.1 Normal radiographic appearance of the heart | 175 | ||
| 7.2 Normal cardiac silhouette with cardiac pathology | 176 | ||
| 7.3 Cardiac malposition | 177 | ||
| 7.4 Reduction in heart size: microcardia | 178 | ||
| 7.5 Generalized enlargement of the cardiac silhouette | 178 | ||
| 7.6 Pericardial disease | 179 | ||
| 7.7 Ultrasonography of pericardial disease | 181 | ||
| 7.8 Left atrial enlargement | 181 | ||
| 7.9 Left ventricular enlargement | 182 | ||
| 7.10 Aortic abnormalities | 183 | ||
| 7.11 Right atrial enlargement | 184 | ||
| 7.12 Right ventricular enlargement | 185 | ||
| 7.13 Pulmonary artery trunk abnormalities | 186 | ||
| 7.14 Changes in pulmonary arteries and veins | 186 | ||
| 7.15 Caudal vena cava abnormalities | 186 | ||
| 7.16 Cardiac neoplasia | 187 | ||
| Angiography | 188 | ||
| 7.17 Angiography: left heart | 188 | ||
| 7.18 Angiography: right heart | 189 | ||
| Cardiac Ultrasonography | 189 | ||
| 7.19 Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography: left heart | 189 | ||
| 7.20 Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography: right heart | 192 | ||
| 7.21 Contrast echocardiography: right heart | 194 | ||
| 7.22 Doppler flow abnormalities: mitral valve | 194 | ||
| 7.23 Doppler flow abnormalities: aortic valve | 195 | ||
| 7.24 Doppler flow abnormalities: tricuspid valve | 195 | ||
| 7.25 Doppler flow abnormalities: pulmonic valve | 196 | ||
| Further reading | 197 | ||
| Chapter 8: Other thoracic structures: pleural cavity, mediastinum, thoracic oesophagus, thoracic wall | 199 | ||
| Pleural Cavity | 199 | ||
| 8.1 Anatomy and radiography of the pleural cavity | 199 | ||
| 8.2 Increased radiolucency of the pleural cavity | 200 | ||
| 8.3 Increased radiopacity of the pleural cavity | 202 | ||
| 8.4 Pleural and extrapleural nodules and masses | 204 | ||
| 8.5 Ultrasonography of pleural and extrapleural lesions | 205 | ||
| 8.6 Pleural thickening: increased visibility of lung lobe edges | 205 | ||
| Mediastinum | 206 | ||
| 8.7 Anatomy and radiography of the mediastinum | 206 | ||
| 8.8 Mediastinal shift | 207 | ||
| 8.9 Variations in mediastinal radiopacity | 208 | ||
| 8.10 Mediastinal widening | 209 | ||
| 8.11 Mediastinal masses | 210 | ||
| 8.12 Mediastinal lymphadenopathy | 212 | ||
| 8.13 Ultrasonography of the mediastinum | 212 | ||
| Thoracic Oesophagus | 213 | ||
| 8.14 Normal radiographic appearance of the thoracic oesophagus | 213 | ||
| 8.15 Oesophageal contrast studies: technique and normal appearance | 214 | ||
| 8.16 Abnormalities on oesophageal contrast studies | 214 | ||
| 8.17 Oesophageal dilation | 215 | ||
| 8.18 Variations in radiopacity of the oesophagus | 217 | ||
| 8.19 Oesophageal masses | 217 | ||
| 8.20 Oesophageal foreign bodies | 218 | ||
| Thoracic Wall | 219 | ||
| 8.21 Variations in soft tissue components of the thoracic wall | 219 | ||
| 8.22 Variations in the ribs | 220 | ||
| 8.23 Variations in the sternum | 221 | ||
| 8.24 Variations in thoracic vertebrae | 222 | ||
| 8.25 Ultrasonography of the thoracic wall | 222 | ||
| 8.26 Variations in the appearance of thediaphragm | 222 | ||
| 8.27 Ultrasonography of the diaphragm | 224 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 225 | ||
| 8.28 Thoracic trauma | 225 | ||
| 8.29 Ultrasonography of thoracic trauma | 225 | ||
| Further reading | 226 | ||
| Chapter 9: Other abdominal structures: abdominal wall, peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavities, parenchymal organs | 229 | ||
| 9.1 Radiographic technique for the abdomen and effect of positioning | 230 | ||
| 9.2 Ultrasonographic technique for the abdomen | 231 | ||
| Abdominal Wall | 232 | ||
| 9.3 Variations in shape of the abdominal wall | 232 | ||
| 9.4 Variations in radiopacity of the abdominal wall | 233 | ||
| 9.5 Ultrasonography of the abdominal wall | 233 | ||
