BOOK
Foundations of Maternal-Newborn and Women's Health Nursing - E-Book
Sharon Smith Murray | Emily Slone McKinney
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Make sure you fully understand how to care for women and newborns! Foundations of Maternal-Newborn and Women's Health Nursing, 7th Edition integrates essential maternity information into the overall continuum of nursing care to show how to provide safe care in the clinical setting. With easy-to-understand language, this updated text uses evidence-based guidelines and step-by-step instructions for assessments and interventions to help you quickly master key skills and techniques. Also emphasized is the importance of understanding family, communication, culture, patient teaching, and clinical decision making. This edition reflects the latest QSEN competencies, and the accompanying Evolve website includes review questions to prepare students for the NCLEX® exam!
- Safety checks integrated into the content help you develop competencies related to safe nursing practice.
- Unfolding case studies help you apply what you’ve learned to practice.
- UPDATED Evidence-Based Practice boxes highlight the latest research and the most current QSEN (Quality and Safety Education for Nurses) practice guidelines for quality care.
- Patient teaching boxes provide teaching guidelines, including communication guides, directed at patients and families.
- Critical to Remember boxes highlight and summarize need-to-know information.
- Critical Thinking exercises focus on clinical situations designed to test your skills in prioritizing and critical thinking.
- Nursing Care Plans help you apply the nursing process to clinical situations.
- Chapter summaries appear at the end of each chapter and help you review core content in each chapter while on the go.
- Updated Drug guides list important indications, adverse reactions, and nursing considerations for the most commonly used medications.
- Procedure boxes provide clear instructions for performing common maternity skills, with rationales for each step.
- UNIQUE! Therapeutic Communications boxes present realistic nurse-patient dialogues, identifying communication techniques and showing to respond when encountering communication blocks.
- Knowledge check helps you assess your mastery of key content.
- Glossary provides definitions of all key terms.
- NEW! Reorganized content integrates complications into standard family care, includes new sections on obesity, and recommendations for infant safe sleep environment and reductions of SIDS risk.
- NEW! Contributing content from known experts in the field of Maternal and Women’s health include a former AWHONN president.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| CONTENTS | ES1 | ||
| Foundations of Maternal-Newborn and Women’s Health Nursing | i | ||
| FOUNDATIONS OF Maternal-Newborn AND Women’s Health Nursing | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS | v | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS | v | ||
| INSTRUCTOR AND STUDENT ANCILLARIES | vi | ||
| REVIEWERS | vi | ||
| Dedication | vii | ||
| PREFACE | viii | ||
| CONTENT | viii | ||
| Scientific Base | viii | ||
| The Nursing Process | viii | ||
| Communication | viii | ||
| Teaching | ix | ||
| Critical Thinking | ix | ||
| Cultural Diversity | ix | ||
| ORGANIZATION | ix | ||
| FEATURES | x | ||
| ANCILLARIES | x | ||
| For Students | x | ||
| For Instructors | x | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | xii | ||
| IN MEMORY OF EMILY MCKINNEY | xii | ||
| CONTENTS | xiii | ||
| I -\rFoundations for Nursing Care of Childbearing Families | 1 | ||
