BOOK
Lameness in Cattle, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue, edited by Dr. Jan Shearer, focuses on Lameness in Cattle. Article topics include: Economic Impact of Lameness in Cattle; Pathogenesis of Sole Ulcers and White Line Disease; Current Concepts on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Digital Dermatitis; Pathogenesis and Treatment of Foot rot; A Brief Review of Effective Footbath Compounds, Design and Management; Pathogenesis and Treatment of Toe Lesions in Cattle (including Non-Healing Toe Lesions); A Comparison of Foot Trimming Methods for Use in Cattle; Pathogenesis and Management of Corkscrew Claw in Cattle; Diagnosis and Prognosis of Common Disorders Involving the Proximal Limb; Scoring Locomotion and Mobility in Cattle (to include Fatigue Cattle Syndrome); The Relationship of Cow Comfort and Flooring to Lameness Disorders in Dairy Cattle; Treatment Options for Lameness Disorders in Organic Dairies; Welfare Implications of Lameness in Dairy Cattle; Pain Management for Lameness Disorders in Cattle, and Training On-Farm Employees in Foot Care.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Lameness in Cattle\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Bovine Lameness\r | vii | ||
| The Impact of Lameness on Welfare of the Dairy Cow\r | vii | ||
| Clinical Perspectives of Digital Dermatitis in Dairy and Beef Cattle\r | vii | ||
| Pathogenesis and Treatment of Bovine Foot Rot\r | vii | ||
| A Review of the Design and Management of Footbaths for Dairy Cattle\r | viii | ||
| The Relationship of Cow Comfort and Flooring to Lameness Disorders in Dairy Cattle\r | viii | ||
| Mobility Scoring of Finished Cattle\r | viii | ||
| Diagnosis and Prognosis of Common Disorders Involving the Proximal Limb\r | viii | ||
| Traumatic Lesions of the Sole\r | ix | ||
| Pathogenesis and Treatment of Sole Ulcers and White Line Disease\r | ix | ||
| Pathogenesis and Treatment of Toe Lesions in Cattle Including “Nonhealing” Toe Lesions\r | ix | ||
| Surgical Procedures of the Distal Limb for Treatment of Sepsis in Cattle\r | ix | ||
| Corkscrew Claw\r | ix | ||
| A Review of the Relationship Between Hoof Trimming and Dairy Cattle Welfare\r | x | ||
| Treatment Options for Lameness Disorders in Organic Dairies\r | x | ||
| An Update on the Assessment and Management of Pain Associated with Lameness in Cattle\r | x | ||
| VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA:\rFOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| November 2017 | xi | ||
| March 2018 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| March 2017 | xi | ||
| November 2016 | xi | ||
| July 2016 | xi | ||
| Preface:\rBovine Lameness | xiii | ||
| The Impact of Lameness on Welfare of the Dairy Cow | 153 | ||
| Key points | 153 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 153 | ||
| FREEDOM FROM HUNGER AND THIRST | 154 | ||
| FREEDOM FROM DISCOMFORT | 155 | ||
| FREEDOM FROM PAIN, INJURY, AND DISEASE | 155 | ||
| Severe Lameness | 156 | ||
| FREEDOM TO EXPRESS NORMAL BEHAVIOR | 157 | ||
| Time Budgets for Lame and Nonlame Cows | 157 | ||
| The Importance of Lying Time | 157 | ||
| Cow-to-Cow Interactions and Stocking Density | 158 | ||
| Effect of Lameness on Social Behavior | 159 | ||
| Effects of Lameness on Rumination Behavior | 159 | ||
| Effects of Lameness on Estrous Behavior | 159 | ||
| FREEDOM FROM FEAR AND DISTRESS | 160 | ||
| Human Interaction | 160 | ||
| Tilt Tables Verses Stand-up–Style Chute Systems | 161 | ||
| SUMMARY | 162 | ||
| REFERENCES | 162 | ||
| Clinical Perspectives of Digital Dermatitis in Dairy and Beef Cattle | 165 | ||
| Key points | 165 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 165 | ||
| Description of Digital Dermatitis | 165 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 166 | ||
| Similarities to Other Polymicrobial Treponema-associated Diseases | 167 | ||
| Epidemiology of Digital Dermatitis | 168 | ||
| Economic Impact of Digital Dermatitis | 169 | ||
| CLINICAL CORRELATION | 169 | ||
| Dairy | 169 | ||
| Beef | 171 | ||
