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Book Details
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world but what are the health advantages or disadvantages from consuming it? This book covers how health is influenced by the consumption of coffee from protective effects and potential contributions of bioactive compounds to health to potential risks involved. Written by an international collection of contributors in the field who concentrate on coffee research, it is edited expertly to ensure quality of content, consistency and organization across the chapters.
Aimed at advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers and accompanied by a sister volume covering how production and chemistry influence the quality of coffee, these titles provide an impactful and accessible guide to the current research in the field and information on the health aspects for nutritionists and other health professionals.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Coffee: Consumption and Health Implications | i | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 - Coffee Consumption and Health Impacts: A Brief History of Changing Conceptions | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 African Origins, Islamic Consumption, and Spiritual Health (9th–15th Centuries) | 2 | ||
| 1.3 Coffee and Western Medicine in the 16th and 17th Centuries | 3 | ||
| 1.4 Coffee, Chemistry, and Caffeine in the 18th and 19th Centuries | 5 | ||
| 1.5 Nineteenth-century Moral Questions and 20th-century Science | 9 | ||
| 1.6 Beyond Caffeine: Coffee and Health in the 20th and 21st Centuries | 11 | ||
| 1.7 Concluding Remarks | 13 | ||
| References | 14 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Coffee Antioxidants in Chronic Diseases | 20 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 20 | ||
| 2.2 Effect of Natural Coffee Antioxidants in Chronic Diseases | 24 | ||
| 2.2.1 Phenolic Compounds | 24 | ||
| 2.2.2 Coffee Indigestible Polyphenols | 30 | ||
| 2.2.2.1 Lignans | 30 | ||
| 2.2.2.2 Lignins: Antioxidant Coffee Dietary Fibre | 32 | ||
| 2.2.3 Alkaloids | 32 | ||
| 2.2.3.1 Caffeine | 32 | ||
| 2.2.3.2 Melatonin | 33 | ||
| 2.2.3.3 Trigonelline | 34 | ||
| 2.2.4 Diterpenes | 35 | ||
| 2.2.5 Vitamins | 36 | ||
| 2.2.5.1 Vitamin E (Tocopherols) | 36 | ||
| 2.2.5.2 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | 37 | ||
| 2.2.6 Minerals | 37 | ||
| 2.2.6.1 Selenium | 37 | ||
| 2.2.6.2 Copper | 38 | ||
| 2.2.6.3 Zinc | 38 | ||
| 2.2.6.4 Manganese | 39 | ||
| 2.3 Effect of Coffee Processing Antioxidants in Chronic Diseases | 39 | ||
| 2.3.1 Non-volatile Compounds of Roasted Coffee | 39 | ||
| 2.3.1.1 Melanoidins | 39 | ||
| 2.3.1.1.1\rCoffee Maillardised Dietary Fibre.Melanoidins have been proposed as a type of soluble Maillardised dietary fibre.202 It is very ... | 42 | ||
| 2.3.1.2 Lactones | 42 | ||
| 2.3.1.3 Pyridine Derivatives or Pyridinium Compounds | 43 | ||
| 2.3.2 Volatile Compounds of Roasted Coffee | 44 | ||
| 2.3.2.1 Furans and Related Structures | 44 | ||
| 2.3.2.2 Pyrroles, Thiazoles, and Their Derivatives | 45 | ||
| 2.3.2.3 Phenolic Volatile Compounds | 46 | ||
| 2.4 Conclusions | 46 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 47 | ||
| References | 47 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Anti-inflammatory Activity of Coffee | 57 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 57 | ||
| 3.2 Relationship Between Food and Inflammation | 58 | ||