| Peritoneal Cavity | 233 | ||
| 9.6 Increased radiopacity of the peritoneal cavity and/or loss of visualization of abdominal organs | 233 | ||
| 9.7 Decreased radiopacity of the peritoneal cavity | 235 | ||
| 9.8 Ultrasonography of the peritoneal cavity | 235 | ||
| Retroperitoneal Space | 236 | ||
| 9.9 Enlargement of the retroperitoneal space | 236 | ||
| 9.10 Increased radiopacity of the retroperitoneal space and/or loss of visualization of the retroperitoneal structures | 237 | ||
| 9.11 Decreased radiopacity of the retroperitoneal space | 238 | ||
| 9.12 Ultrasonography of the retroperitoneal space | 238 | ||
| 9.13 Ultrasonography of the lymph nodes in the retroperitoneal space | 238 | ||
| 9.14 Ultrasonography of the abdominal aorta and caudal vena cava | 238 | ||
| Liver | 239 | ||
| 9.15 Displacement of the liver | 239 | ||
| 9.16 Variations in liver size | 239 | ||
| 9.17 Variations in liver shape | 241 | ||
| 9.18 Variations in liver radio | 242 | ||
| 9.19 Hepatic contrast studies | 242 | ||
| 9.20 Ultrasonographic technique for the liver | 245 | ||
| 9.21 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the liver | 245 | ||
| 9.22 Ultrasonographic abnormalities of the hepatic parenchyma | 245 | ||
| 9.23 Ultrasonographic abnormalities of the biliary tract | 247 | ||
| 9.24 Ultrasonographic abnormalities of the hepatic vascular system | 247 | ||
| Spleen | 248 | ||
| 9.25 Absence of the splenic shadow | 248 | ||
| 9.26 Variations in location of the spleen | 248 | ||
| 9.27 Variations in splenic size and shape | 249 | ||
| 9.28 Variations in splenic radiopacity | 250 | ||
| 9.29 Ultrasonographic technique for the spleen | 250 | ||
| 9.30 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the spleen | 250 | ||
| 9.31 Ultrasonographic abnormalities of the spleen | 250 | ||
| Pancreas | 252 | ||
| 9.32 Pancreatic radiology | 252 | ||
| 9.33 Ultrasonographic technique for the pancreas | 252 | ||
| 9.34 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the pancreas | 252 | ||
| 9.35 Ultrasonographic abnormalities of the pancreas | 253 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 253 | ||
| 9.36 Adrenal gland radiology | 253 | ||
| 9.37 Ultrasonography of the adrenal glands | 254 | ||
| Abdominal Masses | 255 | ||
| 9.38 Cranial abdominal masses (largely within the costal arch) | 255 | ||
| 9.39 Mid-abdominal masses | 257 | ||
| 9.40 Caudal abdominal masses | 259 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 260 | ||
| 9.41 Mineralization on abdominal radiographs | 260 | ||
| Further reading | 262 | ||
| Chapter 10: Gastrointestinal tract | 267 | ||
| Stomach | 268 | ||
| 10.1 Normal radiographic appearance of the stomach | 268 | ||
| 10.2 Displacement of the stomach | 269 | ||
| 10.3 Variations in stomach size | 269 | ||
| 10.4 Variations in stomach contents | 270 | ||
| 10.5 Variations in the stomach wall | 271 | ||
| 10.6 Gastric contrast studies: technique and normal appearance | 272 | ||
| 10.7 Technical errors on the gastrogram | 273 | ||
| 10.8 Gastric luminal filling defects on contrast studies | 273 | ||
| 10.9 Abnormal gastric mucosal pattern on contrast studies | 274 | ||
| 10.10 Variations in gastric emptying time | 274 | ||
| 10.11 Ultrasonographic technique for the stomach | 275 | ||
| 10.12 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the stomach | 276 | ||
| 10.13 Variations in gastric contents on ultrasonography | 276 | ||
| 10.14 Lack of visualization of the normal gastric wall layered architecture on ultrasonography | 277 | ||
| 10.15 Focal thickening of the gastric wall on ultrasonography | 277 | ||
| 10.16 Diffuse thickening of the gastric wall on ultrasonography | 277 | ||
| Small Intestine | 277 | ||
| 10.17 Normal radiographic appearance of the small intestine | 277 | ||