| 1 -\rMaternity and Women’s Health Care Today | 1 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CHILDBEARING | 1 | ||
| Granny Midwives | 1 | ||
| Emergence of Medical Management | 1 | ||
| Government Involvement in Maternal-Infant Care | 2 | ||
| Effects of Consumer Demands on Health Care | 2 | ||
| Development of Family-Centered Care | 2 | ||
| CHOICES IN CHILDBIRTH | 2 | ||
| Health Care Provider | 2 | ||
| Birth Setting | 3 | ||
| Labor, Delivery, and Recovery Rooms | 3 | ||
| Labor, Delivery, Recovery, and Postpartum Rooms | 3 | ||
| Birth Centers | 3 | ||
| Home Births | 3 | ||
| Support Person | 4 | ||
| Siblings | 4 | ||
| Education | 4 | ||
| CURRENT TRENDS IN PERINATAL AND WOMEN’S HEALTH CARE | 4 | ||
| Healthy People 2020 | 4 | ||
| Safety and Quality | 4 | ||
| The Joint Commission | 4 | ||
| Interprofessional Collaboration and Education | 4 | ||
| Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health | 5 | ||
| Women’s Health and Perinatal Nursing Care Quality Measures | 5 | ||
| Cost Containment | 5 | ||
| Effects of Cost Containment on Maternity Care | 5 | ||
| Community-Based Perinatal and Women’s Health Nursing | 5 | ||
| Common Types of Perinatal Home Care | 6 | ||
| Advances in Technology | 6 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 6 | ||
| Shortage of Nurses | 7 | ||
| STATISTICS ON MATERNAL, INFANT, AND WOMEN’S HEALTH | 8 | ||
| Maternal and Infant Mortality | 8 | ||
| Pregnancy-Related Maternal Mortality | 8 | ||
| Infant Mortality | 8 | ||
| Infant Mortality across Nations | 8 | ||
| Adolescent Pregnancy | 8 | ||
| Women’s Health | 8 | ||
| STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR PERINATAL AND WOMEN’S HEALTH NURSING | 8 | ||
| Agency Standards | 8 | ||
| Organizational Standards | 9 | ||
| Legal Standards | 9 | ||
| THE NURSE’S ROLE | 9 | ||
| Communicator | 9 | ||
| Therapeutic Communication Techniques | 9 | ||
| Teacher | 9 | ||
| Collaborator | 9 | ||
| Researcher | 9 | ||
| Advocate | 10 | ||
| Manager | 10 | ||
| Advanced Preparation for Maternal-Newborn and Women’s Health Nurses | 10 | ||
| Certified Nurse-Midwives | 10 | ||
| Nurse Practitioners | 10 | ||
| Clinical Nurse Specialists | 10 | ||
| NURSING RESEARCH | 10 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 11 | ||
| CRITICAL THINKING | 11 | ||
| Purpose | 12 | ||
| Steps | 12 | ||
| Recognizing Assumptions | 12 | ||
| Examining Biases | 12 | ||
| Determining the Need for Closure | 12 | ||
| Becoming Skillful in Data Management | 12 | ||
| Acknowledging Emotions and Environmental Factors | 13 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS | 13 | ||
| ?Assessment | 13 | ||
| Screening Assessment | 14 | ||
| Focused Assessment | 14 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 14 | ||
| ?Planning | 14 | ||
| Setting Priorities | 14 | ||
| Establishing Goals and Expected Outcomes | 14 | ||
| Developing Nursing Interventions | 15 | ||
| ?Implementing Interventions | 15 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 15 | ||
| Individualized Nursing Care Plans | 15 | ||
| The Nursing Process Related to Critical Thinking | 15 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 17 | ||
| 2 - Social, Ethical, and Legal Issues | 19 | ||
| THE FAMILY | 19 | ||
| Family Structures | 19 | ||
| Family Demographics in the United States | 20 | ||
| CULTURE AND CHILDBEARING FAMILIES | 20 | ||
| Cultural Considerations | 20 | ||
| Cultural Values | 20 | ||
| Communication Style | 21 | ||
| Decision Making | 21 | ||
| Eye Contact | 21 | ||
| Touch | 21 | ||
| Spirituality and Religiosity | 21 | ||
| Time Orientation | 21 | ||
| Culture and Health Beliefs in Childbearing | 22 | ||
