BOOK
Advances in Wastewater Treatment
Giorgio Mannina | G. A. Ekama | Hallvard Ødegaard | Gustaf Olsson
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Advances in Wastewater Treatment presents a compendium of the key topics surrounding wastewater treatment, assembled by looking at the future technologies, and provides future perspectives in wastewater treatment and modelling. It covers the fundamentals and innovative wastewater treatment processes (such as membrane bioreactors and granular process). Furthermore, it focuses attention on mathematical modelling aspects in the field of wastewater treatments by highlighting the key role of models in process design, operation and control.
Other topics include:
• Anaerobic digestion
• Biological nutrient removal
• Instrumentation, control and automation
• Computational fluid dynamics in wastewater
• IFAS systems
• New frontiers in wastewater treatment
• Greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment
Each topic is addressed by discussing past, present and future trends. Advances in Wastewater Treatment is a valid support for researchers, practitioners and also students to have a frame of the frontiers in wastewater treatment and modelling.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| List of Abbreviations | xiii | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| Chapter 1: Primary treatment: particle separation by rotating belt sieves | 1 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 1 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 2 | ||
| 1.1.1 The Norwegian primary treatment evaluation programme | 2 | ||
| 1.2 ROTATING BELT SIEVE (RBS) TECHNOLOGY | 4 | ||
| 1.2.1 Characterization of wastewater through screening tests | 5 | ||
| 1.3 RESULTS AND EXPERIENCES FROM RBS OPERATION IN THE NORWEGIAN R&D PROGRAMME ON PRIMARY TREATMENT | 6 | ||
| 1.3.1 Screening test results | 6 | ||
| 1.3.2 Full-scale results | 8 | ||
| 1.3.3 Chemically enhanced primary treatment | 10 | ||
| 1.3.4 Sludge dewatering | 10 | ||
| 1.3.5 Cost comparison | 11 | ||
| 1.4 RESULTS AND EXPERIENCES FROM RECENT STUDIES OF RBS | 11 | ||
| 1.4.1 Primary treatment | 11 | ||
| 1.4.2 Chemically enhanced primary treatment in RBS | 14 | ||
| 1.4.2.1 CEPT testing at the Nordre Follo WWTP | 14 | ||
| 1.4.2.2 CEPT testing at the Sandefjord and Namsos WWTPs | 16 | ||
| 1.4.3 Sludge from rotating belt sieves | 18 | ||
| 1.5 IMPACT OF RBS PRIMARY TREATMENT ON NITROGEN REMOVAL | 20 | ||
| 1.5.1 Impact on MBBR | 21 | ||
| 1.5.2 Impact on MBR | 23 | ||
| 1.5.3 Operation of RBS in front of biological nitrogen removal process | 24 | ||
| 1.6 CONCLUSIONS | 26 | ||
| 1.7 REFERENCES | 27 | ||
| Chapter 2: Biological Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Systems with Membranes | 31 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 31 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 32 | ||
| 2.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS | 33 | ||
| 2.3 OVERALL MBR AND CAS UCT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE | 36 | ||
| 2.3.1 Organics (COD) removal | 36 | ||
| 2.3.2 Pathogen (faecal coliform) removal | 37 | ||
| 2.3.3 Trans-membrane pressure (TMP) | 37 | ||
| 2.3.4 N and COD mass balances | 38 | ||
| 2.3.5 Biological nitrogen removal | 38 | ||
| 2.3.6 Biological phosphorus removal | 38 | ||
| 2.3.7 System stability | 39 | ||
| 2.3.8 Sludge production | 39 | ||
| 2.4 CALCUATING THE BIOPROCESS SPECIFIC KINETIC RATES | 40 | ||
| 2.5 NITRIFICATION KINETICS - AEROBIC BATCH TESTS | 42 | ||
| 2.5.1 Test and calculation procedures | 42 | ||
| 2.5.2 Nitrification – results and discussion | 45 | ||
| 2.6 DENITRIFICATION KINETICS - ANOXIC BATCH TESTS | 50 | ||
| 2.6.1 Batch test and calculation procedures | 50 | ||
| 2.6.2 Denitrification kinetics – results and discussion | 51 | ||
| 2.7 BIOLOGICAL P REMOVAL KINETICS – ANAEROBIC-ANOXIC/AEROBIC BATCH TESTS | 57 | ||
| 2.7.1 Batch test and calculation procedures | 58 | ||
| 2.7.2 Anaerobic P release and anoxic/aerobic P uptake behaviour | 59 | ||