| Nontypical Lesions (White Line, Sole Ulcer, and So Forth) | 172 | ||
| OTHER BOVINE LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL DERMATITIS TREPONEMES | 172 | ||
| TREATMENT | 172 | ||
| Patient Evaluation Overview | 172 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment Options | 173 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options | 174 | ||
| Treatment Resistance/Complications | 175 | ||
| MANAGEMENT/PREVENTION | 175 | ||
| REFERENCES | 176 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Treatment of Bovine Foot Rot | 183 | ||
| Key points | 183 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 183 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 184 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 186 | ||
| BACTERIAL FACTORS | 188 | ||
| HOST FACTORS | 188 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL AND MANAGEMENT FACTORS | 189 | ||
| TREATMENT | 191 | ||
| REFERENCES | 191 | ||
| A Review of the Design and Management of Footbaths for Dairy Cattle | 195 | ||
| Key points | 195 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 195 | ||
| CURRENT FOOTBATH MANAGEMENT PRACTICES | 196 | ||
| Antibacterial Choice | 196 | ||
| Footbath Design | 196 | ||
| Frequency of Use | 198 | ||
| Duration of Efficacy | 198 | ||
| HOW DO FOOTBATHS WORK? | 199 | ||
| Do Footbaths Harden the Hoof? | 199 | ||
| Do Footbaths Improve Hoof Hygiene? | 200 | ||
| Do Footbaths Control the Microbial Population on and Around the Hoof? | 200 | ||
| FOOTBATH TESTING | 201 | ||
| Study Design and Outcomes | 201 | ||
| Peer-Review Study Findings and Recommendations | 219 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH CONCERNS | 220 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRUDENT FOOTBATH USE | 221 | ||
| SUMMARY | 223 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 223 | ||
| REFERENCES | 223 | ||
| The Relationship of Cow Comfort and Flooring to Lameness Disorders in Dairy Cattle | 227 | ||
| Key points | 227 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 227 | ||
| COW COMFORT | 228 | ||
| Stall Design and Surface | 228 | ||
| Heat Abatement | 230 | ||
| Management Factors | 230 | ||
| Time away from the home pen | 230 | ||
| Cow handling | 230 | ||
| Overstocking | 230 | ||
| Flooring | 231 | ||
| SUMMARY | 232 | ||
| REFERENCES | 232 | ||
| Mobility Scoring of Finished Cattle | 235 | ||
| Key points | 235 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 235 | ||
| GROWING AWARENESS OF FINISHED CATTLE MOBILITY ISSUES | 236 | ||
| MOBILITY AND LOCOMOTION SCORING SYSTEMS | 237 | ||
| Scoring Systems Used Primarily in Dairy Cattle | 237 | ||
| Locomotion Scoring Systems Used Primarily in Finished Cattle | 237 | ||
| CURRENT RESEARCH ON MOBILITY IN FINISHED CATTLE | 241 | ||
| INDUSTRY EFFORTS TO IMPROVE AND MONITOR FINISHED CATTLE MOBILITY | 243 | ||
| SUMMARY | 246 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 246 | ||
| REFERENCES | 246 | ||
| Diagnosis and Prognosis of Common Disorders Involving the Proximal Limb | 251 | ||
| Key points | 251 | ||
| LAMENESS EXAMINATION | 251 | ||
| Locomotion or Mobility Scoring | 252 | ||
| Stall lameness assessments | 252 | ||
| Observation at a distance | 252 | ||
| Examination of the Affected Limb | 254 | ||
| Usage of Appropriate Diagnostic Tools | 260 | ||
| Synovial fluid | 260 | ||
| Radiographic imaging | 261 | ||
| Ultrasound images | 261 | ||
| SPECIFIC CONDITIONS | 263 | ||
| Osteochondrosis | 263 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 263 | ||
| Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture | 264 | ||
| Coxofemoral Luxation | 264 | ||
| Septic Arthritis | 265 | ||
| Patellar Luxation and Femoral Nerve Paralysis | 266 | ||
| Upward Fixation of the Patella | 266 | ||
| Peroneus Tertius Rupture | 267 | ||
| Brachial, Radial Nerve Paralysis | 267 | ||
| Long Bone Fractures | 267 | ||
| Sequestrum | 268 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 268 | ||
| REFERENCES | 268 | ||
| Traumatic Lesions of the Sole | 271 | ||