| Health Maintenance | 23 | ||
| Belief in Fate | 23 | ||
| Preventing Illness | 23 | ||
| Use of Complementary and Other Therapies | 23 | ||
| Modesty | 23 | ||
| Culturally Competent Care | 24 | ||
| Cultural Assessment | 24 | ||
| Cultural Negotiation | 24 | ||
| SOCIAL ISSUES | 25 | ||
| Socioeconomic Status | 25 | ||
| The Affluent | 25 | ||
| The Middle Class | 25 | ||
| The Working Poor and Unemployed | 25 | ||
| The New Poor | 26 | ||
| Poverty | 26 | ||
| Homelessness | 27 | ||
| Disparity in Health Care | 27 | ||
| Barriers to Prenatal Care | 27 | ||
| Allocation of Health Care Resources | 28 | ||
| Care versus Cure | 28 | ||
| Solutions | 28 | ||
| Intimate Partner Violence | 29 | ||
| Effects of Intimate Partner Violence during Pregnancy | 29 | ||
| Factors That Promote Violence | 29 | ||
| Characteristics of the Abuser | 30 | ||
| Cycle of Violence | 30 | ||
| Nurse’s Role in Prevention of Abuse | 30 | ||
| Human Trafficking | 31 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: THE BATTERED WOMAN | 32 | ||
| ?Assessment | 32 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 33 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 33 | ||
| ?Interventions | 33 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 34 | ||
| ETHICS AND BIOETHICS | 34 | ||
| Ethical Dilemmas | 34 | ||
| Ethical Theories | 34 | ||
| Ethical Principles | 35 | ||
| Solving Dilemmas in Daily Practice | 35 | ||
| Ethical Issues in Reproduction | 36 | ||
| Elective Pregnancy Termination | 36 | ||
| Mandated Contraception | 37 | ||
| Fetal Injury | 37 | ||
| Fetal Therapy | 37 | ||
| Issues in Infertility | 37 | ||
| Privacy Issues | 38 | ||
| Government Regulations | 38 | ||
| LEGAL ISSUES | 38 | ||
| Safeguards for Health Care | 38 | ||
| Nurse Practice Acts | 38 | ||
| Standards of Care | 39 | ||
| Agency Policies | 39 | ||
| Malpractice: Limiting Loss | 39 | ||
| Informed Consent | 39 | ||
| Documentation | 40 | ||
| The Nurse as Patient Advocate | 41 | ||
| Maintaining Expertise | 41 | ||
| COST CONTAINMENT AND DOWNSIZING | 41 | ||
| Delegation to Unlicensed Assistive Personnel | 41 | ||
| Early Discharge | 42 | ||
| Concerns about Early Discharge | 42 | ||
| Methods to Deal with Short Lengths of Stay | 42 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 43 | ||
| 3 - Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology | 45 | ||
| SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT | 45 | ||
| Prenatal Development | 45 | ||
| Childhood | 45 | ||
| Sexual Maturation | 45 | ||
| Initiation of Sexual Maturation | 45 | ||
| Female Puberty Changes | 46 | ||
| Male Puberty Changes | 46 | ||
| Decline in Fertility | 48 | ||
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY | 48 | ||
| External Female Reproductive Organs | 49 | ||
| Mons Pubis | 49 | ||
| Labia Majora and Minora | 49 | ||
| Clitoris | 49 | ||
| Vestibule | 49 | ||
| Perineum | 49 | ||
| Internal Female Reproductive Organs | 49 | ||
| Vagina | 49 | ||
| Uterus | 49 | ||
| Fallopian Tubes | 51 | ||
| Ovaries | 51 | ||
| Support Structures | 52 | ||
| Pelvis | 52 | ||
| Muscles | 52 | ||
| Ligaments | 53 | ||
| Blood Supply | 53 | ||
| Nerve Supply | 53 | ||
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE | 53 | ||
| Ovarian Cycle | 53 | ||
| Follicular Phase | 53 | ||
| Ovulatory Phase | 55 | ||
| Luteal Phase | 55 | ||
| Endometrial Cycle | 55 | ||
| Proliferative Phase | 55 | ||
| Secretory Phase | 55 | ||
| Ischemic and Menstrual Phases | 55 | ||
| Changes in Cervical Mucus | 55 | ||
| THE FEMALE BREAST | 55 | ||
| Structure | 55 | ||
| Function | 56 | ||
| MALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 56 | ||