| 3.3 Coffee Bioactive Compounds Related to Its Anti-inflammatory Activity | 59 | ||
| 3.4 Inflammatory Markers and Coffee | 64 | ||
| 3.4.1 Interleukins, Cytokines, and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) | 65 | ||
| 3.4.2 Amyloid-associated Protein | 65 | ||
| 3.4.3 Adiponectin | 65 | ||
| 3.4.4 General Comments on Coffee Consumption and Inflammation | 66 | ||
| 3.5 Conclusions and Final Considerations | 67 | ||
| References | 69 | ||
| Chapter 4 - DNA Protective Properties of Coffee: From Cells to Humans | 75 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 75 | ||
| 4.2 Experimental Models | 76 | ||
| 4.3 DNA Protective Properties of Coffees | 76 | ||
| 4.3.1 In Vitro Results | 77 | ||
| 4.3.2 Results of Animal Experiments | 77 | ||
| 4.3.3 Results of Human Studies | 80 | ||
| 4.3.4 Which Molecular Mechanisms Account for the DNA-protective Properties of Coffee | 83 | ||
| 4.4 What are the Active Principles of Coffee | 84 | ||
| 4.4.1 Caffeine | 84 | ||
| 4.4.2 Chlorogenic Acids | 86 | ||
| 4.4.3 Melanoidins | 87 | ||
| 4.4.4 N-Methylpyridinium | 87 | ||
| 4.4.5 Coffee Specific Diterpenoids | 88 | ||
| 4.5 Impact of Coffee Consumption on Diseases Which Are Causally Related to DNA Damage | 89 | ||
| 4.5.1 Cancer | 90 | ||
| 4.5.2 Neurodegenerative Disorders | 91 | ||
| 4.5.3 Fertility | 91 | ||
| 4.5.4 Impact of Coffee Consumption on Mortality | 91 | ||
| 4.6 Conclusions and Knowledge Gaps | 92 | ||
| Abbreviations | 93 | ||
| References | 93 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Preventive Effect of Coffee Against Cardiovascular Diseases | 105 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 105 | ||
| 5.2 Coffee and Cardiovascular Diseases. Findings from Epidemiological Studies | 106 | ||
| 5.3 Coffee Phytochemicals and Cardiovascular Risk | 113 | ||
| 5.3.1 Caffeine | 117 | ||
| 5.3.2 Polyphenols | 118 | ||
| 5.3.3 Diterpenes | 119 | ||
| 5.3.4 Other Components | 119 | ||
| 5.4 Coffee and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 121 | ||
| 5.4.1 Effects of Coffee Consumption on Blood Lipids | 121 | ||
| 5.4.2 Effects of Coffee Consumption on Endothelial Function, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis. Mechanisms of Action | 126 | ||
| 5.4.3 Effects of Coffee Consumption on Plasma Homocysteine Levels | 131 | ||
| 5.4.4 Effects of Coffee Consumption on Blood Pressure | 133 | ||
| 5.5 Concluding Remarks | 137 | ||
| References | 138 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Coffee in the Development, Progression and Management of Type 2 Diabetes | 147 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 147 | ||
| 6.1.1 Coffee and Type 2 Diabetes Risk | 148 | ||
| 6.1.2 Coffee and Diabetes Progression | 152 | ||
| 6.1.3 Coffee and Diabetes Management | 152 | ||
| 6.2 Mechanistic Insights | 153 | ||
| 6.2.1 Observational Data | 154 | ||
| 6.2.2 Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Data | 155 | ||
| 6.2.2.1 Gut Peptides and the Microbiota | 155 | ||
| 6.2.2.2 Modulation of Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism | 156 | ||
| 6.2.2.3 Micronutrients and Other Coffee Derived Compounds | 157 | ||
| 6.2.2.4 Alteration of Secretory, Inflammatory and Signalling Cascades | 158 | ||
| 6.3 Coffee–Caffeine Paradox | 158 | ||
| 6.4 Conclusion | 159 | ||
| Abbreviations | 159 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 159 | ||