| 10.18 Variations in the number of small intestinal loops visible | 278 | ||
| 10.19 Displacement of the small intestine | 278 | ||
| 10.20 Bunching of small intestinal loops | 278 | ||
| 10.21 Increased width of small intestinal loops | 279 | ||
| 10.22 Variations in small intestinal contents | 280 | ||
| 10.23 Small intestinal contrast studies: technique and normal appearance | 282 | ||
| 10.24 Technical errors with small intestinal contrast studies | 282 | ||
| 10.25 Variations in small intestinal luminal diameter on contrast studies | 283 | ||
| 10.26 Small intestinal luminal filling defects on contrast studies | 283 | ||
| 10.27 Variations in the small intestinal wall on contrast studies | 283 | ||
| 10.28 Variations in small intestinal transit time on contrast studies | 284 | ||
| 10.29 Ultrasonographic technique for the small intestine | 285 | ||
| 10.30 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the small intestine | 285 | ||
| 10.31 Variations in small intestinal contents on ultrasonography | 285 | ||
| 10.32 Dilation of the small intestinal lumen on ultrasonography | 285 | ||
| 10.33 Lack of visualization of the normal small intestinal wall layered architecture on ultrasonography | 285 | ||
| 10.34 Abnormal arrangement of the small intestine on ultrasonography | 286 | ||
| 10.35 Focal thickening of the small intestinal wall on ultrasonography | 286 | ||
| 10.36 Diffuse thickening of the small intestinal wall on ultrasonography | 287 | ||
| 10.37 Mucosal layer alterations of the small intestine | 287 | ||
| Large Intestine | 287 | ||
| 10.38 Normal radiographic appearance of the large intestine | 287 | ||
| 10.39 Displacement of the large intestine | 288 | ||
| 10.40 Large intestinal dilation | 289 | ||
| 10.41 Variations in large intestinal contents | 289 | ||
| 10.42 Variations in large intestinal wall opacity | 290 | ||
| 10.43 Large intestinal contrast studies: technique and normal appearance | 290 | ||
| 10.44 Technical errors with large intestinal contrast studies | 291 | ||
| 10.45 Large intestinal luminal filling defects on contrast studies | 291 | ||
| 10.46 Increased large intestinal wall thickness on contrast studies | 291 | ||
| 10.47 Abnormal large intestinal mucosal pattern on contrast studies | 291 | ||
| 10.48 Ultrasonographic technique for the large intestine | 292 | ||
| 10.49 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the large intestine | 292 | ||
| 10.50 Ultrasonographic changes in large intestinal disease | 292 | ||
| Further reading | 292 | ||
| Chapter 11: Urogenital tract | 297 | ||
| Urinary tract | 298 | ||
| Kidneys | 298 | ||
| 11.1 Non-visualization of the kidneys | 299 | ||
| 11.2 Variations in kidney size and shape | 299 | ||
| 11.3 Variations in kidney radiopacity | 300 | ||
| 11.4 Variations in kidney location | 301 | ||
| 11.5 Upper urinary tract contrast studies: technique and normal appearance | 301 | ||
| 11.6 Absent nephrogram | 303 | ||
| 11.7 Abnormal timing of the nephrogram | 303 | ||
| 11.8 Uneven radiopacity of the nephrogram | 303 | ||
| 11.9 Abnormalities of the pyelogram | 304 | ||
| 11.10 Ultrasonographic examination of the kidneys | 305 | ||
| 11.11 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the kidneys | 305 | ||
| 11.12 Abnormalities of the renal pelvis on ultrasonography | 306 | ||
| 11.13 Focal parenchymal abnormalities of the kidney on ultrasonography | 306 | ||
| 11.14 Diffuse parenchymal abnormalities of the kidney on ultrasonography | 307 | ||
| 11.15 Perirenal abnormalities on ultrasonography | 307 | ||
| Ureters | 308 | ||
| 11.16 Dilated ureter | 309 | ||
| 11.17 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the ureters | 309 | ||
| 11.18 Dilation of the ureter on ultrasonography | 310 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 310 | ||