| External Male Reproductive Organs | 56 | ||
| Penis | 56 | ||
| Scrotum | 57 | ||
| Internal Male Reproductive Organs | 57 | ||
| Testes | 57 | ||
| Accessory Ducts and Glands | 58 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 59 | ||
| 4 - Hereditary and Environmental Influences on Childbearing | 60 | ||
| HEREDITARY INFLUENCES | 60 | ||
| Structure of Genes and Chromosomes | 60 | ||
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | 60 | ||
| Genes | 60 | ||
| Chromosomes | 61 | ||
| Transmission of Traits by Single Genes | 62 | ||
| Dominance | 63 | ||
| Chromosome Location | 63 | ||
| Patterns of Single Gene Inheritance | 64 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Traits | 64 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Traits | 64 | ||
| X-Linked Traits | 66 | ||
| Chromosomal Abnormalities | 66 | ||
| Numerical Abnormalities | 66 | ||
| Structural Abnormalities | 68 | ||
| MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS | 69 | ||
| Characteristics | 69 | ||
| Risk for Occurrence | 69 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES | 69 | ||
| Teratogens | 70 | ||
| Preventing Fetal Exposure | 70 | ||
| Manipulating the Fetal Environment | 71 | ||
| Mechanical Disruptions to Fetal Development | 72 | ||
| GENETIC COUNSELING | 72 | ||
| Availability | 72 | ||
| Focus on the Family | 72 | ||
| Process of Genetic Counseling | 72 | ||
| Supplemental Services | 73 | ||
| Nursing Care of Families Concerned about Birth Defects | 74 | ||
| Nurses as Part of a Genetic Counseling Team | 74 | ||
| Nurses in General Practice | 74 | ||
| Women’s Health Nurses | 74 | ||
| Antepartum Nurses | 74 | ||
| Intrapartum and Neonatal Nurses | 76 | ||
| Pediatric Nurses | 76 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 77 | ||
| II - The Family Before Birth | 78 | ||
| 5 - Conception and Prenatal Development | 78 | ||
| THE FAMILY BEFORE BIRTH | 78 | ||
| GAMETOGENESIS | 78 | ||
| Oogenesis | 78 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 80 | ||
| CONCEPTION | 80 | ||
| Preparation for Conception in the Female | 80 | ||
| Release of the Ovum | 81 | ||
| Ovum Transport | 81 | ||
| Preparation for Conception in the Male | 81 | ||
| Ejaculation | 81 | ||
| Transport of Sperm in the Female Reproductive Tract | 81 | ||
| Preparation of Sperm for Fertilization | 81 | ||
| Fertilization | 81 | ||
| Entry of One Spermatozoon into the Ovum | 82 | ||
| Fusion of the Nuclei of Sperm and Ovum | 82 | ||
| PREEMBRYONIC PERIOD | 82 | ||
| Initiation of Cell Division | 82 | ||
| Entry of the Zygote into the Uterus | 82 | ||
| Implantation in the Decidua | 83 | ||
| Maintaining the Decidua | 83 | ||
| Location of Implantation | 83 | ||
| Mechanism of Implantation | 83 | ||
| EMBRYONIC PERIOD | 83 | ||
| Differentiation of Cells | 83 | ||
| Weekly Developments | 83 | ||
| Week 2 | 84 | ||
| Week 3 | 84 | ||
| Week 4 | 84 | ||
| Week 5 | 88 | ||
| Week 6 | 88 | ||
| Week 7 | 88 | ||
| Week 8 | 88 | ||
| FETAL PERIOD | 88 | ||
| Weeks 9 through 12 | 88 | ||
| Weeks 13 through 16 | 89 | ||
| Weeks 17 through 20 | 89 | ||
| Weeks 21 through 24 | 89 | ||
| Weeks 25 through 28 | 90 | ||
| Weeks 29 through 32 | 90 | ||
| Weeks 33 through 38 | 90 | ||
| AUXILIARY STRUCTURES | 90 | ||
| Placenta | 90 | ||
| Maternal Component | 90 | ||
| Fetal Component | 91 | ||
| Metabolic Functions | 92 | ||
| Transfer Functions | 92 | ||
| Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid | 94 | ||
| FETAL CIRCULATION | 94 | ||
| Umbilical Cord | 94 | ||
| Fetal Circulatory Circuit | 94 | ||
| Ductus Venosus | 94 | ||
| Foramen Ovale | 95 | ||
| Pulmonary Blood Vessels | 95 | ||
| Ductus Arteriosus | 96 | ||
