BOOK
Liver Pathology, An Issue of Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Dr. Lefkowitch has created a primer on liver pathology for the gastroenterologist that provides depth of clinical coverage in an area not typically covered in depth for gastroenterologists. This issue will provide state-of-the-art reviews in the areas of NAFLD, liver biopsy, liver pathology, hepatitis, and genomics. Articles are specifically devoted to IgG4-related disease and the liver; current concepts in pediatric NAFLD; evaluation of the pediatric liver biopsy; hepatocellular adenomas: morphology and genomics; drug-induced liver injury: the hepatic pathologist’s approach; liver pathology in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency; immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma; HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy and liver pathology; autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndromes and liver pathology; current perspectives on the pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma and its variants; hepatitis E virus and the liver: clinical settings and liver pathology; hepatic progenitor cells; and cholangiocarcinoma: current genomics and pathology, to name a few.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Liver Pathology\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Liver Pathology | vii | ||
| IgG4-related Disease and the Liver | vii | ||
| Current Concepts in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | vii | ||
| Contemporary Evaluation of the Pediatric Liver Biopsy | vii | ||
| Hepatocellular Adenomas: Morphology and Genomics | viii | ||
| Drug-induced Liver Injury: The Hepatic Pathologist’s Approach | viii | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Rejection After Liver Transplant | viii | ||
| Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | viii | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Antiretroviral Therapy, and Liver Pathology | ix | ||
| Autoimmune Hepatitis Overlap Syndromes and Liver Pathology | ix | ||
| Morphologic Subtypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | ix | ||
| Hepatitis E Virus and the Liver: Clinical Settings and Liver Pathology\r | ix | ||
| Hepatic Progenitor Cells: An Update | x | ||
| Heart Disease and the Liver: Pathologic Evaluation | x | ||
| GASTROENTEROLOGY\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| September 2017 | xi | ||
| December 2017 | xi | ||
| March 2018 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| March 2017 | xi | ||
| December 2016 | xi | ||
| September 2016 | xi | ||
| Preface:\rLiver Pathology | xiii | ||
| Erratum | xvii | ||
| IgG4-related Disease and the Liver | 195 | ||
| Key points | 195 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 195 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 197 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 197 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 200 | ||
| RADIOLOGIC PRESENTATION | 200 | ||
| SEROLOGY | 200 | ||
| DISEASE | 201 | ||
| SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 203 | ||
| Hepatic and Perihilar Lesions | 203 | ||
| Involvement of the Bile Duct | 204 | ||
| BIOPSY DIAGNOSIS | 206 | ||
| SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 206 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM | 206 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 207 | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 207 | ||
| Follicular Cholangitis | 209 | ||
| Sclerosing Cholangitis with Granulocytic Epithelial Lesions | 210 | ||
| Bile Duct Carcinoma | 210 | ||
| Hepatic Inflammatory Pseudotumor and Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor | 210 | ||
| Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Formerly Wegener) | 211 | ||
| Multicentric Castleman Disease | 212 | ||
| TREATMENT | 212 | ||
| REFERENCES | 212 | ||
| Current Concepts in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 217 | ||
| Key points | 217 | ||
| PEDIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS | 217 | ||
| NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AS A SPECTRUM OF DISEASE | 218 | ||
| THE ROLE OF LIVER BIOPSY | 218 | ||
| PEDIATRIC DISEASE PROGRESSION | 219 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF PEDIATRIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE | 219 | ||
| SYSTEMS PROPOSED FOR HISTOLOGIC EVALUATION | 222 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC INSIGHTS INTO PATHOGENESIS | 224 | ||
| TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT | 226 | ||
| EMERGING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND THERAPIES | 226 | ||
| SUMMARY | 227 | ||
| REFERENCES | 227 | ||
| Contemporary Evaluation of the Pediatric Liver Biopsy | 233 | ||
| Key points | 233 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 233 | ||
| Neonatal Cholestasis | 234 | ||
| HEREDITARY DISORDERS OF BILIRUBIN METABOLISM | 239 | ||
| METABOLIC DISORDERS | 240 | ||
| Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism | 240 | ||
| Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism | 244 | ||
| Disorders of Lipid Metabolism | 245 | ||
| Disorders of Peroxisomes | 247 | ||
| Disorders of the Urea Cycle | 247 | ||
| INBORN ERRORS OF COPPER AND IRON METABOLISM | 248 | ||
| LIVER TUMORS | 248 | ||
| SUMMARY | 249 | ||
| REFERENCES | 250 | ||
| Hepatocellular Adenomas | 253 | ||
| Key points | 253 | ||
| HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMAS: GENOMICS—THE GENOTYPE CLASSIFICATION | 254 | ||
| HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMAS: MORPHOLOGY—THE GENOTYPE/PHENOTYPE CLASSIFICATION | 254 | ||
| Technical Considerations | 254 | ||
| First hit | 255 | ||
| Morphology Hematoxylin-eosin | 255 | ||
| HNF1α-inactivated hepatocellular adenoma (35%–40%) | 255 | ||
| Typical aspect with steatosis | 255 | ||
| Second hit (in the process of malignant transformation for b-HCA AND b-IHCA)8\r | 255 | ||
| Atypical case without steatosis | 256 | ||
| Inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma (40%–50%) | 256 | ||
| Typical features | 256 | ||
| Atypical features | 258 | ||
| β-catenin–activated hepatocellular adenoma (15%–20%) | 258 | ||
| β-Catenin–activated inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma | 258 | ||
| Unclassified hepatocellular adenoma | 259 | ||
| Morphology Immunohistochemistry | 259 | ||
| Markers | 259 | ||
| Liver-type fatty acid binding protein, the key marker to identify HNF1α-inactivated hepatocellular adenoma | 259 | ||
| C-reactive protein and/or serum amyloid A, the key markers to identify inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma | 259 | ||
| Glutamine synthetase, an excellent surrogate marker to identify β-catenin mutation | 259 | ||
| β-Catenin, a specific marker for β–hepatocellular adenoma but with low sensitivity | 261 | ||
| Additional markers | 261 | ||
| When and how to perform immunohistochemistry | 261 | ||
| Limits of the interpretation | 261 | ||
| Borderline hepatocellular adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma | 262 | ||
| Multiple Nodules | 266 | ||
| The Background Liver and Clinical Context | 267 | ||
| The Report | 268 | ||
| HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA: WHY SHOULD WE CLASSIFY AND DO WE HAVE TO? | 268 | ||
| SUMMARY | 268 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 268 | ||
| REFERENCES | 268 | ||
| Drug-induced Liver Injury | 273 | ||
| Key points | 273 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 273 | ||
| USE OF THE LIVER BIOPSY IN DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY | 274 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS IN THE HISTOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY | 275 | ||
| CHARACTERISTIC PATTERNS OF INJURY | 276 | ||
| DIFFICULT DIFFERENTIALS | 289 | ||
| FINAL ANALYSIS AND CONSULTATIVE OPINION | 291 | ||
| FINAL THOUGHTS | 292 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 293 | ||
| REFERENCES | 293 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Rejection After Liver Transplant | 297 | ||
| Key points | 297 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 297 | ||
| PATHOBIOLOGY | 298 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 298 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF ACUTE ANTIBODY-MEDIATED REJECTION | 299 | ||
| COMPLEMENT 4D STAINING | 301 | ||
| CHRONIC ANTIBODY-MEDIATED REJECTION | 302 | ||
| TREATMENT OF ANTIBODY-MEDIATED REJECTION | 303 | ||
| SUMMARY | 304 | ||
| REFERENCES | 304 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 311 | ||
| Key points | 311 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 311 | ||
| MOST USEFUL HEPATOCELLULAR MARKERS | 312 | ||
| Arginase-1 | 312 | ||
| Hepatocyte Paraffin-1 | 312 | ||
| Glypican-3 | 313 | ||
| Polyclonal Carcinoembryonic Antigen | 313 | ||