| 2.7.3 Anaerobic acetate uptake and P release kinetics | 64 | ||
| 2.7.4 Aerobic and anoxic P uptake rates | 64 | ||
| 2.7.5 Fermentation of readily biodegradable organics (RBO) | 65 | ||
| 2.7.6 Comparing kinetic rates with those of other investigations | 67 | ||
| 2.7.7 Comparing PAO and OHO denitrification behaviour in this and with other investigations | 68 | ||
| 2.8 MEMBRANE NDEBPR SYSTEM REACTOR SIZING CONSIDERATIONS | 74 | ||
| 2.8.1 Converting between sludge mass fractions and volume fractions – general considerations | 74 | ||
| 2.8.2 Derivation of the sludge mass – volume fraction equations | 75 | ||
| 2.8.3 BNR systems with secondary settling tanks for solid-liquid separation | 88 | ||
| 2.8.4 BNR systems with membranes for solid-liquid separation | 89 | ||
| 2.8.4.1 The MLE ND system | 89 | ||
| 2.8.4.3 The University of Cape Town (UCT) NDEBPR system | 90 | ||
| 2.8.4.4 The Johannesburg (JHB) NDEBPR system | 90 | ||
| 2.8.4.5 The 3 stage NDEBPR Bardenpho system | 91 | ||
| 2.8.4.6 The 5 stage NDEBPR Bardenpho system | 91 | ||
| 2.8.5 Mass fraction flexibility in MBR BNR systems | 92 | ||
| 2.8.6 Modelling MBR BNR systems | 92 | ||
| 2.9 CONCLUSIONS | 93 | ||
| 2.10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 95 | ||
| 2.11 REFERENCES | 96 | ||
| Chapter 3: MBBR and IFAS Systems | 101 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 101 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 102 | ||
| 3.2 BOD-Removal | 104 | ||
| 3.2.1 High-rate MBBR for BOD-removal | 107 | ||
| 3.3 N-Removal by Nitrification/Denitrification | 108 | ||
| 3.3.1 Nitrification | 108 | ||
| 3.3.2 Denitrification | 110 | ||
| 3.3.2.1 Combined pre- and post-denitrification MBBR | 111 | ||
| 3.3.2.2 Post-denitrification MBBR | 112 | ||
| 3.3.3 N-removal in MBBR-based IFAS plants | 113 | ||
| 3.4 N-Removal by De-ammonification in MBBR-Based Plants | 116 | ||
| 3.4.1 De-ammonification in the side-stream | 117 | ||
| 3.4.2 De-ammonification in the main-stream | 120 | ||
| 3.5 P-Removal | 124 | ||
| 3.5.1 Chemical P-removal in MBBR and IFAS plants | 124 | ||
| 3.5.2 Biological P-removal in MBBR plants | 125 | ||
| 3.5.2.1 Discontinuously operated (SBR) MBBR | 125 | ||
| 3.5.2.2 Continuously operated MBBR | 126 | ||
| 3.6 Organic Micro-Pollutant Removal | 128 | ||
| 3.7 Separation of Biomass From MBBR and IFAS Systems | 129 | ||
| 3.7.1 Separation characteristics of MBBR biomass | 130 | ||
| 3.7.2 High-rate biomass separation after MBBRs | 132 | ||
| 3.7.2.1 Dissolved air flotation (DAF) | 132 | ||
| 3.7.2.2 Micro-sand ballasted lamella sedimentation | 133 | ||
| 3.7.2.3 Micro-screening (disc filtration) | 134 | ||
| 3.7.3 Biomass separation in IFAS systems | 138 | ||
| 3.8 MBBR-Based Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Systems | 139 | ||
| 3.8.1 Pure MBBR + membrane (MBBR-MBR) | 140 | ||
| 3.8.2 MBBR based hybrid MBR (IFAS MBR) | 142 | ||
| 3.9 A Comparison Between MBBR-, MBR- and IFAS MBR Systems | 142 | ||
| 3.10 Summary and Conclusions | 147 | ||
| 3.11 REFERENCES | 148 | ||
| Chapter 4: Aerobic Granular Sludge: State of the Art, Applications, and New Perspectives | 155 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 155 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 156 | ||
| 4.2 STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF AEROBIC GRANULES | 157 | ||
| 4.2.1 Physical characteristics | 158 | ||
| 4.2.2 Extracellular polymeric substances | 159 | ||
| 4.2.3 Ion exchange and biologically induced precipitation | 161 | ||
| 4.2.4 Microbial community and nutrient removal capabilities | 162 | ||
| 4.3 FACTORS AFFECTING GRANULE FORMATION AND STABILITY | 165 | ||
| 4.3.1 Alternating “feast” and “famine” conditions | 166 | ||
| 4.3.2 Hydrodynamic shear forces | 167 | ||
| 4.3.3 Influent distribution | 168 | ||
| 4.3.4 Selective wasting | 171 | ||
| 4.3.5 Organic loading rate | 171 | ||
| 4.3.6 Other environmental factors | 172 | ||
| 4.3.7 Design considerations and control strategies | 174 | ||
| 4.4.1 Municipal wastewater characteristics | 177 | ||
| 4.4.2 Optional and required pretreatment of municipal wastewaters | 177 | ||