| Changes in Blood Circulation after Birth | 96 | ||
| MULTIFETAL PREGNANCY | 96 | ||
| Monozygotic Twinning | 97 | ||
| Dizygotic Twinning | 97 | ||
| High Multifetal Gestations | 98 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 99 | ||
| 6 - Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy | 100 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS TO PREGNANCY | 100 | ||
| CHANGES IN BODY SYSTEMS | 100 | ||
| Reproductive System | 100 | ||
| Uterus | 100 | ||
| Cervix | 101 | ||
| Vagina and Vulva | 101 | ||
| Ovaries | 102 | ||
| Breasts | 102 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 103 | ||
| Heart | 103 | ||
| Blood Volume | 103 | ||
| Cardiac Output | 103 | ||
| Systemic Vascular Resistance | 103 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 103 | ||
| Blood Flow | 104 | ||
| Blood Components | 104 | ||
| Respiratory System | 105 | ||
| Oxygen Consumption | 105 | ||
| Hormonal Factors | 105 | ||
| Physical Effects of the Enlarging Uterus | 105 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 105 | ||
| Appetite | 105 | ||
| Mouth | 105 | ||
| Esophagus | 106 | ||
| Stomach | 106 | ||
| Large and Small Intestines | 106 | ||
| Liver and Gallbladder | 106 | ||
| Urinary System | 106 | ||
| Bladder | 106 | ||
| Kidneys and Ureters | 106 | ||
| Integumentary System | 107 | ||
| Skin | 107 | ||
| Connective Tissue | 107 | ||
| Hair and Nails | 107 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 108 | ||
| Calcium Storage | 108 | ||
| Postural Changes | 108 | ||
| Abdominal Wall | 108 | ||
| Endocrine System | 108 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 108 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 108 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 108 | ||
| Pancreas | 108 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 109 | ||
| Changes Caused by Placental Hormones | 109 | ||
| Changes in Metabolism | 110 | ||
| Sensory Organs | 110 | ||
| Eye | 110 | ||
| Ear | 110 | ||
| Immune System | 111 | ||
| CONFIRMATION OF PREGNANCY | 111 | ||
| Presumptive Indications of Pregnancy | 111 | ||
| Amenorrhea | 111 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 111 | ||
| Fatigue | 111 | ||
| Urinary Frequency | 111 | ||
| Breast and Skin Changes | 111 | ||
| Vaginal and Cervical Color Change | 111 | ||
| Fetal Movement | 111 | ||
| Probable Indications of Pregnancy | 111 | ||
| Abdominal Enlargement | 113 | ||
| Cervical Softening | 113 | ||
| Changes in Uterine Consistency | 113 | ||
| Ballottement | 113 | ||
| Braxton Hicks Contractions | 114 | ||
| Palpation of the Fetal Outline | 114 | ||
| Uterine Souffle | 114 | ||
| Pregnancy Tests | 114 | ||
| Positive Indications of Pregnancy | 114 | ||
| Auscultation of Fetal Heart Sounds | 114 | ||
| Fetal Movements Detected by an Examiner | 114 | ||
| Visualization of the Embryo or Fetus | 114 | ||
| PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATIONS TO PREGNANCY | 114 | ||
| MATERNAL PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES | 114 | ||
| First Trimester | 115 | ||
| Uncertainty | 115 | ||
| Ambivalence | 115 | ||
| The Self as Primary Focus | 115 | ||
| Second Trimester | 115 | ||
| Physical Evidence of Pregnancy | 115 | ||
| The Fetus as Primary Focus | 115 | ||
| Narcissism and Introversion | 115 | ||
| Body Image | 115 | ||
| Changes in Sexuality | 116 | ||
| Third Trimester | 117 | ||
| Vulnerability | 117 | ||
| Increasing Dependence | 117 | ||
| Preparation for Birth | 117 | ||
| MATERNAL ROLE TRANSITION | 118 | ||
| Transitions Experienced Throughout Pregnancy | 118 | ||
| Steps in Maternal Role Taking | 118 | ||
| Mimicry | 118 | ||