| References | 159 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Caffeine and Parkinson's Disease: From Molecular Targets to Epidemiology and Clinical Trials | 171 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 171 | ||
| 7.2 Pharmacological Targets of Caffeine Actions | 173 | ||
| 7.2.1 Non-adenosine Receptors | 173 | ||
| 7.2.2 Adenosine Receptors | 173 | ||
| 7.3 Caffeine and PD | 174 | ||
| 7.3.1 Potential Disease Modifying Effect of Caffeine in PD | 175 | ||
| 7.3.2 Motor Benefit of Caffeine in PD | 177 | ||
| 7.3.3 Non-motor Effect of Caffeine in PD | 179 | ||
| 7.3.3.1 Caffeine, A1, and A2A Receptors and Sleep-Disturbance in PD | 179 | ||
| 7.3.3.2 Caffeine, A2A Receptors, and Cognitive Behaviors | 180 | ||
| 7.3.3.3 Caffeine and Anxiety-related Behavior | 180 | ||
| 7.4 Implication of Widespread Caffeine Use | 181 | ||
| 7.5 Concluding Remarks | 182 | ||
| References | 184 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Coffee and Alzheimer's Disease | 196 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction: Alzheimer's Disease | 196 | ||
| 8.2 Caffeine as a Cognitive Normalizer in AD | 197 | ||
| 8.3 Caffeine, Adenosine Receptor and AD Lesions | 199 | ||
| 8.4 Other Coffee Components and AD | 201 | ||
| 8.5 Conclusion | 203 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 203 | ||
| References | 203 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Hepatoprotective Effect of Coffee | 211 | ||
| 9.1 The Liver | 211 | ||
| 9.1.1 Liver Diseases Epidemiology | 212 | ||
| 9.1.1.1 Viral Hepatitis | 212 | ||
| 9.1.1.2 Parasites | 213 | ||
| 9.1.1.3 Obesity | 213 | ||
| 9.1.1.4 Alcohol | 213 | ||
| 9.1.1.5 Genetics | 213 | ||
| 9.1.1.6 Autoimmune Liver Disease | 213 | ||
| 9.1.1.7 Drugs and Toxins | 213 | ||
| 9.1.1.8 Cancer | 214 | ||
| 9.1.2 Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis | 214 | ||
| 9.1.3 Oxidative Stress Strongly Participates in the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases | 216 | ||
| 9.1.4 Antioxidants to Fight Liver Diseases | 216 | ||
| 9.2 Antioxidant Properties of Coffee | 217 | ||
| 9.3 Coffee Consumption and Health | 218 | ||
| 9.4 Coffee Consumption and Liver Damage | 219 | ||
| 9.4.1 Clinical Evidence of Coffee Prevention of Liver Disease | 219 | ||
| 9.4.2 Coffee Intake is Associated to Several Beneficial Effects on Liver Fibrosis | 220 | ||
| 9.4.2.1 Coffee May Protect the Liver from Chronic Damage by Its Antioxidant Properties | 224 | ||
| 9.4.3 Effect of Coffee Consumption on Hepatitis C Virus Infection | 224 | ||
| 9.4.4 Effect of Coffee Consumption on Liver Cancer | 224 | ||
| 9.5 Conclusion and Perspectives | 226 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 227 | ||
| References | 227 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Antimicrobial Activity of Coffee | 234 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 234 | ||
| 10.2 Compounds Responsible for the Antimicrobial Activity of Coffee | 235 | ||
| 10.2.1 Caffeine | 235 | ||
| 10.2.2 Trigonelline | 237 | ||
| 10.2.3 Phenolic Acids and Derivatives | 237 | ||
| 10.2.4 Other Natural Coffee Chemical Compounds | 239 | ||
| 10.2.5 Compounds Generated During Coffee Roasting | 239 | ||
| 10.2.5.1 Melanoidins | 239 | ||
| 10.2.5.2 Dicarbonyl Compounds | 240 | ||
| 10.2.5.3 Other Compounds Generated During Roasting | 241 | ||
| 10.3 Factors Affecting the Antibacterial Activity of Coffee | 242 | ||
| 10.3.1 Coffee Variety and Species | 242 | ||
| 10.3.2 Roasting Status | 242 | ||
| 10.3.3 Coffee Decaffeination | 243 | ||
| 10.3.4 Brewing and Type of Coffee | 243 | ||
