BOOK
Update on Imaging Contrast Agents, An Issue of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, E-Book
Carlos A. Zamora | Mauricio Castillo
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of MRI Clinics of North America focuses on Update on Imaging Contrast Agents, and is edited by Drs. Carlos Zamora, Mauricio Castillo, Richard Semelka. Articles will include: Historical Perspective of Imaging Contrast Agents; Current Radiographic Iodinated Contrast Agents; Contrast-enhanced Sonography; Myelography: From Lipid-based to Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents; Acute Allergic Reactions with Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents: Diagnosis and Treatment; Deposition and Chronic Toxicity of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents; Managing Allergic Reactions to Contrast Agents; Safety of Contrast Material Use in Children; Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agents; Contrast Agents for MR Imaging: Gadolinium, Manganese, SPIO, Superparamagnetic Iron Platinum, and Oral Agents; Contrast-induced Nephropathy: Pathophysiology, Manifestations, Prevention, and Management; and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Update on ImagingContrast Agents\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | v | ||
| Preface: Update on Imaging Contrast Agents | v | ||
| Historical Perspective of Imaging Contrast Agents | v | ||
| Current Radiographic Iodinated Contrast Agents | v | ||
| Contrast Agents for MR Imaging | v | ||
| Myelography: From Lipid-Based to Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents | v | ||
| Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound | vi | ||
| Managing Adverse Reactions to Contrast Agents | vi | ||
| Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Pathophysiology, Manifestations, Prevention, and Management | vi | ||
| Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: Associated Adverse Reactions | vi | ||
| Gadolinium Deposition and Chronic Toxicity | vii | ||
| Safety of Contrast Material Use in Children | vii | ||
| Safety of Contrast Material Use During Pregnancy and Lactation | vii | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | viii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | viii | ||
| February 2018 | viii | ||
| May 2018 | viii | ||
| August 2018 | viii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | viii | ||
| August 2017 | viii | ||
| May 2017 | viii | ||
| February 2017 | viii | ||
| CME Accreditation Page | ix | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | ix | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | ix | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | ix | ||
| ACCREDITATION | ix | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | ix | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | ix | ||
| TO ENROLL | ix | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | ix | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | ix | ||
| Foreword | xi | ||
| Preface\r | xiii | ||
| Update on Imaging Contrast Agents | xiii | ||
| Historical Perspective of Imaging Contrast Agents | 685 | ||
| Key points | 685 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 685 | ||
| EARLY AND ABANDONED CONTRAST AGENTS | 685 | ||
| THE EMERGENCE OF IODINATED COMPOUNDS | 686 | ||
| Iodized Poppy Seed Oil | 687 | ||
| VISUALIZING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 687 | ||
| Angiography | 687 | ||
| Myelography and Ventriculography | 688 | ||
| CONTRAST AGENTS FOR MR IMAGING | 689 | ||
| A Brief History of MR Imaging | 689 | ||
| Gadolinium | 690 | ||
| Recognition of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis and Gadolinium Retention | 691 | ||
| Manganese and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles | 692 | ||
| ULTRASONOGRAPHY CONTRAST MEDIA | 692 | ||
| SUMMARY | 693 | ||
| REFERENCES | 693 | ||
| Current Radiographic Iodinated Contrast Agents | 697 | ||
| Key points | 697 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 697 | ||
| PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND SAFETY PROFILES | 698 | ||
| Novel Agents | 699 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 700 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 700 | ||
| Computed Tomography Angiography | 700 | ||
| Dual Energy Computed Tomography: Iodine Sensitivity and Dose | 701 | ||
| Intra-Arterial Contrast Administration | 701 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 703 | ||