| Role Play | 118 | ||
| Fantasy | 119 | ||
| The Search for a Role Fit | 119 | ||
| Grief Work | 119 | ||
| Maternal Tasks of Pregnancy | 119 | ||
| Seeking Safe Passage | 119 | ||
| Securing Acceptance | 119 | ||
| Learning to Give of Herself | 119 | ||
| Committing Herself to the Unknown Child | 120 | ||
| PATERNAL ADAPTATION | 120 | ||
| Variations in Paternal Adaptation | 120 | ||
| Developmental Processes | 120 | ||
| The Reality of Pregnancy and the Child | 120 | ||
| The Struggle for Recognition as a Parent | 121 | ||
| Creating the Role of the Involved Father | 121 | ||
| ADAPTATION OF GRANDPARENTS | 122 | ||
| Age | 122 | ||
| Number and Spacing of Other Grandchildren | 122 | ||
| Perceptions of the Role of Grandparents | 122 | ||
| ADAPTATION OF SIBLINGS | 122 | ||
| Toddlers | 122 | ||
| Older Children | 122 | ||
| Adolescents | 123 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATIONS | 123 | ||
| Age | 123 | ||
| Multiparity | 123 | ||
| Social Support | 124 | ||
| Absence of a Partner | 124 | ||
| Abnormal Situations | 124 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 125 | ||
| 7 - ANTEPARTUM ASSESSMENT, CARE, AND EDUCATION | 127 | ||
| ANTEPARTUM ASSESSMENT AND CARE | 127 | ||
| Preconception and Interconception Care | 127 | ||
| Initial Prenatal Visit | 128 | ||
| History | 128 | ||
| Physical Examination | 130 | ||
| Laboratory Data | 131 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 131 | ||
| Subsequent Visits | 132 | ||
| Vital Signs | 134 | ||
| Weight | 134 | ||
| Urine | 134 | ||
| Fundal Height | 134 | ||
| Leopold Maneuvers | 135 | ||
| Fetal Heart Rate | 135 | ||
| Fetal Activity | 135 | ||
| Signs of Labor | 135 | ||
| Ultrasonographic Screening | 135 | ||
| Glucose Screening | 135 | ||
| Isoimmunization | 135 | ||
| Pelvic Examination | 135 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessments | 135 | ||
| Multifetal Pregnancy | 135 | ||
| Diagnosis | 135 | ||
| Maternal Adaptation to Multifetal Pregnancy | 136 | ||
| Antepartum Care in Multifetal Pregnancy | 136 | ||
| Common Discomforts of Pregnancy | 137 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 138 | ||
| Heartburn | 138 | ||
| Backache | 139 | ||
| Round Ligament Pain | 139 | ||
| Urinary Frequency | 139 | ||
| Varicosities | 139 | ||
| Hemorrhoids | 139 | ||
| Constipation | 139 | ||
| Leg Cramps | 140 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: FAMILY RESPONSES TO PHYSICAL CHANGES OF PREGNANCY | 140 | ||
| ?Assessment | 140 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 141 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 141 | ||
| ?Interventions | 141 | ||
| Teaching Health Behaviors | 141 | ||
| Teaching Necessary Lifestyle Changes | 143 | ||
| Teaching about Signs of Possible Complications | 143 | ||
| Providing Resources | 144 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 144 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: PSYCHOSOCIAL CONCERNS | 144 | ||
| ?Assessment | 144 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 144 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 144 | ||
| ?Interventions | 145 | ||
| Providing Information | 145 | ||
| Adapting Nursing Care to Pregnancy Progress | 145 | ||
| Discussing Resources | 145 | ||
| Helping the Family Prepare for Birth | 145 | ||
| Modeling Communication Technique | 145 | ||
| Identifying Conflicting Cultural Factors | 145 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 145 | ||
| PERINATAL EDUCATION CLASSES | 145 | ||
| Preconception Classes | 146 | ||
| Education in First Trimester | 146 | ||
| Education in Second Trimester | 146 | ||
| Education in Third Trimester | 147 | ||