| 10.3.5 Coffee Concentration | 244 | ||
| 10.3.6 Types of Bacteria | 244 | ||
| 10.4 Antifungal Activity of Coffee | 247 | ||
| 10.5 Antiviral Activity of Coffee | 249 | ||
| 10.6 Antimicrobial Activity of Coffee By-products | 249 | ||
| 10.7 Antimicrobial Properties of Coffee and Health Benefits | 250 | ||
| 10.8 Concluding Remarks | 251 | ||
| References | 252 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Effect of Coffee on Oral Bacteria Involved in Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease | 255 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 255 | ||
| 11.2 Coffee and Its Components with Antibacterial Activity Against Bacteria Related to Systemic and Oral Diseases | 256 | ||
| 11.3 Antibacterial Action Mechanisms of Coffee Extracts | 257 | ||
| 11.4 Effects of Coffee on Oral Bacteria Involved in Caries Disease | 258 | ||
| 11.5 Effects of Coffee Extract on Oral Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease | 259 | ||
| 11.6 Conclusion | 261 | ||
| References | 261 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Effect of Coffee on Weight Management | 265 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 265 | ||
| 12.2 Coffee Effect on Weight Management: Epidemiological Studies | 266 | ||
| 12.3 Coffee Effect on Weight Management: Caffeine and Coffee | 267 | ||
| 12.3.1 Caffeine | 267 | ||
| 12.3.2 Coffee | 269 | ||
| 12.4 Chlorogenic Acids and Decaffeinated Coffee | 271 | ||
| 12.5 Bioavailability of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acids | 275 | ||
| 12.6 Coffee and Microbiota Impact | 278 | ||
| 12.7 Conclusion | 279 | ||
| References | 280 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Potential Prebiotic Effect of Coffee | 286 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 286 | ||
| 13.2 The Role of Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotics in Human Health | 288 | ||
| 13.2.1 Human Microbiota and Microbiome | 288 | ||
| 13.2.2 The Complexity and Influence of Human Gut Microbiome on Health | 289 | ||
| 13.3 Prebiotic Compounds and Their Benefit to Health | 292 | ||
| 13.4 Coffee as a Source of Candidate Prebiotic Compounds | 293 | ||
| 13.4.1 Potential Prebiotic Effects of Coffee Soluble Fibers | 294 | ||
| 13.4.2 Potential Prebiotic Effects of Coffee Melanoidins | 296 | ||
| 13.4.3 Potential Prebiotic Effects of Chlorogenic Acids | 298 | ||
| 13.5 Potential Prebiotic Effect of Whole Coffee Brew | 299 | ||
| 13.6 Potential Prebiotic Effects of Coffee By-products: Silverskin and Spent Grounds | 300 | ||
| 13.6.1 Coffee Silverskin | 300 | ||
| 13.6.2 Spent Coffee Ground | 302 | ||
| 13.7 Final Considerations | 303 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 305 | ||
| References | 305 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Caffeine Consumption | 313 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 313 | ||
| 14.2 Caffeine Contents in the Most Consumed Stimulating Foods and Beverages | 314 | ||
| 14.2.1 Coffee | 314 | ||
| 14.2.2 Camelia Sinensis Teas | 315 | ||
| 14.2.3 Cocoa | 315 | ||
| 14.2.4 Maté | 316 | ||
| 14.2.5 Other Foods | 316 | ||
| 14.3 Global Caffeine Intake Estimates | 317 | ||
| 14.4 Safety on Caffeine Consumption and Recommendations | 320 | ||
| 14.5 Labelling and Regulations on the Addition of Caffeine in Beverages | 332 | ||
| 14.6 Final Considerations | 333 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 334 | ||