| 4.4.3 Operational considerations for municipal wastewater treatment | 180 | ||
| 4.4.4 Case study: Nereda® technology | 181 | ||
| 4.5 APPLICATION OF AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS | 185 | ||
| 4.5.1 Agro-food wastewater | 185 | ||
| 4.5.1.1 Brewery wastewater | 185 | ||
| 4.5.1.2 Dairy wastewater | 186 | ||
| 4.5.1.3 Fish-canning wastewater | 186 | ||
| 4.5.1.4 Palm oil wastewater | 187 | ||
| 4.5.1.5 Winery wastewater | 188 | ||
| 4.5.2 Petrochemical and oily wastewater | 188 | ||
| 4.5.3 Landfill leachate | 189 | ||
| 4.5.4 Wastewater contaminated by emerging micropollutants | 190 | ||
| 4.6 AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE IN CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS | 190 | ||
| 4.6.1 Operation under continuous flow | 191 | ||
| 4.6.2 Current designs and outlook for the future | 192 | ||
| 4.7 CONCLUSION | 193 | ||
| 4.8 References | 194 | ||
| Chapter 5: Membrane-Based Processes | 205 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 205 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 206 | ||
| 5.1.1 MBR advantage over activated sludge? | 208 | ||
| 5.2 AEROBIC MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS (ACTIVATED SLUDGE BASED) | 211 | ||
| 5.2.1 The membrane in aerobic MBR systems | 212 | ||
| 5.2.2 Fouling and its management | 214 | ||
| 5.2.3 Future outlook | 217 | ||
| 5.3 ANAEROBIC MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS | 217 | ||
| 5.3.1 AnMBR treatment performance and options | 218 | ||
| 5.3.2 The membrane in anaerobic membrane bioreactor systems | 223 | ||
| 5.3.3 Economics and future challenges | 224 | ||
| 5.4 CONCLUSIONS | 226 | ||
| 5.5 References | 226 | ||
| Chapter 6: Organic micropollutant control | 231 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 231 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 232 | ||
| 6.2 FATE OF MICROPOLLUTANTS IN MUNICIPAL WWTPS | 233 | ||
| 6.3 BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS | 239 | ||
| 6.4 ADDITIONAL TREATMENT TO CONTROL MICROPOLLUTANT REMOVAL | 241 | ||
| 6.4.1 Ozonation followed by biological filters to remove oxidation by-products | 242 | ||
| 6.4.2 Powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition | 247 | ||
| 6.4.3 Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters | 250 | ||
| 6.4.4 Process combinations | 252 | ||
| 6.4.5 Control of operation | 253 | ||
| 6.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK | 254 | ||
| 6.6 REFERENCES | 254 | ||
| Chapter 7: Anaerobic digestion processes | 261 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 261 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 262 | ||
| 7.2 PRINCIPLES OF THE ANAEROBIC PROCESSES | 264 | ||
| 7.3 DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AD REACTORS | 268 | ||
| 7.3.1 Covered anaerobic lagoon | 269 | ||
| 7.3.2 Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) | 269 | ||
| 7.3.3 Anaerobic packed/fixed bed reactor | 270 | ||
| 7.3.4 Anaerobic fluidized bed reactor | 271 | ||
| 7.3.5 Anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor | 271 | ||
| 7.3.6 Anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor | 272 | ||
| 7.3.7 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor | 273 | ||
| 7.3.8 Hybrid anaerobic biofilm reactors | 273 | ||
| 7.3.9 Two-stage anaerobic reactor | 274 | ||
| 7.3.10 Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) | 274 | ||
| 7.4 SUBSTRATE PRETREATMENT METHODS FOR ENHANCED AD | 277 | ||
| 7.4.1 Mechanical pretreatment | 277 | ||
| 7.4.2 Thermal pretreatment | 277 | ||
| 7.4.3 Chemical pretreatment | 279 | ||
| 7.4.4 Biological pretreatment | 280 | ||
| 7.5 TECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE PHOSPHORUS RECOVERY DURING AD | 281 | ||
| 7.5.1 Optimizing operational parameters | 282 | ||
| 7.5.2 Chemical additives | 282 | ||
| 7.6 BIOFUEL AND BIOENERGY | 283 | ||
| 7.6.1 Biohydrogen | 283 | ||
| 7.6.2 Production of electricity | 286 | ||
| 7.7 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION | 287 | ||