| Coping Techniques | 148 | ||
| Methods of Childbirth Education | 149 | ||
| Breastfeeding Classes | 149 | ||
| Classes for Partners | 149 | ||
| Classes for Siblings | 149 | ||
| Parenting and Infant Care Classes | 152 | ||
| Postpartum Classes | 152 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 153 | ||
| 8 - Nutrition for Childbearing | 154 | ||
| WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY | 154 | ||
| Recommendations for Total Weight Gain | 154 | ||
| Pattern of Weight Gain | 155 | ||
| Maternal and Fetal Weight Distribution | 155 | ||
| Factors That Influence Weight Gain | 156 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS | 156 | ||
| Dietary Reference Intakes | 156 | ||
| Energy | 156 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 156 | ||
| Fats | 159 | ||
| Calories | 159 | ||
| Protein | 160 | ||
| Vitamins | 160 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | 160 | ||
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | 160 | ||
| Folic Acid | 160 | ||
| Minerals | 161 | ||
| Iron | 161 | ||
| Calcium | 162 | ||
| Sodium | 162 | ||
| Nutritional Supplementation | 163 | ||
| Purpose | 163 | ||
| Disadvantages and Dangers | 163 | ||
| Water | 163 | ||
| MyPlate | 163 | ||
| Whole Grains | 163 | ||
| Vegetables and Fruits | 163 | ||
| Dairy Group | 163 | ||
| Protein Group | 163 | ||
| Other Elements | 164 | ||
| Food Precautions | 164 | ||
| FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE NUTRITION | 164 | ||
| Age | 164 | ||
| Nutritional Knowledge | 164 | ||
| Exercise | 164 | ||
| Culture | 164 | ||
| Southeast Asian Dietary Practices | 165 | ||
| Hispanic Dietary Practices | 166 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS | 166 | ||
| Socioeconomic Status | 166 | ||
| Poverty | 166 | ||
| Food Supplement Programs | 166 | ||
| Vegetarianism | 166 | ||
| Meeting the Nutritional Requirements of the Pregnant Vegetarian | 166 | ||
| Lactose Intolerance | 167 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy | 167 | ||
| Anemia | 167 | ||
| Abnormal Prepregnancy Weight | 167 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 168 | ||
| Food Cravings and Aversions | 168 | ||
| Pica | 168 | ||
| Multiparity and Multifetal Pregnancy | 168 | ||
| Substance Abuse | 169 | ||
| Smoking | 169 | ||
| Caffeine | 169 | ||
| Alcohol | 169 | ||
| Drugs | 169 | ||
| Adolescence | 169 | ||
| Nutrient Needs | 169 | ||
| Common Problems | 169 | ||
| Teaching the Adolescent | 170 | ||
| Other Risk Factors | 170 | ||
| NUTRITION AFTER BIRTH | 171 | ||
| Nutrition for the Lactating Mother | 171 | ||
| Energy | 171 | ||
| Protein | 171 | ||
| Fats | 171 | ||
| Vitamins and Minerals | 171 | ||
| Specific Nutritional Concerns | 171 | ||
| Nutrition for the Nonlactating Mother | 172 | ||
| Weight Loss | 172 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: NUTRITION FOR CHILDBEARING | 172 | ||
| ?Assessment | 172 | ||
| Interview | 172 | ||
| Psychosocial Influences | 173 | ||
| Diet History | 173 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 173 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 174 | ||
| Ongoing Nutritional Status | 174 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 174 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 174 | ||
| ?Interventions | 174 | ||
| Identifying Problems | 174 | ||
| Explaining Nutrient Needs | 174 | ||
| Providing Reinforcement | 174 | ||
| Evaluating Weight Gain | 175 | ||
| Encouraging Supplement Intake | 175 | ||
| Making Referrals | 175 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 175 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 176 | ||