| 11.19 Non-visualization of the urinary bladder | 310 | ||
| 11.20 Displacement of the urinary bladder | 310 | ||
| 11.21 Variations in urinary bladder size | 311 | ||
| 11.22 Variations in urinary bladder shape | 311 | ||
| 11.23 Variations in urinary bladder radiopacity | 311 | ||
| 11.24 Urinary bladder contrast studies: technique and normal appearance | 312 | ||
| 11.25 Reflux of contrast medium up a ureter following cystography | 313 | ||
| 11.26 Abnormal bladder lumen on cystography | 313 | ||
| 11.27 Thickening of the urinary bladder wall on cystography | 314 | ||
| 11.28 Ultrasonographic examination of the bladder | 315 | ||
| 11.29 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the bladder | 315 | ||
| 11.30 Thickening of the bladder wall on ultrasonography | 315 | ||
| 11.31 Changes in echogenicity of the bladder wall | 316 | ||
| 11.32 Cystic structures within or near the bladder wall on ultrasonography | 316 | ||
| 11.33 Changes in urinary bladder contents on ultrasonography | 316 | ||
| Urethra and Vagina | 317 | ||
| 11.34 Urethral and vaginal contrast studies: technique and normal appearance | 317 | ||
| 11.35 Abnormalities of the (vagino)urethrogram | 318 | ||
| 11.36 Ultrasonography of the urethra and vagina | 319 | ||
| Female genital tract | 319 | ||
| Ovaries | 319 | ||
| 11.37 Ovarian enlargement | 320 | ||
| 11.38 Ultrasonographic examination of the ovaries | 320 | ||
| 11.39 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the ovary | 320 | ||
| 11.40 Ovarian abnormalities on ultrasonography | 320 | ||
| Uterus | 320 | ||
| 11.41 Uterine enlargement | 320 | ||
| 11.42 Variations in uterine radiopacity | 321 | ||
| 11.43 Radiographic signs of dystocia and fetal death | 321 | ||
| 11.44 Ultrasonographic examination of the uterus | 322 | ||
| 11.45 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the uterus | 322 | ||
| 11.46 Variation in uterine contents on ultrasonography | 322 | ||
| 11.47 Thickening of the uterine wall on ultrasonography | 322 | ||
| Male genital tract | 322 | ||
| Prostate | 322 | ||
| 11.48 Variations in location of the prostate | 323 | ||
| 11.49 Variations in prostatic size | 323 | ||
| 11.50 Variations in prostatic shape and outline | 324 | ||
| 11.51 Variations in prostatic radiopacity | 324 | ||
| 11.52 Ultrasonographic examination of the prostate | 324 | ||
| 11.53 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the prostate | 324 | ||
| 11.54 Focal parenchymal changes of the prostate on ultrasonography | 325 | ||
| 11.55 Diffuse parenchymal changes of the prostate on ultrasonography | 325 | ||
| 11.56 Paraprostatic lesions on ultrasonography | 325 | ||
| Testes | 325 | ||
| 11.57 Ultrasonographic examination of the testes | 325 | ||
| 11.58 Normal ultrasonographic appearance of the testes | 326 | ||
| 11.59 Testicular abnormalities on ultrasonography | 326 | ||
| 11.60 Paratesticular abnormalities on ultrasonography | 326 | ||
| Further reading | 326 | ||
| Chapter 12: Soft tissues | 331 | ||
| 12.1 Variations in thickness of soft tissues | 331 | ||
| 12.2 Variations in radiopacity of soft tissues | 332 | ||
| 12.3 Contrast studies of sinus tracts and fistulae (sinography, fistulography) | 334 | ||
| 12.4 Contrast studies of the lymphatic system (lymphography, lymphangiography) | 334 | ||
| 12.5 Contrast studies of peripheral arteries and veins (angiography, arteriography, venography) | 335 | ||
| 12.6 Ultrasonography of soft tissues | 336 | ||
| 12.7 Ultrasonography of muscles, tendons and nerves | 337 | ||
| 12.8 Ultrasonography of superficial lymph nodes | 338 | ||
| Further reading | 338 | ||
| Appendix | 341 | ||
| Radiographic Faults | 341 | ||
| Ultrasound Terminology and Artefacts | 343 | ||
| Geographic Distributions of Diseases | 347 | ||
| Further reading | 350 | ||
| Index | 353 |