| REFERENCES | 703 | ||
| Contrast Agents for MR Imaging | 705 | ||
| Key points | 705 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 705 | ||
| GADOLINIUM-CHELATE–BASED IMAGING | 705 | ||
| Chemical Structure | 705 | ||
| Dosage | 706 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 706 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 706 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 707 | ||
| Acute immediate contrast reactions to gadolinium-based contrast agents | 707 | ||
| Nephrotoxicity of gadolinium-based contrast agents | 707 | ||
| Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis | 708 | ||
| MANGANESE AGENTS | 709 | ||
| IRON AGENTS | 709 | ||
| ORAL AGENTS | 709 | ||
| SUMMARY | 710 | ||
| REFERENCES | 710 | ||
| Myelography | 713 | ||
| Key points | 713 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 713 | ||
| PNEUMOMYELOGRAPHY | 715 | ||
| THOROTRAST MYELOGRAPHY | 715 | ||
| LIPIODOL MYELOGRAPHY | 715 | ||
| ABRODIL (SKIODAN) MYELOGRAPHY | 715 | ||
| PANTOPAQUE MYELOGRAPHY | 716 | ||
| MYELOGRAPHY WITH CONRAY OR DIMER-X | 716 | ||
| METRIZAMIDE MYELOGRAPHY | 717 | ||
| MYELOGRAPHY WITH OTHER LOW OSMOLAR CONTRAST MEDIA | 718 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE MYELOGRAPHY | 720 | ||
| REFERENCES | 722 | ||
| Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound | 725 | ||
| Key points | 725 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 725 | ||
| TYPES OF CONTRAST ULTRASOUND AGENTS | 726 | ||
| HARD SHELL MICROBUBBLES | 726 | ||
| PROTEIN-SHELLED MICROBUBBLES | 726 | ||
| SOFT SHELL MICROBUBBLES | 726 | ||
| Safety | 728 | ||
| Evidence-based data | 728 | ||
| Clinical applications | 728 | ||
| Liver applications | 728 | ||
| Recognized indications of a contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination of the liver | 729 | ||
| Study procedure | 729 | ||
| Characterization of focal liver lesions in the noncirrhotic liver | 729 | ||
| Malignant liver lesions | 729 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver | 730 | ||
| Metastasis | 730 | ||
| Characterization of focal liver lesions in the cirrhotic liver | 730 | ||
| Characterization of portal vein thrombosis | 731 | ||
| Other applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging | 731 | ||
| Voiding urosonography | 731 | ||
| Carotid ultrasound applications | 733 | ||
| SUMMARY | 735 | ||
| REFERENCES | 735 | ||
| Managing Adverse Reactions to Contrast Agents | 737 | ||
| Key points | 737 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 737 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC REACTIONS | 738 | ||
| Vasovagal Reaction | 738 | ||
| Hypertensive Crisis | 738 | ||
| Pulmonary Edema | 738 | ||
| ALLERGICLIKE REACTIONS | 738 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 738 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 739 | ||
| Risk Factors for Allergiclike Reactions | 739 | ||
| Premedication | 739 | ||
| Treatment of Allergiclike Reactions | 740 | ||
| General Considerations | 740 | ||
| Urticaria/Erythema | 741 | ||
| Bronchospasm | 741 | ||
| Laryngeal Edema | 741 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 741 | ||
| SUMMARY | 742 | ||
| REFERENCES | 742 | ||
| Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury | 743 | ||
| Key points | 743 | ||
| DISCUSSION OF PROBLEM AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 743 | ||
| Introduction | 743 | ||
| Background | 743 | ||
| Historical perspective | 743 | ||
| Literature overview | 744 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 744 | ||
| Hemodynamic alterations | 745 | ||
| Adenosine | 745 | ||
| Endothelin | 745 | ||
| Nitric oxide | 745 | ||
| Altered viscosity | 745 | ||
| Time course of hemodynamic alterations | 745 | ||
| Oxidative stress | 745 | ||
| Direct toxicity of the tubular cells | 746 | ||
| Manifestations | 746 | ||
| Typical clinical course | 747 | ||
| Other laboratory findings | 747 | ||
| Severe clinical course | 747 | ||
| Diagnosis | 747 | ||
| Population at risk | 747 | ||
| Reassessment of risk | 748 | ||
| Prevention | 748 | ||
| Study selection | 748 | ||
| Patient selection | 748 | ||
| Contrast selection | 749 | ||
| Types | 749 | ||
| Dose | 749 | ||
| Route of administration | 749 | ||
| Fluid management | 750 | ||
| Medications | 750 | ||
| Management | 750 | ||
| SUMMARY | 751 | ||