| References | 334 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Caffeine Metabolism and Health Effects | 340 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 340 | ||
| 15.2 Absorption | 341 | ||
| 15.3 Metabolism and Distribution | 342 | ||
| 15.4 Excretion | 350 | ||
| 15.5 Metabolism of Theobromine and Theophylline | 351 | ||
| 15.6 Caffeine and Health | 353 | ||
| 15.7 Toxicology of Caffeine and Minor Methylxanthines | 354 | ||
| 15.8 Concluding Remarks | 355 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 356 | ||
| References | 356 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Chlorogenic Acids: Daily Consumption Through Coffee, Metabolism and Potential Health Effects | 364 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction: Highlights on the Evolution of Studies Involving Metabolism of Coffee Chlorogenic Acids | 364 | ||
| 16.2 Chlorogenic Acids in Brewed and Instant Coffees and Estimated Contribution to Daily Consumption | 366 | ||
| 16.3 Metabolism of Chlorogenic Acids from Coffee | 374 | ||
| 16.3.1 Digestion | 374 | ||
| 16.3.2 Absorption, Liver Metabolism and Plasma Appearance | 375 | ||
| 16.3.3 Metabolism by Intestinal Microbiota | 380 | ||
| 16.3.4 Urinary Excretion | 381 | ||
| 16.3.5 Excretion in Digestive Fluids | 381 | ||
| 16.4 Interaction Between Chlorogenic Acids and Other Food Components: Effect on CGA Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability | 393 | ||
| 16.5 Potential Health Effects of Chlorogenic Acids and Their Lactones | 394 | ||
| 16.5.1 Antioxidant Activity | 395 | ||
| 16.5.2 Anti-inflammatory Effect and Wound Healing | 396 | ||
| 16.5.3 Antimutagenic and Anticarcinogenic Effects | 397 | ||
| 16.5.4 Hepatoprotective Effect | 398 | ||
| 16.5.5 Antidiabetic Effect | 398 | ||
| 16.5.6 Cardioprotective and Antihypertensive Effects | 399 | ||
| 16.5.7 Antiobesity and Anti-metabolic Syndrome Effects | 399 | ||
| 16.5.8 Neuroprotective Effects | 400 | ||
| 16.5.9 Antimicrobial Effect | 401 | ||
| 16.5.10 Potential Prebiotic Effect | 402 | ||
| 16.6 Concluding Remarks | 403 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 403 | ||
| References | 403 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Potential Effects of Coffee Isoflavones and Lignans on Health | 416 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 416 | ||
| 17.2 Coffee as a Dietary Source of Isoflavones and Lignans | 417 | ||
| 17.3 Isoflavones, Lignans and Coffee Estrogenic Activity | 419 | ||
| 17.4 Potential Contribution of Isoflavones and Lignans to Chemoprevention by Coffee | 421 | ||
| 17.5 Potential Isoflavones and Lignans Contribution to Coffee Anti-inflammatory Properties | 424 | ||
| 17.6 Isoflavones, Lignans and Other Coffee Benefits | 425 | ||
| 17.7 Hormetic Phytochemicals and Concluding Remarks | 425 | ||
| References | 427 | ||
| Chapter 18 - Potential Effects of Trigonelline and Derivatives on Health | 432 | ||
| 18.1 Introduction | 432 | ||
| 18.2 Dietary Contribution | 433 | ||
| 18.3 Metabolism | 434 | ||
| 18.3.1 Trigonelline and N-Methylpyridinium | 434 | ||
| 18.3.2 Nicotinic Acid/Nicotinamide | 436 | ||
| 18.4 Toxicology | 437 | ||
| 18.5 Bioactivity | 438 | ||
| 18.5.1 Effects on Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Its Complications | 438 | ||
| 18.5.2 Hypolipidemic Effect | 440 | ||
| 18.5.3 Antioxidant and Anti-tumorigenic Effects | 443 | ||
| 18.5.4 Antifibrotic and Hepatoprotective Effect | 444 | ||
| 18.5.5 Effects on the Central Nervous System | 445 | ||
| 18.5.6 Anti-thrombotic Effect | 446 | ||
