Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Access to clean water and energy are critical to economic growth and sustainable development. Providing water and energy services has important environmental impacts. Understanding the inextricable linkages among water, energy, and environment – the water-energy-environment nexus – will be a priority for all levels of government in the decades ahead as they develop and implement policies to enhance human welfare. We are also experiencing the beginning of an energy revolution in these early years of the 21st Century. Understanding the nature of this revolution is important, and this book provides an introduction to and explanation of this revolution. Specific topics to be discussed, in addition to explaining the nexus, include the global contexts for water and energy issues, associated environmental impacts, traditional and emerging energy options (fossil fuels, nuclear power, renewable energies), new approaches to providing clean water, the emerging role of energy storage, and policy issues associated with water, energy, and environment, as well as recommendations. There are a number of books on pieces of the nexus, most at a technical level. The purpose of this book is to explain the nexus and each of its components in a university-level, highly-readable ‘primer’ for those entering the water and energy fields. It will also serve as an introduction to these topics for a global, multidisciplinary audience that includes academic scholars in related technical and non-technical fields, government officials at national, state, and local levels, economists and others in the financial/investment communities, and those in the development community responsible for planning and delivering water and energy services to undeserved populations.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgements | xv | ||
| Acronyms | xvii | ||
| Epigraph | xxi | ||
| Chapter 1: Water and its global context | 1 | ||
| 1.1 EARTH’S WATER RESOURCES | 1 | ||
| 1.2 SALINE WATER AND DESALINATION PROCESSES | 2 | ||
| 1.3 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS OF DESALINATION | 5 | ||
| 1.4 DEMAND FOR FRESHWATER | 6 | ||
| 1.5 IMPLICATIONS OF LIMITED ACCESS TO FRESHWATER | 9 | ||
| 1.6 ACTIONS TO INCREASE ACCESS TO FRESHWATER | 10 | ||
| 1.7 GENDER EQUITY ISSUES | 11 | ||
| Chapter 2: Energy and its global context | 13 | ||
| 2.1 ENERGY’S ROLE IN SOCIETY | 13 | ||
| 2.2 ENERGY REALITIES | 14 | ||
| 2.3 WHAT IS ENERGY? | 15 | ||
| 2.4 ENERGY TRENDS | 16 | ||
| 2.4.1 Important questions | 18 | ||
| 2.4.2 How is energy used? | 18 | ||
| 2.4.3 Electrification | 21 | ||
| Chapter 3: Exploring the linkage between water and energy | 23 | ||
| 3.1 INDIRECT LINKAGES | 24 | ||
| 3.2 THE POLICY LINKAGE | 25 | ||
| 3.3 THE CONUNDRUM | 25 | ||
| 3.4 ADDRESSING THE CONUNDRUM | 26 | ||
| 3.5 THE NEED FOR PARTNERSHIP | 27 | ||
| Chapter 4: Energy production and its consequences for water and the environment | 29 | ||
| 4.1 IMPACTS | 29 | ||
| 4.2 MORE ON CLIMATE CHANGE | 32 | ||
| 4.3 ENVIRONMENT AND RELIGION | 33 | ||
| 4.3.1 The theocentric worldview | 33 | ||
| 4.3.2 The anthropocentric worldview | 34 | ||
| 4.3.3 Other worldviews | 34 | ||
| Chapter 5: Energy options | 37 | ||
| 5.1 FOSSIL FUELS | 37 | ||
| 5.2 NUCLEAR ENERGY | 38 | ||
| 5.3 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY | 38 | ||
| 5.4 THE SUN | 38 | ||
| 5.5 ENERGY EFFICIENCY | 39 | ||
| 5.5.1 Energy demand | 40 | ||
| 5.5.2 Implementation | 41 | ||
| 5.5.3 Saving energy | 42 | ||
| 5.5.4 Accelerating implementation | 43 | ||
| 5.5.5 Energy star | 44 | ||
| 5.5.6 The lighting revolution | 45 | ||
| 5.5.7 Energy efficiency in buildings | 48 | ||
| 5.5.7.1 Zero energy buildings | 48 | ||
| 5.5.7.2 Electrochromic windows | 52 | ||
| 5.6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRY | 54 | ||
| 5.7 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN TRANSPORTATION | 56 | ||
| Chapter 6: Fossil fuels | 61 | ||
| 6.1 COAL | 62 | ||
| 6.1.1 Carbon capture and sequestration | 63 | ||
| 6.1.2 A conundrum | 65 | ||
| 6.2 PETROLEUM | 68 | ||
| 6.2.1 Oil spills | 68 | ||
| 6.2.2 Peak oil | 72 | ||
| 6.3 NATURAL GAS | 76 | ||
