Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Learn the A&P you’ll really use in practice! The Human Body in Health and Illness, 6th Edition uses hundreds of illustrations, colorful cartoons, and an easy-to-read approach to simplify Anatomy & Physiology concepts. Organized by body system, this resource shows how each organ is designed to work by including clear, step-by-step explanations, clinical examples, and online animations. It also demonstrates what happens to the body when a system does not function properly. Written by well-known author and educator Barbara Herlihy, this resource makes it easier and more fun to learn A&P concepts — and gives you the basic background you need to begin a healthcare career.
- Full-color illustrations simplify difficult concepts and complex processes, accurately depicting anatomy, physiology, and disease.
- Colorful cartoons use humor to clarify and reinforce the content, making it more memorable, accessible, and easy to understand.
- Interesting analogies, examples, and anecdotes make learning easier and bring science to life.
- Key terms and objectives begin every chapter, setting learning expectations and goals, with terms defined in a comprehensive glossary.
- Useful learning and review features include Re-Think questions, Ramp It Up! and As You Age boxes, plus Did You Know boxes with clinical scenarios and historical vignettes.
- Focus on medical terminology includes Medical Terminology and Disorders tables with pronunciations, derivations, and word parts, along with references to commonly used medical terminology.
- Evolve companion website enhances your understanding with animations, learning activities, and review tools.
- A study guide offers fun and practical exercises to help you review, understand, and remember basic A&P. Sold separately.
- New animations bring difficult concepts to life.
- New illustrations show more step-by-step processes, and include new review questions to help you understand the concepts depicted.
- UPDATED content includes additional chapter review questions.
- NEW! More pronunciations and new med term activities are included.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | ES1 | ||
| The Human Bodyin Healthand Illness | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| IFC | iii | ||
| Dedication | iv | ||
| Acknowledgments | v | ||
| TO THE INSTRUCTOR | vi | ||
| TEXTBOOK STRENGTHS | vi | ||
| CLASSROOM RESOURCES | vii | ||
| STUDY GUIDE | vii | ||
| EVOLVE INSTRUCTOR LEARNING RESOURCES | vii | ||
| TEACH Instructor Resource on Evolve | vii | ||
| TO THE STUDENT | ix | ||
| KEY TERMS | ix | ||
| OBJECTIVES | ix | ||
| ILLUSTRATIONS | ix | ||
| ?DO YOU KNOW… | ix | ||
| ?RAMP IT UP! | ix | ||
| ?RE-THINK | ix | ||
| ?AS YOU AGE | ix | ||
| ?SUM IT UP! | ix | ||
| END-OF-CHAPTER FEATURES | ix | ||
| Summary Outline | ix | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | ix | ||
| Go Figure | ix | ||
| ANSWERS TO REVIEW YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND GO FIGURE QUESTIONS | ix | ||
| GLOSSARY | ix | ||
| STUDY GUIDE | ix | ||
| Contents | x | ||
| 1 - Introduction to the Human Body | 1 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: WHAT THEY ARE | 1 | ||
| WHAT’S IT MEAN? | 1 | ||
| WHY DO I NEED TO KNOW THIS? | 2 | ||
| THE BODY’S LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION | 2 | ||
| MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS | 2 | ||
| HOMEOSTASIS: STAYING THE SAME | 6 | ||
| ANATOMICAL TERMS: TALKING ABOUT THE BODY | 6 | ||
| ANATOMICAL POSITION | 6 | ||
| RELATIVE POSITIONS | 6 | ||
| PLANES OF THE BODY | 7 | ||
| REGIONAL TERMS | 8 | ||
| CAVITIES OF THE BODY | 9 | ||
| DORSAL CAVITY | 10 | ||
| VENTRAL CAVITY | 10 | ||
| THORACIC CAVITY | 10 | ||
| ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY | 10 | ||
| Division into Quadrants | 11 | ||
| Division into Regions | 11 | ||
| Other Cavities | 11 | ||
| 2 - Basic Chemistry | 15 | ||
| MATTER, ELEMENTS, AND ATOMS | 15 | ||
| MATTER | 15 | ||
| ELEMENTS | 16 | ||
| ATOMS | 16 | ||
| ATOMIC STRUCTURE | 16 | ||
| OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF ATOMS | 16 | ||
| ELECTRON SHELLS | 18 | ||
| CHEMICAL BONDS | 18 | ||
| IONIC BONDS | 18 | ||
| COVALENT BONDS | 18 | ||
| HYDROGEN BONDS | 18 | ||
| POLARITY | 19 | ||
| IONS | 20 | ||
| CATIONS, ANIONS, AND ELECTROLYTES | 20 | ||
| ION FORMATION | 20 | ||
| IONIZATION | 20 | ||
| MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS | 21 | ||
| MOLECULES | 21 | ||
| COMPOUNDS | 21 | ||
| SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES | 21 | ||
| WATER | 21 | ||
| OXYGEN | 21 | ||
| CARBON DIOXIDE | 22 | ||
| CHEMICAL REACTIONS | 22 | ||
| ACIDS AND BASES | 22 | ||
| ACIDS | 23 | ||
| BASES | 23 | ||
| NEUTRALIZATION OF ACIDS AND BASES | 23 | ||
| MEASUREMENT: THE PH SCALE | 23 | ||
| READING THE PH SCALE | 23 | ||
| PH OF BODY FLUIDS | 23 | ||
| ENERGY | 24 | ||
| FORMS OF ENERGY | 25 | ||
| CONVERSION OF ENERGY | 25 | ||
| ENERGY TRANSFER: THE ROLE OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE | 25 | ||
| MIXTURES, SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, AND PRECIPITATES | 25 | ||
| MIXTURES | 26 | ||
| SOLUTIONS | 26 | ||
| SUSPENSIONS | 26 | ||
| PRECIPITATES | 27 | ||
| 3 - CELLS | 30 | ||
| TYPICAL CELL | 30 | ||
| CELL MEMBRANE | 31 | ||
| INSIDE THE CELL | 31 | ||
| NUCLEUS | 31 | ||
| CYTOPLASM | 32 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Gel | 32 | ||
| CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES | 34 | ||
| Mitochondria | 34 | ||
| Ribosomes | 34 | ||