| REFERENCES | 751 | ||
| Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents | 755 | ||
| Key points | 755 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 755 | ||
| GADOLINIUM-BASED CONTRAST AGENT ADMINISTRATION RISKS | 756 | ||
| ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS: DEFINITION, CLASSIFICATION, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISM | 756 | ||
| GADOLINIUM-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS ADVERSE REACTIONS | 756 | ||
| ACUTE ADVERSE REACTIONS | 756 | ||
| Definition and Incidence | 756 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 757 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms | 758 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 758 | ||
| IS THERE VARIATION IN RISK BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT BRANDS OF GADOLINIUM-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS? | 759 | ||
| TREATMENT | 760 | ||
| PREVENTION | 761 | ||
| SUMMARY | 761 | ||
| REFERENCES | 762 | ||
| Gadolinium Deposition and Chronic Toxicity | 765 | ||
| Key points | 765 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 765 | ||
| GADOLINIUM-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS | 766 | ||
| GADOLINIUM STORAGE CONDITIONS | 766 | ||
| Gadolinium Retention in Human Tissue | 766 | ||
| Gadolinium Retention in the Brain | 768 | ||
| HOW DOES GADOLINIUM ENTER THE BRAIN? | 769 | ||
| WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF RETAINED GADOLINIUM IN THE BRAIN AFTER REPEATED EXPOSURE TO GADOLINIUM-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS? | 770 | ||
| GADOLINIUM AND RENAL FUNCTION | 770 | ||
| The Effect of Renal Function on Gadolinium Retention | 770 | ||
| The Effect of Gadolinium on Renal Function | 771 | ||
| GADOLINIUM TOXICITY | 771 | ||
| Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis | 771 | ||
| Neurotoxicity | 772 | ||
| GADOLINIUM DEPOSITION DISEASE | 772 | ||
| GENERAL GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 773 | ||
| SUMMARY | 773 | ||
| REFERENCES | 773 | ||
| Safety of Contrast Material Use in Children | 779 | ||
| Key points | 779 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 779 | ||
| TYPES OF CONTRAST MATERIALS | 779 | ||
| Intravenous Iodinated Contrast Materials | 779 | ||
| Gadolinium-Based Contrast Materials | 780 | ||
| ACUTE ADVERSE AND ALLERGIC-LIKE REACTIONS IN CHILDREN | 780 | ||
| CONTRAST-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN CHILDREN | 781 | ||
| NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS IN CHILDREN | 781 | ||
| GADOLINIUM DEPOSITION AND CHRONIC TOXICITY IN CHILDREN | 782 | ||
| SUMMARY | 784 | ||
| REFERENCES | 784 | ||
| Safety of Contrast Material Use During Pregnancy and Lactation | 787 | ||
| Key points | 787 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 787 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 787 | ||
| IODINATED CONTRAST AGENTS | 788 | ||
| Types of Iodinated Contrast Media | 788 | ||
| National and International Regulations | 788 | ||
| Food and Drug Administration regulations | 788 | ||
| American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists | 788 | ||
| European Society of Radiology | 788 | ||
| Safety in Pregnancy | 789 | ||
| Transplacental transfer | 789 | ||
| Teratogenic effects | 789 | ||
| Fetal thyroid function | 789 | ||
| Iodinated contrast media in breastfeeding | 789 | ||
| Current Recommendations | 790 | ||
| Indications for the use iodinated contrast media in patients who are pregnant | 790 | ||
| Indications for the use iodinated contrast media during breastfeeding | 790 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST MEDIA | 790 | ||
| GADOLINIUM-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS | 791 | ||
| Background | 791 | ||
| MR imaging Contrast Agents | 791 | ||
| Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent Biodistribution in Pregnancy | 791 | ||
| Safety in pregnancy | 792 | ||
| Recommendations | 792 | ||
| Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents During Breastfeeding | 792 | ||
| Background | 792 | ||
| Recommendations | 793 | ||
| CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND | 793 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS IN PATIENTS WHO ARE PREGNANT OR LACTATING | 794 | ||
| Treatment | 794 | ||
| Mild to Moderate Reactions | 794 | ||
| Severe Reactions | 794 | ||
| SUMMARY | 794 | ||
| REFERENCES | 795 |