| Key points | 271 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 271 | ||
| PERFORATIONS OF THE SOLE (PODODERMATITIS SEPTICA TRAUMATICA) | 272 | ||
| PENETRATION OF THE SOLE BY FOREIGN BODIES | 273 | ||
| INCIDENCE OF TRAUMATIC SOLE LESIONS | 273 | ||
| AN IMPORTANT UNDERLYING CAUSE OF SOLE LESIONS | 274 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF TRAUMATIC LESIONS OF THE SOLE | 275 | ||
| TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC SOLE LESIONS | 276 | ||
| CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF TRAUMATIC SOLE LESIONS | 276 | ||
| LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESSIVE WEAR ON CONCRETE | 276 | ||
| THIN SOLES IN DAIRY CATTLE | 276 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF THE LESION OF THIN SOLES AND THIN SOLE TOE ULCERS | 277 | ||
| TREATMENT OF THIN SOLES | 277 | ||
| TRAUMA-INDUCED TOE ABSCESSES IN FEEDLOT CATTLE | 278 | ||
| TOE TIP NECROSIS SYNDROME IN FEEDLOT CATTLE | 279 | ||
| IN SUMMARY | 279 | ||
| REFERENCES | 280 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Treatment of Sole Ulcers and White Line Disease | 283 | ||
| Key points | 283 | ||
| NONINFECTIOUS DISORDERS OF THE BOVINE FOOT | 284 | ||
| THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN LAMINITIS AND CORIOSIS | 284 | ||
| LAMINITIS: PHASES 1, 2, AND 3 | 284 | ||
| THE PATHOGENESIS OF SOLE ULCERS | 285 | ||
| TREATMENT | 288 | ||
| THE PATHOGENESIS OF WHITE LINE DISEASE | 289 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF THE WHITE LINE | 290 | ||
| THE ENTRAPMENT OF FOREIGN MATERIAL IN THE WHITE LINE | 291 | ||
| FACTORS HYPOTHESIZED TO CONTRIBUTE TO WHITE LINE DISEASE | 291 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP OF PROLONGED STANDING TO WHITE LINE DISEASE | 293 | ||
| FLOORING CONSIDERATIONS FOR REDUCING WHITE LINE DISEASE | 294 | ||
| WOUND HEALING IN THE CONTEXT OF CLAW LESIONS | 294 | ||
| Hemostasis | 294 | ||
| Inflammation | 295 | ||
| The Proliferative Phase | 295 | ||
| The Maturation or Remodeling Phase | 295 | ||
| HEALING RATES FOR CLAW LESIONS | 296 | ||
| TOPICAL TREATMENT OF SOLE ULCERS AND WHITE LINE DISEASE | 296 | ||
| USE OF BANDAGES AND WRAPS | 297 | ||
| SUMMARY | 297 | ||
| REFERENCES | 298 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Treatment of Toe Lesions in Cattle Including “Nonhealing” Toe Lesions | 301 | ||
| Key points | 301 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 301 | ||
| RELEVANT ANATOMY | 302 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF TOE LESIONS | 304 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS AND RISK FACTORS | 305 | ||
| Theories on Toe Lesions | 305 | ||
| Excessive Wear of the Sole Horn | 305 | ||
| Hypostasis Associated with Long Transports | 307 | ||
| Excessive Hoof Trimming of Sole Horn | 307 | ||
| Laminitis | 307 | ||
| Secondary Infection of the Toe Corium with Treponema spp in Herds with Endemic Digital Dermatitis Infection | 308 | ||
| Other Risk Factors | 308 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS AND DIAGNOSIS | 309 | ||
| TREATMENT | 317 | ||
| PREVENTION | 321 | ||
| SUMMARY | 322 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 322 | ||
| REFERENCES | 322 | ||
| Surgical Procedures of the Distal Limb for Treatment of Sepsis in Cattle | 329 | ||
| Key points | 329 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 329 | ||
| SEPSIS OF THE BONE AND JOINTS OF THE FOOT | 330 | ||
| Sepsis of the Joints, Bone, Tendons and Tissues of the Distal Limb | 330 | ||
| Ankylosis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint | 331 | ||
| Abaxial Excision of the Navicular Bone (Distal Sesamoid Bone) and Distal Interphalangeal Joint Ankylosis | 334 | ||
| Digit amputation | 336 | ||
| Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Infection | 338 | ||
| TOE ABSCESS AND PEDAL OSTEITIS | 338 | ||
| TENDON DISORDERS | 339 | ||
| TENDON LACERATION | 339 | ||
| TENOSYNOVITIS (TENOVAGINITIS) | 341 | ||
| SEPTIC TENDON AND TENDON SHEATH | 341 | ||
| RETROARTICULAR AND BULBAR ABSCESSES | 344 | ||
| BULBAR ABSCESS | 344 | ||