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | 34 | ||
| Golgi Apparatus | 34 | ||
| Lysosomes | 35 | ||
| Cytoskeleton | 35 | ||
| Centrioles | 35 | ||
| ON THE CELL MEMBRANE | 35 | ||
| MICROVILLI | 35 | ||
| CILIA | 36 | ||
| FLAGELLA | 36 | ||
| MOVEMENT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE | 36 | ||
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS | 36 | ||
| DIFFUSION | 36 | ||
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | 38 | ||
| OSMOSIS | 38 | ||
| TONICITY | 39 | ||
| Isotonic Solution | 39 | ||
| Hypotonic Solution | 39 | ||
| Hypertonic Solutions | 39 | ||
| FILTRATION | 39 | ||
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS | 40 | ||
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT PUMPS | 40 | ||
| ENDOCYTOSIS | 40 | ||
| EXOCYTOSIS | 40 | ||
| CELL DIVISION | 40 | ||
| CELL CYCLE | 41 | ||
| INTERPHASE | 41 | ||
| MITOSIS | 42 | ||
| CELL DIFFERENTIATION | 43 | ||
| STEM CELLS | 43 | ||
| ORDER, DISORDER, AND DEATH | 43 | ||
| 4 - CELL METABOLISM | 48 | ||
| METABOLISM | 48 | ||
| CARBOHYDRATES | 48 | ||
| MONOSACCHARIDES | 48 | ||
| DISACCHARIDES | 49 | ||
| POLYSACCHARIDES | 49 | ||
| USES OF GLUCOSE | 50 | ||
| THE BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE | 50 | ||
| THE MAKING OF GLUCOSE | 51 | ||
| LIPIDS (FATS) | 52 | ||
| USES OF LIPIDS | 52 | ||
| MAKING FAT | 54 | ||
| PROTEINS | 54 | ||
| AMINO ACIDS | 54 | ||
| USES OF PROTEINS | 55 | ||
| BREAKDOWN OF PROTEIN AND THE PROBLEM WITH AMMONIA | 55 | ||
| Formation of Urea | 55 | ||
| PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND DNA | 56 | ||
| DNA STRUCTURE | 56 | ||
| THE GENETIC CODE | 56 | ||
| Reading the Code | 57 | ||
| Copying the Code: mRNA | 57 | ||
| mRNA as Copycat | 58 | ||
| STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS | 58 | ||
| 5 - Microbiology Basics | 65 | ||
| WHAT IS DISEASE? | 65 | ||
| TYPES OF PATHOGENS | 66 | ||
| MICROORGANISMS (MICROBES) | 66 | ||
| OTHER (MULTICELLULAR) DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS | 69 | ||
| LABORATORY IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENS | 69 | ||
| THE SPREAD OF INFECTION | 70 | ||
| PORTALS OF ENTRY AND EXIT | 70 | ||
| HOW PATHOGENS SPREAD | 71 | ||
| PERSON-TO-PERSON CONTACT | 71 | ||
| ENVIRONMENT-TO-PERSON CONTACT | 71 | ||
| “TINY ANIMAL”-TO-PERSON CONTACT | 71 | ||
| FIVE GERM-LADEN STORIES | 71 | ||
| DR. SEMMELWEIS SCREAMS, “WASH THOSE MITTS!” | 72 | ||
| FLORA AND HER VAGINAL ITCH | 74 | ||
| RICK, NICK, AND THE SICK TICK | 75 | ||
| WHY TYPHOID MARY NEEDED TO LOSE HER GALLBLADDER | 75 | ||
| A POX NEWS ALERT! | 75 | ||
| 6 - Tissues and Membranes | 78 | ||
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE | 78 | ||
| Where Is It Found? | 78 | ||
| What Does It Do? | 78 | ||
| What Is It Like? | 78 | ||
| Classification | 79 | ||
| Simple Epithelia | 79 | ||
| Stratified Epithelia | 80 | ||
| Glandular Epithelia | 82 | ||
| Connective Tissue | 82 | ||
| Where Is It Found? | 82 | ||
| What Does It Look Like? | 82 | ||
| Connective Tissue Cells | 82 | ||
| Types of Connective Tissue | 83 | ||
| Loose Connective Tissue | 83 | ||
| Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue | 83 | ||
| Cartilage | 85 | ||
| Types of Cartilage | 86 | ||
| Bone | 86 | ||
| Blood and Lymph | 86 | ||
| Nervous Tissue | 86 | ||
| Neurons | 86 | ||
| Muscle Tissue | 86 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 86 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 86 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 86 | ||
| Tissue Repair | 88 | ||
| Membranes | 88 | ||
| Classification of Membranes | 88 | ||
| Epithelial Membranes | 88 | ||
| Cutaneous Membrane | 88 | ||
| Mucous Membranes | 88 | ||
| Serous Membranes | 89 | ||
| 7 - INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AND BODY TEMPERATURE | 94 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN | 95 | ||
| LAYERS OF THE SKIN | 95 | ||
| EPIDERMIS | 95 | ||
| DERMIS | 96 | ||
| THE SKIN TELLS A STORY | 96 | ||
| SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER | 97 | ||
| THE SKIN, DRUGS, AND CHEMICALS | 97 | ||
| SKIN COLOR | 97 | ||
| ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN | 98 | ||
| HAIR | 98 | ||
| NAILS | 100 | ||
| GLANDS | 100 | ||
| BODY TEMPERATURE | 102 | ||
| HEAT PRODUCTION | 102 | ||
| HEAT LOSS | 102 | ||
| REGULATION | 102 | ||
| NEWBORNS AND BODY TEMPERATURE | 103 | ||
| WHEN SKIN IS BURNED | 104 | ||
| ESCHAR | 106 | ||
| A NOTE ABOUT SKIN CARE | 106 | ||
| 8 - SKELETAL SYSTEM | 112 | ||
| ARRANGEMENT AND FUNCTIONSOF BONES | 112 | ||
| THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: WHAT IT DOES | 112 | ||
| MANY SIZES AND SHAPES OF BONES | 112 | ||
| BONE TISSUE AND BONE FORMATION | 114 | ||
| COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE | 114 | ||
| LONG BONES | 116 | ||
| OSSIFICATION | 116 | ||
| OSSIFICATION OF FLAT BONES: INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION | 116 | ||
| OSSIFICATION OF LONG BONES: ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION | 116 | ||
| GROWING BONES | 117 | ||
| GROWING TALLER | 117 | ||
| The “What-Ifs” of the Epiphyseal Disc | 117 | ||
| GROWING THICKER AND WIDER | 117 | ||
| BUMPS AND GROOVES | 117 | ||
| BROKEN BONES | 118 | ||
| DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM | 118 | ||
| AXIAL SKELETON | 118 | ||
| SKULL | 118 | ||
| Cranium | 118 | ||
| Facial Bones | 120 | ||
| Sinuses | 122 | ||
| How the Skull Bones Are Held Together | 122 | ||
| The Infant Skull | 122 | ||
| Hyoid Bone | 123 | ||
| Bones of the Middle Ear | 123 | ||