| 6.3.1 Methane hydrates | 77 | ||
| 6.3.2 Fracking | 80 | ||
| Chapter 7: Nuclear power | 85 | ||
| 7.1 NUCLEAR FISSION | 85 | ||
| 7.1.1 Fission fundamentals | 85 | ||
| 7.1.2 Introduction to nuclear issues | 87 | ||
| 7.1.3 Issues | 89 | ||
| 7.2 NUCLEAR FUSION | 91 | ||
| 7.2.1 Fusion fundamentals | 91 | ||
| 7.2.2 Numbers | 93 | ||
| 7.2.3 Barriers to fusion | 94 | ||
| 7.2.4 Pros and cons | 95 | ||
| 7.2.5 Thoughts | 95 | ||
| Chapter 8: Renewable energy | 97 | ||
| 8.1 THE SUN’S ENERGY SOURCE AND RADIATION SPECTRUM | 98 | ||
| 8.2 DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY | 102 | ||
| 8.2.1 Photovoltaics | 102 | ||
| 8.2.2 Concentrating solar power (CSP) | 108 | ||
| 8.2.2.1 Power tower | 109 | ||
| 8.2.2.2 Linear concentrator | 110 | ||
| 8.2.2.3 Dish engine | 111 | ||
| 8.2.2.4 CSTP history | 112 | ||
| 8.2.2.5 Advantages and disadvantages | 112 | ||
| 8.2.2.6 Thermal storage | 113 | ||
| 8.2.2.7 Current status | 114 | ||
| 8.2.2.8 Concentrating photovoltaics (CPV) | 115 | ||
| 8.3 SOLAR POWER SATELLITE (SPS) SYSTEM | 116 | ||
| 8.4 HYDROPOWER AND WIND ENERGY | 119 | ||
| 8.4.1 Hydropower | 119 | ||
| 8.4.2 Wind energy | 121 | ||
| 8.4.2.1 Onshore wind | 121 | ||
| 8.4.2.2 History | 124 | ||
| 8.4.2.3 An onshore limitation | 124 | ||
| 8.4.2.4 Offshore wind | 125 | ||
| 8.5 BIOMASS ENERGY | 129 | ||
| 8.5.1 Sources of biomass | 129 | ||
| 8.5.2 Wood | 129 | ||
| 8.5.3 Biofuels | 130 | ||
| 8.5.4 Algae | 131 | ||
| 8.5.5 Biochar | 132 | ||
| 8.5.6 The future | 132 | ||
| 8.6 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY | 134 | ||
| 8.6.1 Sources of geothermal energy | 134 | ||
| 8.6.2 Manifestations of geothermal energy | 135 | ||
| 8.6.3 Uses of geothermal energy | 135 | ||
| 8.6.3.1 Geothermal power generation | 136 | ||
| 8.6.3.2 Ground-source heat pumps | 138 | ||
| 8.6.4 An unusual source of geothermal energy | 140 | ||
| 8.7 OCEAN ENERGY | 142 | ||
| 8.7.1 Wave energy | 142 | ||
| 8.7.1.1 Wave energy conversion devices | 142 | ||
| 8.7.1.2 Potential and pros and cons | 143 | ||
| 8.7.2 Ocean current energy | 144 | ||
| 8.7.3 Tidal energy | 146 | ||
| 8.7.3.1 Barrage | 146 | ||
| 8.7.3.2 History | 147 | ||
| 8.7.3.3 Environmental impacts | 147 | ||
| 8.7.4 Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) | 147 | ||
| 8.7.4.1 Barriers | 148 | ||
| 8.7.4.2 OTEC technologies | 148 | ||
| 8.7.4.3 Other cold water applications | 149 | ||
| 8.7.4.4 OTEC R&D | 149 | ||
| Chapter 9: Energy storage | 151 | ||
| 9.1 STORAGE AND GRIDS | 151 | ||
| 9.2 TYPES OF STORAGE | 152 | ||
| 9.2.1 Traditional and advanced batteries | 153 | ||
| 9.2.1.1 Lead–acid | 153 | ||
| 9.2.1.2 Sodium sulfur | 153 | ||
| 9.2.1.3 Nickel–cadmium | 154 | ||
| 9.2.1.4 Lithium-ion | 154 | ||
| 9.2.1.5 Supercapacitors | 155 | ||
| 9.2.2 Flow batteries | 156 | ||
| 9.2.3 Flywheels | 157 | ||
| 9.2.4 Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) | 158 | ||
| 9.2.5 Compressed air energy storage (CAES) | 159 | ||
| 9.2.6 Pumped storage | 160 | ||
| 9.2.7 Thermal storage | 161 | ||
| 9.3 APPLICATIONS | 161 | ||
| 9.4 COSTS | 162 | ||
| 9.5 FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE | 163 | ||
| Chapter 10: Policy considerations | 165 | ||
| 10.1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS | 166 | ||
| 10.1.1 Is there a physical basis for understanding global warming and climate change? | 166 | ||
| 10.1.2 Is there documented evidence for global warming and climate change? | 168 | ||
| 10.1.3 Can global warming and climate change be attributed to human activities, and what are those activities? | 170 | ||
| 10.1.4 What are the potential shortand long-term impacts of global warming and climate change with respect to water supply, envi | 172 | ||
| 10.1.5 What can be done to mitigate the onset and potential impacts of global warming and climate change? | 179 | ||
| References | 183 | ||
| CHAPTER 1 | 183 | ||
| CHAPTER 2 | 184 | ||
| CHAPTER 4 | 184 | ||
| CHAPTER 5 | 184 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 | 185 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 | 185 | ||
| CHAPTER 8 | 185 | ||
| CHAPTER 9 | 186 | ||
| CHAPTER 10 | 186 | ||
| Index | 189 |