| LESS USEFUL HEPATOCELLULAR MARKERS | 313 | ||
| Other HCC Markers with Canalicular Staining Pattern | 313 | ||
| Alpha-Fetoprotein | 313 | ||
| CD34 | 313 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP OF MALIGNANT LIVER NEOPLASM | 314 | ||
| Group 1: Arg-1 Positive, CK19 Negative | 314 | ||
| Group 2: Arg-1 Negative, CK19 Positive | 314 | ||
| Group 3: Arg-1 Positive, CK19 Positive | 314 | ||
| Group 4: Arg-1 Negative, CK19 Negative | 314 | ||
| HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH VARIANT HISTOLOGIC FEATURES | 316 | ||
| Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma Versus High-Grade Dysplastic Nodule | 316 | ||
| Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma–Cholangiocarcinoma | 317 | ||
| Scirrhous Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 317 | ||
| Fibrolamellar Carcinoma | 317 | ||
| WELL-DIFFERENTIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: DISTINCTION FROM FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA AND HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA | 318 | ||
| Focal Nodular Hyperplasia | 318 | ||
| Inflammatory Hepatocellular Adenoma | 318 | ||
| Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1α-Inactivated Hepatocellular Adenoma | 318 | ||
| β-Catenin-Activated Hepatocellular Adenoma | 320 | ||
| Unclassified Hepatocellular Adenoma | 321 | ||
| REFERENCES | 321 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Antiretroviral Therapy, and Liver Pathology | 327 | ||
| Key points | 327 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 327 | ||
| PRE-ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | 328 | ||
| ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ERA | 330 | ||
| Drug Toxicity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease | 331 | ||
| Non-antiretroviral drugs | 332 | ||
| Antiretroviral drugs | 332 | ||
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors | 333 | ||
| Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors | 334 | ||
| Nevirapine | 334 | ||
| Efavirenz | 335 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors | 336 | ||
| Integrase inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and CCR5 antagonists | 337 | ||
| Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome | 337 | ||
| Causes of death on antiretroviral therapy | 337 | ||
| SUMMARY | 338 | ||
| REFERENCES | 338 | ||
| Autoimmune Hepatitis Overlap Syndromes and Liver Pathology | 345 | ||
| Key points | 345 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 345 | ||
| CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF AN OVERLAP SYNDROME | 348 | ||
| CAVEATS REGARDING THE DIAGNOSIS OF OVERLAP SYNDROMES | 349 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF THE AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS–PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS OVERLAP SYNDROME | 353 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF THE AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS–PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS OVERLAP SYNDROME | 353 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF THE AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS–CHOLESTATIC OVERLAP SYNDROME | 353 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF THE OVERLAP SYNDROMES | 354 | ||
| TREATMENT OUTCOMES | 356 | ||
| CAVEATS REGARDING TREATMENT | 357 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 358 | ||
| REFERENCES | 358 | ||
| Morphologic Subtypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 365 | ||
| Key points | 365 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 365 | ||
| GROWTH PATTERN VERSUS SUBTYPE | 365 | ||
| DEFINITION OF A HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SUBTYPE | 366 | ||
| MOLECULAR SUBTYPES | 366 | ||
| MAJOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SUBTYPES | 367 | ||
| Carcinosarcoma | 367 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 367 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 368 | ||
| Clinical findings | 368 | ||
| Molecular findings | 368 | ||
| Other findings | 368 | ||
| Differential | 368 | ||
| Carcinosarcoma with Osteoclast-like Giant Cells | 368 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 368 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 370 | ||
| Clinical findings | 370 | ||
| Molecular findings | 370 | ||
| Differential | 370 | ||