| VERTEBRAL COLUMN | 123 | ||
| The Back and Its Stack of Bones | 123 | ||
| Two Special Vertebrae: Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) | 124 | ||
| Characteristics of Vertebrae | 124 | ||
| SOME VERTEBRAL COLUMN CONCERNS | 124 | ||
| Curvatures | 125 | ||
| THORACIC CAGE | 126 | ||
| Sternum | 126 | ||
| Ribs | 126 | ||
| Lines and Angles | 126 | ||
| APPENDICULAR SKELETON | 128 | ||
| SHOULDER GIRDLE | 128 | ||
| Clavicle | 128 | ||
| Scapula | 128 | ||
| UPPER LIMBS | 128 | ||
| Humerus | 128 | ||
| Radius | 128 | ||
| Ulna | 128 | ||
| Hand | 128 | ||
| Pelvic Girdle | 130 | ||
| Pelvis | 130 | ||
| Coxal Bone | 130 | ||
| LOWER LIMBS | 130 | ||
| Femur | 130 | ||
| Patella | 132 | ||
| Tibia and Fibula | 132 | ||
| Foot | 132 | ||
| JOINTS (ARTICULATIONS) | 134 | ||
| JOINT CLASSIFICATION | 134 | ||
| IMMOVABLE JOINTS | 134 | ||
| SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS | 134 | ||
| FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS | 134 | ||
| NAMING JOINTS | 135 | ||
| MOVING SYNOVIAL JOINTS | 135 | ||
| HINGE JOINT | 136 | ||
| BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT | 136 | ||
| PIVOT JOINT | 136 | ||
| SADDLE JOINT | 137 | ||
| GLIDING JOINT | 137 | ||
| CONDYLOID JOINT | 137 | ||
| CLINICALLY “BIG” SYNOVIAL JOINTS | 137 | ||
| KNEE | 137 | ||
| SHOULDER | 137 | ||
| ELBOW | 137 | ||
| HIP | 137 | ||
| 9 - Muscular System | 143 | ||
| TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES | 143 | ||
| SKELETAL MUSCLE | 143 | ||
| SMOOTH MUSCLE | 143 | ||
| CARDIAC MUSCLE | 144 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF THE WHOLE MUSCLE | 145 | ||
| MUSCLE | 145 | ||
| LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE | 145 | ||
| MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS | 146 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF A SINGLE MUSCLE FIBER | 146 | ||
| HOW MUSCLES CONTRACT | 146 | ||
| SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM | 146 | ||
| THE ROLE OF CALCIUM AND ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE | 147 | ||
| SKELETAL MUSCLES AND NERVES | 148 | ||
| SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON | 148 | ||
| THE MOTOR UNIT | 148 | ||
| THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION | 148 | ||
| THE STIMULATED MUSCLE MEMBRANE | 148 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION | 149 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 149 | ||
| Neuromuscular Blockade Caused by Curare | 149 | ||
| Effects of Neurotoxins on Muscle Function | 149 | ||
| MUSCLE RESPONSES | 151 | ||
| ENERGY SOURCE FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION | 152 | ||
| MUSCLE FATIGUE | 153 | ||
| MUSCLE TERMS | 153 | ||
| ORIGIN AND INSERTION | 153 | ||
| PRIME MOVER, SYNERGIST, AND ANTAGONIST | 153 | ||
| MUSCLE OVERUSE AND UNDERUSE TERMS | 153 | ||
| HYPERTROPHY | 153 | ||
| ATROPHY | 153 | ||
| CONTRACTURE | 153 | ||
| HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE NAMED | 154 | ||
| SIZE | 154 | ||
| SHAPE | 154 | ||
| ORIENTATION OF FIBERS | 154 | ||
| LOCATION | 154 | ||
| NUMBER OF ORIGINS | 154 | ||
| ORIGIN AND INSERTION | 154 | ||
| MUSCLE ACTION | 154 | ||
| MUSCLES FROM HEAD TO TOE | 154 | ||
| MUSCLES OF THE HEAD | 154 | ||
| FACIAL MUSCLES | 154 | ||
| CHEWING MUSCLES | 160 | ||
| MUSCLES OF THE NECK | 161 | ||
| STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID | 161 | ||
| TRAPEZIUS | 161 | ||
| MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK | 161 | ||
| MUSCLES INVOLVED IN BREATHING | 161 | ||
| MUSCLES THAT FORM THE ABDOMINAL WALL | 161 | ||
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN | 162 | ||
| MUSCLES THAT FORM THE PELVIC FLOOR | 162 | ||
| MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER (PECTORAL) GIRDLE AND ARM | 162 | ||
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE FOREARM | 163 | ||
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE WRIST, HAND, AND FINGERS | 163 | ||
| THE CARPAL TUNNEL | 164 | ||
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE THIGH, LEG, AND FOOT | 164 | ||
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE FEMUR (THIGH BONE) | 164 | ||
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE LEG | 165 | ||
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE FOOT | 165 | ||
| 10 - Nervous System: Nervous Tissue and Brain | 173 | ||
| THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 173 | ||
| DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 173 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 173 | ||
| SENSORY FUNCTION | 173 | ||
| INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION | 173 | ||
| MOTOR FUNCTION | 174 | ||
| CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 174 | ||
| NEUROGLIA | 174 | ||
| NEURON | 175 | ||
| PARTS OF A NEURON | 176 | ||
| Three Parts | 176 | ||
| The Axon: A Special Structure | 176 | ||
| WHITE MATTER VERSUS GRAY MATTER | 177 | ||
| THE NEURON CARRYING INFORMATION | 177 | ||
| THE NERVE IMPULSE: WHAT IT IS | 177 | ||
| THE NERVE IMPULSE: WHAT CAUSES IT | 177 | ||
| RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL | 178 | ||
| DEPOLARIZATION | 179 | ||
| REPOLARIZATION | 179 | ||
| THE NERVE IMPULSE: WHAT CAUSES IT TO MOVE | 180 | ||
| THE NERVE IMPULSE: WHAT CAUSES IT TO MOVE QUICKLY | 181 | ||
| SYNAPSE ACROSS NEURONS | 181 | ||
| PARTS OF A SYNAPSE | 181 | ||
| EVENTS AT THE SYNAPSE | 182 | ||
| BRAIN: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 183 | ||
| CEREBRUM | 183 | ||
| GRAY ON THE OUTSIDE, WHITE ON THE INSIDE | 183 | ||