| RETROARTICULAR ABSCESS | 345 | ||
| ANTIBIOTIC AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY THERAPY | 347 | ||
| SUMMARY | 348 | ||
| REFERENCES | 348 | ||
| Corkscrew Claw | 351 | ||
| Key points | 351 | ||
| DESCRIPTION AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 351 | ||
| Physical | 352 | ||
| Anatomic | 353 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE | 353 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 355 | ||
| Breed | 355 | ||
| Age | 355 | ||
| Genetics | 356 | ||
| Nutrition | 356 | ||
| Growth Rates, Weight Distribution, and Claw Angles | 357 | ||
| Other Management Factors | 357 | ||
| Walking surface | 357 | ||
| Feed bunk height | 358 | ||
| Sand bedding | 358 | ||
| TREATMENT OF CORKSCREW CLAW | 358 | ||
| Corrective Trimming | 358 | ||
| SUMMARY | 360 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 362 | ||
| REFERENCES | 362 | ||
| A Review of the Relationship Between Hoof Trimming and Dairy Cattle Welfare | 365 | ||
| Key points | 365 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 365 | ||
| METHODS | 366 | ||
| ASSOCIATIONS WITH BEHAVIOR | 367 | ||
| Background | 367 | ||
| Review of the Literature | 367 | ||
| Summary | 368 | ||
| ASSOCIATIONS WITH PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES | 368 | ||
| Background | 368 | ||
| Review of the Literature | 369 | ||
| Summary | 370 | ||
| EFFICACY OF HOOF TRIMMING | 370 | ||
| Background | 370 | ||
| Review of the Literature | 370 | ||
| Summary | 371 | ||
| FREQUENCY AND TIMING OF HOOF TRIMMING | 371 | ||
| Background | 371 | ||
| Review of the Literature | 371 | ||
| Treatment Options for Lameness Disorders in Organic Dairies | 377 | ||
| Key points | 377 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 377 | ||
| LAMENESS EPIDEMIOLOGY IN ORGANIC DAIRY FARMS | 378 | ||
| TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR LAMENESS | 380 | ||
| Preventive Management | 380 | ||
| Treatment of Noninfectious Lameness | 381 | ||
| Treatments of Infectious Lameness | 383 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management of Pain in Lameness Lesions for Organic Dairies | 384 | ||
| FINAL COMMENTS | 385 | ||
| REFERENCES | 386 | ||
| An Update on the Assessment and Management of Pain Associated with Lameness in Cattle | 389 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF PAIN IN LAME CATTLE | 390 | ||
| Locomotion or Lameness Scoring Systems | 390 | ||
| VISUAL LAMENESS SCORING ALTERNATIVES | 391 | ||
| PRESSURE MATS | 392 | ||
| Weighing Platform | 392 | ||
| NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLD | 393 | ||
| Heart Rate | 394 | ||
| Cortisol Response | 394 | ||
| Accelerometers | 394 | ||
| Pain Management Using Corrective Claw Trimming and Foot Blocks | 395 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Claw Lesions | 395 | ||
| Corrective Trimming to Relieve Pain and Promote Recovery from Claw Lesions | 396 | ||
| Anesthesia of the Lower Limb and Foot | 396 | ||
| Intravenous regional and ring block anesthesia of the lower limb | 396 | ||
| Intravenous regional anesthesia | 396 | ||
| Ring block anesthesia | 397 | ||
| Application of Corrective Trimming Procedures | 398 | ||
| Removal of loose and undermined claw horn | 398 | ||
| Adjust weight bearing on damaged claws | 398 | ||
| Foot Blocks for Relief of Weight Bearing in Diseased or Injured Claws | 398 | ||
| The Application of Bandages or Wraps to Lesions of the Claw Capsule | 399 | ||
| Topical Therapy for Claw Lesions: Why or Why Not? | 400 | ||
| Housing Considerations for Cows with Lameness Disorders | 400 | ||
| PAIN MANAGEMENT OF LAMENESS USING ANALGESIA | 401 | ||
| Local Anesthetics | 406 | ||
| Lidocaine | 406 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory | 406 | ||
| Ketoprofen | 406 | ||
| Flunixin meglumine | 407 | ||
| Salicylic acid derivatives | 407 | ||
| Tolfenamic acid | 407 | ||
| Meloxicam | 407 | ||
| Sedative-Analgesic Drugs | 408 | ||
| Xylazine | 408 | ||
| Gabapentin | 408 | ||
| REFERENCES | 408 | ||
| Index | 413 |