| 18.5.7 Phytoestrogenic Effect | 447 | ||
| 18.5.8 Gastroprotective Effect | 448 | ||
| 18.5.9 Antimicrobial Effect | 448 | ||
| 18.6 Concluding Remarks | 449 | ||
| References | 450 | ||
| Chapter 19 - Potential Anti-carcinogenic Effects of Coffee Diterpenes | 456 | ||
| 19.1 Potential Anti-carcinogenic Effects of Coffee Diterpenes | 456 | ||
| References | 458 | ||
| Chapter 20 - Potential Effects of β-Carbolines on Human Health | 461 | ||
| 20.1 Introduction | 461 | ||
| 20.2 β-Carbolines Path in the Human Body | 462 | ||
| 20.2.1 Sources | 462 | ||
| 20.2.2 Bioavailability | 463 | ||
| 20.2.3 Metabolism | 463 | ||
| 20.3 Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic | 463 | ||
| 20.4 Mutagenic or Antimutagenic | 465 | ||
| 20.5 β-Carbolines as a New Potential Antidiabetic | 466 | ||
| 20.6 Conclusion | 466 | ||
| References | 467 | ||
| Chapter 21 - Potential Effects of Coffee Melanoidins on Health | 469 | ||
| 21.1 Relationship Among Composition, Physicochemical Properties and Health Effects of Coffee Melanoidins | 469 | ||
| 21.2 Antioxidant Activity of Coffee Melanoidins | 472 | ||
| 21.3 Chelating Activity of Coffee Melanoidins | 473 | ||
| 21.4 Detoxifying Activity of Coffee Melanoidins | 473 | ||
| 21.5 Coffee Melanoidins as Modulators of the Gut Microbiota | 475 | ||
| 21.6 Coffee Melanoidins as Antimicrobial Agents | 476 | ||
| 21.7 Conclusions | 476 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 476 | ||
| References | 477 | ||
| Chapter 22 - Potential Beneficial Effects of Bioactive Amines on Health | 479 | ||
| 22.1 Introduction | 479 | ||
| 22.2 Roles of Bioactive Amines in Human Health | 480 | ||
| 22.3 Metabolism of Bioactive Amines | 481 | ||
| 22.4 Potential Health Effects of Bioactive Amines from Coffee | 482 | ||
| 22.4.1 Potential Health Effects Associated with Indolamines | 483 | ||
| 22.4.2 Potential Health Effects Associated with Agmatine | 484 | ||
| 22.4.3 Potential Health Effects Associated with Spermidine | 485 | ||
| 22.5 Concluding Remarks | 485 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 486 | ||
| References | 486 | ||
| Chapter 23 - Potential Negative Effects of Caffeine Consumption on Health | 489 | ||
| 23.1 Introduction | 489 | ||
| 23.2 Potential Adverse Effects of Caffeine on Mood, Behavior and Sleep | 490 | ||
| 23.3 Potential Adverse Effects of Caffeine on the Cardiovascular System | 491 | ||
| 23.4 Potential Adverse Effects of Caffeine on Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance | 494 | ||
| 23.5 Potential Adverse Effects of Caffeine on Calcium Balance | 495 | ||
| 23.6 Potential Adverse Effects of Caffeine on Female Fertility and Reproductive and Developmental Effects | 497 | ||
| 23.7 Potential Carcinogenicity of Caffeine | 498 | ||
| 23.8 Caffeine Withdrawal Syndrome | 499 | ||
| 23.9 Caffeine Acute Toxicity | 500 | ||
| 23.10 Concluding Remarks | 501 | ||
| References | 501 | ||
| Chapter 24 - Potential Detrimental Effects of Acrylamide on Health | 509 | ||
| 24.1 Introduction | 509 | ||
| 24.2 Acrylamide Toxicokinetics | 510 | ||
| 24.3 Acrylamide Toxicity | 512 | ||
| 24.3.1 Neurotoxicity | 512 | ||
| 24.3.2 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity | 512 | ||
| 24.3.3 Genotoxicity | 513 | ||
| 24.3.4 Carcinogenicity | 514 | ||
| 24.4 Mitigation of Acrylamide Toxicity | 515 | ||
| 24.5 Conclusions | 516 | ||
| References | 517 | ||
| Chapter 25 - Potential Effects of Furan and Related Compounds on Health | 520 | ||