| MARKINGS OF THE CEREBRUM | 184 | ||
| LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM | 185 | ||
| Frontal Lobe | 185 | ||
| Parietal Lobe | 187 | ||
| Temporal Lobe | 187 | ||
| Occipital Lobe | 187 | ||
| FUNCTIONS INVOLVING MANY CEREBRAL LOBES | 187 | ||
| Speech Area | 187 | ||
| ASSOCIATION AREAS | 187 | ||
| PATCHES OF GRAY | 187 | ||
| DIENCEPHALON | 188 | ||
| BRAIN STEM | 188 | ||
| MIDBRAIN | 188 | ||
| PONS | 188 | ||
| MEDULLA OBLONGATA | 189 | ||
| Vomiting Center | 189 | ||
| CEREBELLUM | 189 | ||
| STRUCTURES ACROSS DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN | 190 | ||
| LIMBIC SYSTEM: THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN | 190 | ||
| RETICULAR FORMATION | 190 | ||
| Reticular Activating System (RAS): Wakefulness, Sleep, and Coma | 190 | ||
| Stages of Sleep | 190 | ||
| MEMORY AREAS | 191 | ||
| PROTECTING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 191 | ||
| BONE: FIRST LAYER OF PROTECTION | 191 | ||
| MENINGES: SECOND LAYER OF PROTECTION | 191 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID: THIRD LAYER OF PROTECTION | 191 | ||
| BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER: FOURTH LAYER OF PROTECTION | 193 | ||
| 11 - Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves | 201 | ||
| WHAT THE SPINAL CORD IS | 201 | ||
| LOCATION AND SIZE | 201 | ||
| GRAY ON THE INSIDE, WHITE ON THE OUTSIDE | 201 | ||
| GRAY MATTER | 201 | ||
| WHITE MATTER | 202 | ||
| Decussation | 203 | ||
| WHAT THE SPINAL CORD DOES | 204 | ||
| REFLEXES | 204 | ||
| WHAT REFLEXES ARE | 204 | ||
| THE REFLEX ARC | 205 | ||
| MANY, MANY REFLEXES | 205 | ||
| OUCH! THE WITHDRAWAL REFLEX | 205 | ||
| Organ Reflexes | 206 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 207 | ||
| NERVES | 207 | ||
| CLASSIFYING THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 207 | ||
| STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 207 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 207 | ||
| SPINAL NERVES ATTACHED TO THE SPINAL CORD | 210 | ||
| Names and Numbers of Spinal Nerves | 211 | ||
| Spinal Nerve Plexuses | 211 | ||
| What a Dermatome Is | 212 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 215 | ||
| 12 - Autonomic Nervous System | 219 | ||
| AUTONOMIC (VISCERAL) REFLEXES | 219 | ||
| WHAT THEY DO | 219 | ||
| PATHWAY | 219 | ||
| ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 220 | ||
| DIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 220 | ||
| SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: FIGHT OR FLIGHT | 220 | ||
| PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: FEED AND BREED | 221 | ||
| AUTONOMIC TERMINOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY | 221 | ||
| AUTONOMIC TONE AND VASOMOTOR TONE | 222 | ||
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS | 222 | ||
| NUMBERS AND GANGLIA | 222 | ||
| NEURONS OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 223 | ||
| NEURONS OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 223 | ||
| RUNNING WITH CRANIAL NERVES | 224 | ||
| Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) | 224 | ||
| Facial Nerve (CN Vll) | 224 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN lX) | 224 | ||
| Vagus Nerve (CN X) | 224 | ||
| NAMING FIBERS AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 224 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMITTERS: TERMINATION OF ACTIVITY | 225 | ||
| RECEPTORS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 225 | ||
| CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS | 225 | ||
| ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS | 226 | ||
| AUTONOMIC TERMINOLOGY: “DOING” AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY | 227 | ||
| 13 - SENSORY SYSTEM | 232 | ||
| RECEPTORS AND SENSATION | 232 | ||
| CELLS THAT DETECT STIMULI | 232 | ||
| SENSATION AND PERCEPTION | 233 | ||
| EXPERIENCING A SENSATION | 233 | ||
| FOUR COMPONENTS | 233 | ||
| TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION | 233 | ||
| THE GENERAL SENSES | 234 | ||
| PAIN | 234 | ||
| TOUCH AND PRESSURE | 236 | ||
| TEMPERATURE | 236 | ||
| PROPRIOCEPTION | 237 | ||
| THE SPECIAL SENSES | 237 | ||
| SENSE OF SMELL: THE NOSE | 237 | ||
| WHAT A SMELL CAN TELL | 237 | ||
| SENSE OF TASTE: THE TONGUE | 238 | ||
| SOME TASTEFUL COMMENTS | 238 | ||
| SENSE OF SIGHT: THE EYE | 239 | ||
| VISUAL ACCESSORY ORGANS | 239 | ||
| Eyebrows | 239 | ||
| Eyelids | 239 | ||
| Conjunctiva | 240 | ||
| Eyelashes | 240 | ||
| Lacrimal Apparatus | 240 | ||
| Extrinsic Eye Muscles | 241 | ||
| THE EYEBALL | 241 | ||
| Layers of the Eyeball | 241 | ||
| Cavities and Fluids | 243 | ||
| MUSCLES OF THE EYE | 243 | ||
| Extrinsic Eye Muscles | 243 | ||
| Intrinsic Eye Muscles | 244 | ||
| PATHWAY OF LIGHT | 245 | ||
| REFRACTION AND ACCOMMODATION | 245 | ||
| STIMULATION OF THE PHOTORECEPTORS | 247 | ||
| Night Vision | 247 | ||
| Color Vision | 247 | ||
| INFORMING THE BRAIN: THE VISUAL PATHWAY | 247 | ||
| VISION LOSS—WHEN ALL IS NOT RIGHT | 248 | ||
| SENSE OF HEARING: THE EAR | 249 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF THE EAR | 249 | ||
| External Ear | 249 | ||
| Middle Ear | 250 | ||
| Inner Ear | 250 | ||
| HEARING HAPPENS WHEN… | 251 | ||
| HEARING DOESN’T HAPPEN WHEN… | 251 | ||
| SENSE OF BALANCE: THE EAR | 251 | ||
| STATIC EQUILIBRIUM | 251 | ||
| DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM | 252 | ||
| 14 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 260 | ||
| ENDOCRINE GLANDS | 260 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES | 260 | ||