| 7.8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS | 288 | ||
| 7.9 REFERENCES | 288 | ||
| Chapter 8: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Membrane Bioreactors | 293 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 293 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 294 | ||
| 8.2 GHG EMISSION MECHANISMS | 296 | ||
| 8.2.1 Direct emissions | 296 | ||
| 8.2.1.1 Carbon dioxide – CO2 | 296 | ||
| 8.2.1.2 Methane – CH4 | 296 | ||
| 8.2.1.3 Nitrous oxide – N2O | 296 | ||
| 8.2.1.4 Liquid/gas mass transfer | 297 | ||
| 8.2.2 Indirect emissions | 298 | ||
| 8.2.2.1 Energy consumption | 298 | ||
| 8.2.2.2 Chemicals usage | 299 | ||
| 8.3 GHG FROM MBR: LITERATURE OVERVIEW | 299 | ||
| 8.4 MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING GHG EMISSIONS | 304 | ||
| 8.4.1 Direct emissions | 306 | ||
| 8.4.2 Indirect emissions | 313 | ||
| 8.5 CONCLUSIONS | 315 | ||
| 8.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 316 | ||
| 8.7 References | 316 | ||
| Chapter 9: Mixing - new insights and opportunities through computational fluid dynamics | 321 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 321 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION – THE IMPORTANCE OF MIXING | 321 | ||
| 9.2 “IDEAL MIXING” AND ITS FLAWS AND LIMITATIONS | 322 | ||
| 9.4 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS: BRIEF INTRODUCTION | 326 | ||
| 9.4.1 State of the art of CFD in wastewater treatment | 326 | ||
| 9.4.2 The use of CFD to increase our insight into reactor mixing | 327 | ||
| 9.4.2.1 The case of the bioreactor of the Eindhoven WWTP | 327 | ||
| 9.4.3 How can CFD be used to improve current mixing models? | 328 | ||
| 9.4.4 Extending the CFD modelling approach to other unit processes in WWTPs | 330 | ||
| 9.4.4.1 Bioprocesses | 330 | ||
| 9.4.4.2 Physical-chemical processes | 333 | ||
| 9.5 DISCUSSION | 334 | ||
| 9.6 CONCLUSIONS | 338 | ||
| 9.6 REFERENCES | 338 | ||
| Chapter 10: Making Water Operations Smarter | 341 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 341 | ||
| 10.1 INTRODUCTION | 342 | ||
| 10.2 TOWARDS SMART OPERATIONS | 343 | ||
| 10.3 MEASUREMENTS | 344 | ||
| 10.4 MONITORING AND ANALYSIS | 346 | ||
| 10.4.1 Water supply monitoring | 349 | ||
| 10.4.2 Analysing the user behaviour | 350 | ||
| 10.5 CONTROL AND DECISION | 350 | ||
| 10.5.1 Water treatment control | 352 | ||
| 10.5.2 Water distribution systems | 352 | ||
| 10.5.3 Wastewater transport and treatment | 353 | ||
| 10.5.4 Integrated control of sewer networks and wastewater treatment plants | 354 | ||
| 10.5.5 Computer realizations of control systems | 354 | ||
| 10.5.6 Actuators | 354 | ||
| 10.6 TRENDS TOWARDS DECENTRALIZATION | 355 | ||
| 10.6.1 ICA in decentralized systems | 356 | ||
| 10.6.2 Operator competence | 358 | ||
| 10.7 CONCLUSIONS | 358 | ||
| 10.8 REFERENCES | 359 | ||
| Chapter 11: Global sensitivity analysis in wastewater treatment modelling | 363 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 363 | ||
| 11.1 INTRODUCTION | 364 | ||
| 11.2 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS METHODS | 367 | ||
| 11.2.1 Derivative-based | 370 | ||
| 11.2.2 Regression-based | 370 | ||
| 11.2.2.1 Standardized regression coefficients | 370 | ||
| 11.2.3 Screening | 371 | ||
| 11.2.3.1 Morris screening | 371 | ||
| 11.2.4 Variance-based | 372 | ||
| 11.2.4.1 Sobol’ indices | 373 | ||
| 11.2.4.2 Extended-FAST | 373 | ||
| 11.3 GSA APPLICATIONS FOR WASTEWATER ENGINEERING | 374 | ||
| 11.4 NUMERICAL SETTINGS | 379 | ||
| 11.4.1 Open issues | 379 | ||
| 11.4.2 Cut-off criteria for factors classification | 382 | ||
| 11.4.3 GSA applications dealing with convergence analysis | 382 | ||
| 11.5 USING MULTIPLE GSA METHODS | 386 | ||
| 11.5.1 Comparison studies | 386 | ||
| 11.5.2 Sequential use | 387 | ||
| 11.5.3 Complementary use | 387 | ||
| 11.6 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK | 388 | ||
| 11.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 389 | ||
| 11.8 REFERENCES | 389 | ||
| Index | 395 |