| 25.1 Introduction | 520 | ||
| 25.2 Furan and Related Compounds in Heat-treated Foods | 521 | ||
| 25.2.1 Maillard Reactions | 522 | ||
| 25.2.2 Formation of Furan, HMF and Furfural in Foods | 523 | ||
| 25.3 Occurrence of Furan, HMF and Furfural in Coffee | 525 | ||
| 25.3.1 Furan | 525 | ||
| 25.3.2 HMF | 526 | ||
| 25.3.3 Furfural | 527 | ||
| 25.4 Human Exposure | 527 | ||
| 25.4.1 Furan | 527 | ||
| 25.4.2 HMF | 528 | ||
| 25.4.3 Furfural | 528 | ||
| 25.5 Toxicity of Furan and Related Compounds | 528 | ||
| 25.5.1 Furan | 528 | ||
| 25.5.2 HMF | 530 | ||
| 25.5.3 Furfural | 532 | ||
| 25.6 Protective Effects of Furan and Related Compounds | 533 | ||
| 25.7 Epidemiological Studies | 534 | ||
| 25.8 Conclusions | 536 | ||
| References | 536 | ||
| Chapter 26 - The Dyslipidemic Effect of Coffee Diterpenes | 541 | ||
| 26.1 Brewing Method Determines the Association Between Coffee Consumption and Cholesterol Levels | 541 | ||
| 26.2 Coffee Diterpenes are Responsible for the Cholesterol-raising Effect of Some Coffee Types | 542 | ||
| 26.3 Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Cholesterol-raising Effect of Cafestol and Kahweol | 543 | ||
| 26.4 Health Implications of the Cholesterol-raising Effect of Unfiltered Coffee | 544 | ||
| References | 545 | ||
| Chapter 27 - Potential Adverse Effects of Coffee Bioactive Amines to Human Health | 548 | ||
| 27.1 Introduction | 548 | ||
| 27.2 Toxicological Aspects of Biogenic Amines | 549 | ||
| 27.2.1 Metabolism of Biogenic Amines | 549 | ||
| 27.2.2 Histamine and Tyramine Intoxication | 549 | ||
| 27.2.3 Toxicity Threshold and Legislation | 551 | ||
| 27.3 Biogenic Amines in Coffee Beverages | 552 | ||
| 27.4 Concluding Remarks | 553 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 554 | ||
| References | 554 | ||
| Chapter 28 - Potential Mycotoxin Effects on Coffee Consumers' Health | 556 | ||
| 28.1 Introduction | 556 | ||
| 28.2 Ochratoxin A | 558 | ||
| 28.2.1 Toxicokinetics | 558 | ||
| 28.2.2 Toxicity | 559 | ||
| 28.2.3 Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability | 560 | ||
| 28.2.4 Coffee Protective Effects Against Exposure to OTA | 561 | ||
| 28.2.5 The Effect of OTA Degradation Products in Coffee Consumers | 562 | ||
| 28.3 Aflatoxin B1 | 563 | ||
| 28.3.1 Toxicokinetics and Toxicity | 563 | ||
| 28.3.2 Coffee Protective Effects Against Exposure to AFB1 | 564 | ||
| 28.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives | 564 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 564 | ||
| References | 565 | ||
| Chapter 29 - Carcinogenic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Modulation by Coffee Compounds | 567 | ||
| 29.1 Introduction | 567 | ||
| 29.2 Toxicological Classification | 569 | ||
| 29.3 Metabolism of PAHs | 570 | ||
| 29.4 Modulation of PAHs Metabolism by Coffee | 572 | ||
| 29.4.1 Modulation of PAHs Metabolism by Caffeine | 572 | ||
| 29.4.2 Modulation of PAHs Metabolism by Coffee Diterpenes | 573 | ||
| 29.4.3 Modulation of PAHs Metabolism by Chlorogenic Acid | 574 | ||
| 29.5 Conclusions | 575 | ||
| References | 575 | ||
| Chapter 30 - Potential Effects of Pesticides Residues on Health | 579 | ||
| 30.1 Introduction | 579 | ||
| 30.2 Pesticide Toxicity | 580 | ||
| 30.2.1 Insecticides | 580 | ||
| 30.2.2 Fungicides | 581 | ||
| 30.2.3 Herbicides | 581 | ||
| 30.3 Effect of Processing and Dietary Intake Estimation | 584 | ||
| 30.4 Final Considerations | 585 | ||
| References | 585 | ||
| Subject Index | 587 |