| TARGETS | 262 | ||
| HORMONE RECEPTORS | 262 | ||
| CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION | 263 | ||
| FEEDBACK LOOPS | 263 | ||
| BIORHYTHMS | 263 | ||
| CONTROL BY THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 263 | ||
| PITUITARY GLAND AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS | 264 | ||
| ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND | 264 | ||
| GROWTH HORMONE | 264 | ||
| PROLACTIN | 267 | ||
| TROPIC HORMONES | 267 | ||
| POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND | 267 | ||
| ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE | 267 | ||
| OXYTOCIN | 267 | ||
| THYROID GLAND | 268 | ||
| THYROID FOLLICLE | 268 | ||
| WHAT THYROID HORMONES (T3 AND T4) DO | 268 | ||
| REGULATION OF SECRETION | 269 | ||
| THE NEED FOR IODINE | 269 | ||
| SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONE | 269 | ||
| IODINE DEFICIENCY | 269 | ||
| CALCITONIN | 269 | ||
| PARATHYROID GLANDS | 270 | ||
| PTH DEFICIENCY AND HYPOCALCEMIC TETANY | 270 | ||
| ADRENAL GLANDS | 271 | ||
| ADRENAL MEDULLA | 271 | ||
| ADRENAL CORTEX | 273 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOIDS | 273 | ||
| Control of Cortisol Secretion | 273 | ||
| MINERALOCORTICOIDS | 273 | ||
| SEX HORMONES | 273 | ||
| NEGATIVE FEEDBACK…AGAIN | 273 | ||
| PANCREAS | 274 | ||
| INSULIN | 274 | ||
| SECRETION AND EFFECTS | 274 | ||
| GLUCAGON | 276 | ||
| GONADS | 277 | ||
| THYMUS GLAND | 277 | ||
| PINEAL GLAND | 277 | ||
| OTHER HORMONES | 277 | ||
| ORGAN-SPECIFIC HORMONES | 277 | ||
| PROSTAGLANDINS | 277 | ||
| ADIPOSE TISSUE HORMONES | 277 | ||
| Heart and Blood Vessels | 277 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 277 | ||
| Cancer | 278 | ||
| Joint Disease | 278 | ||
| 15 - BLOOD | 284 | ||
| COMPOSITION OF BLOOD | 285 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS | 285 | ||
| BLOOD HAS TWO PARTS | 285 | ||
| ORIGIN OF BLOOD CELLS | 286 | ||
| HEMOPOIESIS AND RED BONE MARROW | 286 | ||
| BONE MARROW WOES: TOO LITTLE, TOO MUCH | 286 | ||
| BONE MARROW DEPRESSION | 286 | ||
| BONE MARROW OVERACTIVITY | 286 | ||
| BLOOD CELLS | 287 | ||
| RED BLOOD CELLS | 287 | ||
| SHAPE AND CONTENTS | 288 | ||
| HEMOGLOBIN | 288 | ||
| WHY BLOOD CHANGES ITS COLOR | 289 | ||
| WHAT IS ESSENTIAL FOR HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION? | 289 | ||
| REGULATION OF RBC PRODUCTION | 290 | ||
| REMOVAL AND BREAKDOWN OF RED BLOOD CELLS | 290 | ||
| RECYCLE! | 290 | ||
| WHITE BLOOD CELLS | 291 | ||
| TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS | 292 | ||
| GRANULOCYTES | 292 | ||
| AGRANULOCYTES | 293 | ||
| GOOD NEWS, BAD NEWS | 294 | ||
| PLATELETS | 294 | ||
| BLOOD COUNTS | 294 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL COUNT | 294 | ||
| HEMOSTASIS: PREVENTION OF BLOOD LOSS | 294 | ||
| BLOOD VESSEL SPASM | 294 | ||
| FORMATION OF A PLATELET PLUG | 294 | ||
| BLOOD COAGULATION | 294 | ||
| FORMATION OF THE BLOOD CLOT | 295 | ||
| CLOT RETRACTION | 295 | ||
| CLOT BUSTING: FIBRINOLYSIS | 295 | ||
| PREVENTION OF EXCESSIVE CLOT FORMATION | 297 | ||
| Natural Mechanisms | 297 | ||
| Use of Medications That Prevent Excessive Clot Formations | 297 | ||
| BLOOD TYPES | 298 | ||
| ANTIGENS AND BLOOD TYPES | 298 | ||
| ANTIBODIES AND BLOOD TYPE | 298 | ||
| ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY INTERACTION | 298 | ||
| COMPATIBILITY AND INCOMPATIBILITY OF BLOOD TYPES | 298 | ||
| RH CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM | 300 | ||
| 16 - ANATOMY OF THE HEART | 308 | ||
| FUNCTION, LOCATION, AND SIZE OF THE HEART | 308 | ||
| LAYERS AND COVERING OF THE HEART | 309 | ||
| ENDOCARDIUM | 310 | ||
| MYOCARDIUM | 310 | ||
| EPICARDIUM | 310 | ||
| PERICARDIUM | 310 | ||
| A DOUBLE PUMP AND TWO CIRCULATIONS | 311 | ||
| THE HEART’S CHAMBERS AND GREAT VESSELS | 312 | ||
| RIGHT ATRIUM | 312 | ||
| RIGHT VENTRICLE | 313 | ||
| LEFT ATRIUM | 313 | ||
| LEFT VENTRICLE | 313 | ||
| GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART | 313 | ||
| HEART VALVES | 313 | ||
| ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES | 313 | ||
| SEMILUNAR VALVES | 314 | ||
| PULMONIC VALVE | 314 | ||
| AORTIC VALVE | 314 | ||
| HEART SOUNDS | 315 | ||
| PATHWAY OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART | 315 | ||
| BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE MYOCARDIUM | 315 | ||
| ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION | 316 | ||
| CARDIAC ENZYMES AND LEAKY CELLS | 317 | ||
| CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM | 318 | ||
| PARTS OF THE CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM | 318 | ||
| SINOATRIAL NODE | 318 | ||
| ATRIAL CONDUCTING FIBERS | 318 | ||
| ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE | 318 | ||
| HIS-PURKINJE SYSTEM | 318 | ||
| AUTOMATICITY AND RHYTHMICITY | 319 | ||
| NORMAL, SLOW, AND SLOWER | 319 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAM | 319 | ||
| 17 - Function of the Heart | 325 | ||
| THE COORDINATED AND ADAPTABLE PUMP | 325 | ||
| CARDIAC CYCLE | 325 | ||
| AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF THE HEART | 326 | ||
| WHY THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? | 326 | ||
| AUTONOMIC WIRING | 326 | ||
| AUTONOMIC FIRING | 327 | ||
| Sympathetic Stimulation | 327 | ||
| Parasympathetic (Vagus Nerve) Stimulation | 327 | ||
| CARDIAC OUTPUT AND VENOUS RETURN | 328 | ||
| Heart Rate | 328 | ||
| Stroke Volume | 329 | ||
| How to Change Stroke Volume | 329 | ||
| CHANGING CARDIAC OUTPUT | 330 | ||