| Cirrhotomimetic Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 370 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 370 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 371 | ||
| Clinical findings | 371 | ||
| Molecular findings | 371 | ||
| Other findings | 371 | ||
| Differential | 372 | ||
| Clear Cell Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 372 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 372 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 372 | ||
| Clinical findings | 372 | ||
| Molecular findings | 372 | ||
| Other findings | 373 | ||
| Differential | 373 | ||
| Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma–Cholangiocarcinoma | 373 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 373 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 374 | ||
| Clinical findings | 374 | ||
| Molecular findings | 374 | ||
| Differential | 374 | ||
| Combined Hepatocellular and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma | 374 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 374 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 375 | ||
| Clinical findings | 375 | ||
| Molecular findings | 375 | ||
| Fibrolamellar Carcinoma | 375 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 375 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 376 | ||
| Clinical findings | 377 | ||
| Molecular findings | 377 | ||
| Other findings | 377 | ||
| Differential | 377 | ||
| Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Producing Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 377 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 377 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 378 | ||
| Clinical findings | 378 | ||
| Molecular findings | 378 | ||
| Differential | 378 | ||
| Lymphocyte-Rich Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Lymphoepithelioma-like Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 378 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 378 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 379 | ||
| Clinical findings | 379 | ||
| Molecular findings | 379 | ||
| Other findings | 380 | ||
| Differential | 380 | ||
| Sarcomatoid Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 380 | ||
| Definition and hematoxylin and eosin findings | 380 | ||
| Confirmatory tests | 380 | ||
| Clinical findings | 380 | ||
| Molecular findings | 380 | ||
| Hepatitis E Virus and the Liver | 393 | ||
| Key points | 393 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 393 | ||
| HEPATITIS E VIRUS | 394 | ||
| Virology and Genotypes | 394 | ||
| Global Distribution | 394 | ||
| HEPATITIS E VIRUS INFECTION: CLINICAL SETTINGS | 396 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Hepatitis E | 396 | ||
| Acute Hepatitis E | 396 | ||
| Chronic Hepatitis E | 396 | ||
| Extrahepatic Manifestation of Hepatitis E | 398 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis of Hepatitis E | 398 | ||
| HEPATITIS E VIRUS INFECTION: LIVER PATHOLOGY | 399 | ||
| Histology of Acute Epidemic Hepatitis E Virus Infection (Genotypes 1 and 2) | 399 | ||
| Histology of Acute Autochthonous Hepatitis E Virus Infection (Genotype 3) | 400 | ||
| Histology of Chronic Hepatitis E Virus (Genotype 3) Infection in Immunocompromised Patients | 401 | ||
| Histologic Differential Diagnoses of Hepatitis E | 402 | ||
| Ancillary Tools for Histology in Hepatitis E | 402 | ||
| SUMMARY | 404 | ||
| REFERENCES | 405 | ||
| Hepatic Progenitor Cells | 409 | ||
| Key points | 409 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 409 | ||
| HEPATIC PROGENITOR CELLS | 410 | ||
| IDENTIFICATION OF THE HEPATIC PROGENITOR CELL | 411 | ||
| THE HEPATIC PROGENITOR CELL NICHE | 413 | ||
| HEPATIC PROGENITOR CELL AND CANCER | 415 | ||
| SUMMARY | 415 | ||
| REFERENCES | 416 | ||
| Heart Disease and the Liver | 421 | ||
| Key points | 421 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 421 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC HEPATIC ABNORMALITIES IN HEART FAILURE | 424 | ||
| CLINICAL LIVER ABNORMALITIES IN HEART FAILURE | 427 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGIC SCORING SYSTEMS FOR THE LIVER IN INDIVIDUALS WITH HEART FAILURE | 429 | ||
| CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, THE FONTAN PROCEDURE, AND THE LIVER | 430 | ||
| CARDIAC MEDICATIONS, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, AND LIVER DISEASE IN THE CARDIAC PATIENT | 430 | ||
| SUMMARY | 431 | ||
| REFERENCES | 432 | ||
| Index | 437 |