| HEART TALK | 331 | ||
| HEART TALK: CLINICAL TERMS | 331 | ||
| END-DIASTOLIC VOLUME | 331 | ||
| PRELOAD | 331 | ||
| EJECTION FRACTION | 331 | ||
| AFTERLOAD | 331 | ||
| INOTROPIC EFFECT | 331 | ||
| CHRONOTROPIC EFFECT | 332 | ||
| DROMOTROPIC EFFECT | 332 | ||
| HEART TALK: RECEPTOR LANGUAGE | 332 | ||
| BETA1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ACTIVATION | 332 | ||
| BETA1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKADE | 332 | ||
| MUSCARINIC (CHOLINERGIC) RECEPTOR ACTIVATION | 333 | ||
| MUSCARINIC (CHOLINERGIC) RECEPTOR BLOCKADE | 333 | ||
| THE FAILING HEART: WHEN THE HEART CAN’T PUMP | 333 | ||
| LEFT HEART FAILURE | 333 | ||
| BACKWARD FAILURE | 333 | ||
| FORWARD FAILURE | 333 | ||
| RIGHT HEART FAILURE | 334 | ||
| 18 - ANATOMY OF THE BLOOD VESSELS AND SPECIAL CIRCULATIONS | 342 | ||
| CIRCLES, CIRCUITS, AND CIRCULATIONS | 342 | ||
| BLOOD VESSELS | 343 | ||
| NAMING THE BLOOD VESSELS | 343 | ||
| ARTERIES | 343 | ||
| CAPILLARIES | 343 | ||
| VEINS | 343 | ||
| BLOOD VESSEL WALLS: THE LAYERED LOOK | 343 | ||
| BLOOD VESSELS: WHAT THEY DO | 345 | ||
| ARTERIES | 345 | ||
| ARTERIOLES | 345 | ||
| CAPILLARIES | 345 | ||
| VEINS AND VENULES | 345 | ||
| MAJOR ARTERIES OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION | 346 | ||
| AORTA | 346 | ||
| BRANCHES OF THE AORTA | 347 | ||
| BRANCHES OF THE ASCENDING AORTA | 347 | ||
| BRANCHES OF THE AORTIC ARCH | 347 | ||
| BRANCHES OF THE DESCENDING AORTA (THORACIC AORTA) | 347 | ||
| BRANCHES OF THE DESCENDING AORTA (ABDOMINAL AORTA) | 347 | ||
| MAJOR VEINS OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION | 349 | ||
| VENAE CAVAE | 349 | ||
| VEINS THAT EMPTY INTO THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA | 349 | ||
| VEINS THAT EMPTY INTO THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA | 350 | ||
| SPECIAL CIRCULATIONS | 351 | ||
| BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEAD AND BRAIN | 351 | ||
| ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK | 351 | ||
| VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE HEAD AND BRAIN | 353 | ||
| BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LIVER AND THE HEPATIC PORTAL CIRCULATION | 353 | ||
| HEPATIC BLOOD VESSELS | 353 | ||
| FETAL CIRCULATION | 353 | ||
| PULSE | 356 | ||
| WHAT IS A PULSE? | 356 | ||
| WHAT CAN YOU LEARN ABOUT A PATIENT BY FEELING THE PULSE? | 356 | ||
| 19 - Functions of the Blood Vessels | 361 | ||
| BLOOD VESSELS DELIVER | 361 | ||
| BLOOD VESSELS REGULATE BLOOD PRESSURE | 361 | ||
| BLOOD PRESSURE: NORMAL AND ABNORMAL | 362 | ||
| BLOOD PRESSURE IN DIFFERENT BLOOD VESSELS | 362 | ||
| WHAT DETERMINES BLOOD PRESSURE? | 362 | ||
| HEART AND BLOOD PRESSURE | 362 | ||
| BLOOD VESSELS AND BLOOD PRESSURE | 363 | ||
| HOW BLOOD PRESSURE STAYS WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS | 365 | ||
| RAPIDLY ACTING MECHANISMS | 365 | ||
| SLOWER-ACTING MECHANISMS AND LONG-TERM REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE | 367 | ||
| BLOOD VESSELS ACT AS EXCHANGE VESSELS | 367 | ||
| WHAT IS AN EXCHANGE VESSEL? | 367 | ||
| WHY CAPILLARIES ARE GOOD EXCHANGE VESSELS | 367 | ||
| THIN CAPILLARY WALLS | 368 | ||
| MILLIONS OF CAPILLARIES | 368 | ||
| SLOW VELOCITY OF BLOOD FLOW | 368 | ||
| CAPILLARY FORCES: EXCHANGE | 368 | ||
| EXCHANGE INVOLVING DIFFUSION | 368 | ||
| EXCHANGE INVOLVING FILTRATION-OSMOSIS | 368 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF EDEMA FORMATION | 368 | ||
| Heart Failure | 368 | ||
| Severe Burn | 369 | ||
| Kidney Disease | 369 | ||
| Blocked Lymphatic Drainage | 370 | ||
| BLOOD VESSELS DISTRIBUTE BLOOD | 370 | ||
| BLOOD VESSELS REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE | 370 | ||
| 20 - LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | 376 | ||
| LYMPH: WHAT IT IS, WHERE IT COMES FROM | 376 | ||
| LYMPHATIC VESSELS | 376 | ||
| WHAT CAUSES LYMPH TO MOVE? | 377 | ||
| LYMPHATIC TISSUE | 378 | ||
| LYMPHATIC ORGANS | 378 | ||
| LYMPH NODES | 378 | ||
| THYMUS GLAND | 379 | ||
| SPLEEN | 379 | ||
| LYMPHATIC NODULES | 381 | ||
| TONSILS | 381 | ||
| MALT | 381 | ||
| PEYER’S PATCHES | 381 | ||
| APPENDIX | 381 | ||
| 21 - Immune System | 385 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 385 | ||
| NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY | 385 | ||
| FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE | 386 | ||
| SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE | 387 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 387 | ||
| Inflammation | 388 | ||
| Fever | 388 | ||
| Protective Proteins | 389 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 389 | ||
| SPECIFIC IMMUNITY: THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE | 389 | ||
| ANTIGENS | 390 | ||
| SELF AND NONSELF: IS THAT ME? | 390 | ||
| LYMPHOCYTES | 390 | ||
| Why the Names “T” and “B” Cells? | 390 | ||
| T-Cell Activation and Cell-Mediated Immunity | 391 | ||
| B-Cell Activation and Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 392 | ||
| ANTIBODIES | 392 | ||
| What Antibodies Are | 392 | ||
| What Antibodies Do | 393 | ||
| Remember Me? Primary and Secondary Responses | 393 | ||
| TYPES OF IMMUNITY | 394 | ||
| GENETIC IMMUNITY | 394 | ||
| ACQUIRED IMMUNITY | 394 | ||
| NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY | 394 | ||
| ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY | 395 | ||
| OTHER IMMUNE RESPONSES | 396 | ||
| ALLERGIC REACTIONS | 396 | ||
| 22 - Respiratory System | 403 | ||
| STRUCTURE: ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 403 | ||
| UPPER AND LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACTS | 403 | ||
| NOSE AND NASAL CAVITIES | 404 | ||
| PHARYNX | 405 | ||
| LARYNX | 405 | ||
| WHERE AND WHAT IS YOUR VOICEBOX? | 405 | ||
| VOCAL CORDS | 407 | ||
| TRUE OR FALSE | 407 | ||
| DOWN THE WRONG WAY | 407 | ||
| TRACHEA | 408 | ||
| WHERE IT SITS AND WHERE IT SPLITS | 408 | ||
| KEEPING IT OPEN | 408 | ||
| BRONCHIAL TREE: BRONCHI, BRONCHIOLES, AND ALVEOLI | 408 | ||
| BRONCHI | 408 | ||
| BRONCHIOLES | 410 | ||
| ALVEOLI | 410 | ||
| LUNGS | 410 | ||
| RIGHT AND LEFT | 410 | ||
| PLEURAL MEMBRANES | 411 | ||
| PLEURA | 411 | ||
| PLEURAL CAVITY: A POTENTIAL SPACE | 411 | ||
| COLLAPSED AND EXPANDED LUNGS | 411 | ||
| WHY LUNGS COLLAPSE | 411 | ||
| ELASTIC RECOIL | 411 | ||
| SURFACE TENSION | 411 | ||
| WHY LUNGS EXPAND | 412 | ||
| SAYING IT ANOTHER WAY: COMPLIANCE | 414 | ||
| RESPIRATORY FUNCTION | 414 | ||
| THREE STEPS IN RESPIRATION | 414 | ||
| STEP 1: VENTILATION OR BREATHING | 415 | ||
| What It Is | 415 | ||
| Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume | 415 | ||
| Boyle’s Law and Breathing | 416 | ||
| The Muscles of Respiration | 416 | ||
| Nerves That Supply the Respiratory Muscles | 417 | ||
| STEP 2: EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE | 419 | ||
| Why the Lungs Are Good Gas Exchangers | 419 | ||
| Partial Pressures and the Diffusion of Gases | 419 | ||
| STEP 3: TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE | 420 | ||
| Oxygen Transport | 420 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Transport | 420 | ||
| AMOUNTS OF AIR | 421 | ||
| LUNG VOLUMES | 421 | ||
| LUNG CAPACITIES | 422 | ||
| DEAD SPACE | 422 | ||
| CONTROL OF BREATHING | 422 | ||
| NEURAL CONTROL OF BREATHING | 423 | ||
| CHEMICAL CONTROL OF BREATHING | 424 | ||
| 23 - Digestive System | 432 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | 433 | ||
| DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION | 433 | ||
| LAYERS AND MEMBRANES OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT | 434 | ||
| MUCOSA | 434 | ||
| SUBMUCOSA | 434 | ||
| MUSCLE LAYER | 434 | ||
| SEROSA | 435 | ||
| INNERVATION OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT | 435 | ||
| STRUCTURES AND ORGANS | 435 | ||
| MOUTH | 435 | ||
| TEETH | 435 | ||
| TONGUE | 437 | ||
| SALIVARY GLANDS | 437 | ||
| OTHER STRUCTURES WITHIN THE MOUTH | 437 | ||
| PHARYNX | 437 | ||
| ESOPHAGUS | 438 | ||
| STOMACH | 438 | ||
| WHAT IT DOES | 438 | ||
| REGIONS OF THE STOMACH | 439 | ||
| MUSCLES OF THE STOMACH | 440 | ||
| GLANDS OF THE STOMACH | 440 | ||
| VOMITING | 440 | ||
| SMALL INTESTINE | 440 | ||
| LOCATION AND PARTS | 440 | ||
| SEGMENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE | 441 | ||
| THE WALL OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND ABSORPTION | 441 | ||
| Peristalsis and Absorption in the Small Intestine | 441 | ||
| LARGE INTESTINE | 442 | ||
| SEGMENTS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE | 442 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE | 443 | ||
| Peristalsis and Absorption | 443 | ||
| Inside the Gut: Microbiota. Inside the gut and throughout the much-maligned waste there is a lot going on. Your gut microbiota (... | 444 | ||
| Intestinal Gas | 444 | ||
| ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS | 445 | ||
| LIVER | 445 | ||
| WHAT THE LIVER DOES | 445 | ||
| BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LIVER | 447 | ||
| Blood Supply and the Hepatic Portal System | 447 | ||
| LIVER LOBULES | 447 | ||
| BILE | 447 | ||
| BILIARY TREE | 447 | ||
| GALLBLADDER | 448 | ||
| PANCREAS | 448 | ||
| DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION | 449 | ||
| CARBOHYDRATES AND CARBOHYDRATE-SPLITTING ENZYMES | 449 | ||
| PROTEINS AND PROTEIN-SPLITTING ENZYMES | 449 | ||
| FATS, BILE, AND FAT-SPLITTING ENZYMES | 450 | ||
| NUTRITION: CONCEPTS TO KNOW | 453 | ||
| CARBOHYDRATES | 453 | ||
| PROTEINS | 454 | ||
| FATS (LIPIDS) | 454 | ||
| VITAMINS | 454 | ||
| MINERALS | 455 | ||
| HEALTH AND A BALANCED DIET | 456 | ||
| A BALANCED DIET | 456 | ||
| POORLY BALANCED DIET AND DISEASE | 456 | ||
| APPETITE CONTROL AND THE COUCH POTATO | 456 | ||
| 24 - Urinary System | 463 | ||
| EXCRETION | 463 | ||
| ORGANS OF EXCRETION | 463 | ||
| URINARY SYSTEM ORGANS | 463 | ||
| URINARY SYSTEM TERMS | 464 | ||
| KIDNEYS | 465 | ||
| LOCATION | 465 | ||
| STRUCTURE | 465 | ||
| BLOOD SUPPLY | 465 | ||
| NERVE SUPPLY | 465 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS | 465 | ||
| URINE MAKING: THE NEPHRON UNIT | 465 | ||
| STRUCTURES | 465 | ||
| RENAL TUBULES | 466 | ||
| RENAL BLOOD VESSELS (VASCULAR STRUCTURES) | 466 | ||
| URINE FORMATION | 466 | ||
| GLOMERULAR FILTRATION | 466 | ||
| Why Filtration Occurs | 466 | ||
| What Substances Are Filtered | 466 | ||
| TUBULAR REABSORPTION | 468 | ||
| TUBULAR SECRETION | 468 | ||
| HORMONES THAT WORK ON THE KIDNEYS | 468 | ||
| ALDOSTERONE | 468 | ||
| ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE | 470 | ||
| NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES | 470 | ||
| PARATHYROID HORMONE AND CALCITONIN | 471 | ||
| COMPOSITION OF URINE | 471 | ||
| UREMIA AND DIALYSIS | 472 | ||
| YOUR PLUMBING | 473 | ||
| URETERS | 473 | ||
| URINARY BLADDER | 473 | ||
| URINATION | 475 | ||
| URETHRA | 475 | ||
| AN AUTONOMIC MOMENT | 476 | ||
| 25 - WATER, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID–BASE BALANCE | 482 | ||
| BODY FLUIDS: DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION | 482 | ||
| FLUID COMPARTMENTS | 482 | ||
| COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS | 483 | ||
| WATER BALANCE | 483 | ||
| WATER INTAKE | 483 | ||
| WATER OUTPUT | 483 | ||
| WATER IMBALANCES | 484 | ||
| DEHYDRATION | 484 | ||
| EDEMA | 484 | ||
| WHY DOES FLUID SHIFT? | 485 | ||
| FLUID SPACING—IN OTHER WORDS | 485 | ||
| DAILY WEIGHTS AND FLUID BALANCE | 485 | ||
| ELECTROLYTE BALANCE | 485 | ||
| QUICK REFERENCE: ELECTROLYTES | 485 | ||
| MOST IMPORTANT IONS | 486 | ||
| SODIUM (NA+) | 486 | ||
| POTASSIUM (K+) | 486 | ||
| CALCIUM (CA2+) | 486 | ||
| MAGNESIUM (MG2+) | 486 | ||
| CHLORIDE (CL−) | 487 | ||
| BICARBONATE (HCO3−) | 487 | ||
| OTHER IONS | 487 | ||
| ACID–BASE BALANCE | 487 | ||
| QUICK REFERENCE: ACIDS AND BASES | 487 | ||
| WHERE THE ACID COMES FROM | 487 | ||
| HOW THE BODY REGULATES PH | 487 | ||
| BUFFERS | 488 | ||
| LUNGS | 488 | ||
| RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY AS THE CAUSE OF CHANGES IN PH | 489 | ||
| RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY AS THE CORRECTION FOR CHANGES IN PH | 489 | ||
| KIDNEYS | 490 | ||
| ACID–BASE IMBALANCES | 490 | ||
| ACIDOSIS | 490 | ||
| ALKALOSIS | 491 | ||
| 26 - Reproductive Systems | 496 | ||
| MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 496 | ||
| TESTES | 496 | ||
| LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION | 498 | ||
| LOBULES | 498 | ||
| SPERM CELLS | 498 | ||
| GENITAL DUCTS | 499 | ||
| EPIDIDYMIS | 499 | ||
| VAS DEFERENS AND EJACULATORY DUCTS | 499 | ||
| URETHRA | 500 | ||
| ACCESSORY GLANDS | 500 | ||
| SEMINAL VESICLES | 500 | ||
| PROSTATE GLAND | 500 | ||
| BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS | 500 | ||
| SEMEN | 500 | ||
| EXTERNAL GENITALS | 500 | ||
| MALE SEXUAL RESPONSE: ERECTION, EMISSION, EJACULATION, AND ORGASM | 501 | ||
| MALE SEX HORMONES | 501 | ||
| EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE | 501 | ||
| HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE REPRODUCTION | 501 | ||
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 502 | ||
| OVARIES | 502 | ||
| EGG DEVELOPMENT: THE OVARIAN FOLLICLE | 502 | ||
| OVULATION | 502 | ||
| OVARIAN HORMONES | 502 | ||
| Estrogen | 504 | ||
| Progesterone | 504 | ||
| GENITAL TRACT | 504 | ||
| FALLOPIAN TUBES | 504 | ||
| Tube Troubles | 504 | ||
| UTERUS | 504 | ||
| VAGINA | 505 | ||
| EXTERNAL GENITALS | 505 | ||
| FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE | 506 | ||
| HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES | 506 | ||
| TWO REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES | 507 | ||
| OVARIAN CYCLE | 507 | ||
| Follicular Phase | 507 | ||
| Luteal Phase | 507 | ||
| UTERINE CYCLE | 509 | ||
| Menstrual Phase | 509 | ||
| Proliferative Phase | 509 | ||
| Secretory Phase | 509 | ||
| IMPLANTATION: KEEPING THE CORPUS LUTEUM ALIVE | 509 | ||
| MENARCHE, MENSES, AND MENOPAUSE | 510 | ||
| FEMALE BREAST AND LACTATION | 510 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF A BREAST: THE MAMMARY GLANDS | 510 | ||
| HORMONES OF LACTATION…GOT MILK? | 510 | ||
| METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL | 510 | ||
| 27 - Human Development and Heredity | 519 | ||
| FERTILIZATION | 519 | ||
| WHEN FERTILIZATION OCCURS | 519 | ||
| WHERE FERTILIZATION OCCURS | 520 | ||
| HOW FERTILIZATION OCCURS | 520 | ||
| HUMAN DEVELOPMENT | 520 | ||
| PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT | 520 | ||
| EARLY EMBRYONIC PERIOD | 520 | ||
| FROM ZYGOTE TO BLASTOCYST … OR FROM ZYGOTE TO EGGPLANT | 520 | ||
| SEEING DOUBLE: TWINS | 522 | ||
| EMBRYONIC PERIOD | 522 | ||
| EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES | 522 | ||
| PLACENTA | 522 | ||
| Formation of the Placenta | 522 | ||
| Functions of the Placenta | 524 | ||
| HOOK UP: THE UMBILICAL CORD | 524 | ||
| ORGANOGENESIS | 524 | ||
| BE CAREFUL: TERATOGENS | 524 | ||
| FETAL PERIOD | 526 | ||
| CHANGES IN THE MOTHER’S BODY DURING PREGNANCY | 527 | ||
| BIRTH | 528 | ||
| POSTNATAL CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES | 529 | ||
| IMMEDIATE ADJUSTMENTS | 529 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT AS A LIFELONG PROCESS | 529 | ||
| HEREDITY | 529 | ||
| DNA, GENES, AND CHROMOSOMES | 530 | ||
| GENETIC ART: THE KARYOTYPE | 530 | ||
| DOMINANT, RECESSIVE, AND CODOMINANT GENES | 531 | ||
| TOO MANY OR TOO FEW CHROMOSOMES | 532 | ||
| GENETIC EXPRESSION | 532 | ||
| GENETIC MUTATIONS | 532 | ||
| IT’S A BOY; IT’S A GIRL: HOW THE SEX OF THE CHILD IS DETERMINED | 532 | ||
| XS AND YS | 532 | ||
| SEX DETERMINATION: A MALE THING | 532 | ||
| SEX-LINKED TRAITS | 532 | ||
| CONGENITAL AND HEREDITARY DISEASE | 533 | ||
| Answers to Review Your Knowledge and Go Figure Questions | 537 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body | 537 | ||
| Matching: Regional Terms | 537 | ||
| Glossary | 541 | ||
| A | 541 | ||
| B | 542 | ||
| C | 542 | ||
| D | 544 | ||
| E | 544 | ||
| F | 545 | ||
| G | 545 | ||
| H | 546 | ||
| I | 546 | ||
| J | 547 | ||
| K | 547 | ||
| L | 547 | ||
| M | 547 | ||
| N | 548 | ||
| O | 548 | ||
| P | 549 | ||
| Q | 550 | ||
| R | 550 | ||
| S | 551 | ||
| T | 552 | ||
| U | 552 | ||
| V | 552 | ||
| W | 553 | ||
| Z | 553 | ||
| Index | 554 | ||
| A | 554 | ||
| B | 555 | ||
| C | 556 | ||
| D | 558 | ||
| E | 559 | ||
| F | 560 | ||
| G | 560 | ||
| H | 561 | ||
| I | 562 | ||
| J | 563 | ||
| K | 563 | ||
| L | 563 | ||
| M | 564 | ||
| N | 565 | ||
| O | 566 | ||
| P | 566 | ||
| Q | 568 | ||
| R | 568 | ||
| S | 568 | ||
| T | 570 | ||
| U | 571 | ||
| V | 571 | ||
| W | 572 | ||
| X | 572 | ||
| Y | 572 | ||
| Z | 572 |