| 9 - Assessing the Fetus | 178 | ||
| PRENATAL SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS | 178 | ||
| Screening versus Diagnostic Testing | 178 | ||
| ULTRASOUND | 179 | ||
| Nonmedical Obstetric Ultrasound | 180 | ||
| Patient Reactions to Obstetric Ultrasound | 181 | ||
| First-Trimester Ultrasonography | 181 | ||
| III - The Family During Birth | 298 | ||
| 12 - Processes of Birth | 298 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF THE LABOR PROCESS | 298 | ||
| Maternal Response | 298 | ||
| Reproductive System | 298 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 300 | ||
| Respiratory System | 300 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 301 | ||
| Urinary System | 301 | ||
| Hematopoietic System | 301 | ||
| Fetal Response | 301 | ||
| Placental Circulation | 301 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 301 | ||
| Pulmonary System | 301 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF THE BIRTH PROCESS | 302 | ||
| Powers | 302 | ||
| Uterine Contractions | 302 | ||
| Maternal Pushing Efforts | 302 | ||
| Passage | 302 | ||
| Passenger | 302 | ||
| Fetal Head | 302 | ||
| Fetal Lie | 302 | ||
| Attitude | 302 | ||
| Presentation | 305 | ||
| Position | 306 | ||
| Psyche | 307 | ||
| Anxiety | 307 | ||
| Culture and Expectations | 307 | ||
| Birth as an Experience | 309 | ||
| Support | 309 | ||
| Interrelationships of Components | 309 | ||
| NORMAL LABOR | 309 | ||
| Theories of Onset | 309 | ||
| Premonitory Signs | 309 | ||
| Braxton Hicks Contractions | 309 | ||
| Lightening | 309 | ||
| Increased Vaginal Mucous Secretions | 310 | ||
| Cervical Ripening and Bloody Show | 310 | ||
| Energy Spurt | 310 | ||
| Weight Loss | 310 | ||
| True Labor and False Labor | 310 | ||
| Labor Mechanisms | 310 | ||
| Stages and Phases of Labor | 313 | ||
| First Stage | 313 | ||
| Second Stage | 315 | ||
| Third Stage | 316 | ||
| Fourth Stage | 316 | ||
| Duration of Labor | 317 | ||
| THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY | 317 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 318 | ||
| 13 - Pain Management During Childbirth | 320 | ||
| UNIQUE NATURE OF PAIN DURING BIRTH | 320 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE PAIN | 320 | ||
| Physiologic Effects | 320 | ||
| Psychological Effects | 321 | ||
| VARIABLES IN CHILDBIRTH PAIN | 321 | ||
| Physical Factors | 321 | ||
| Sources of Pain | 321 | ||
| Factors Influencing Perception or Tolerance of Pain | 321 | ||
| Psychosocial Factors | 322 | ||
| Culture | 322 | ||
| Anxiety and Fear | 322 | ||
| Previous Experiences with Pain | 323 | ||
| Preparation for Childbirth | 323 | ||
| Support System | 323 | ||
| STANDARDS FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT | 323 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC PAIN MANAGEMENT | 323 | ||
| Advantages | 323 | ||
| Limitations | 324 | ||
| Gate-Control Theory | 324 | ||
| Preparation for Pain Management | 324 | ||
| Application of Nonpharmacologic Techniques | 324 | ||
| Relaxation | 324 | ||
| Cutaneous Stimulation | 325 | ||
| Hydrotherapy | 326 | ||
| Mental Stimulation | 326 | ||
| Breathing Techniques | 327 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC PAIN MANAGEMENT | 329 | ||
| Special Considerations for Medicating a Pregnant Woman | 329 | ||
| Effects on the Fetus | 329 | ||
| Maternal Physiologic Alterations | 329 | ||
| Effects on the Course of Labor | 329 | ||
| Effects of Complications | 329 | ||
| Interactions with Other Substances | 329 | ||
| Regional Pain Management Techniques | 330 | ||
| Epidural Block | 330 | ||
| Intrathecal Opioid Analgesics | 334 | ||
| Subarachnoid (Spinal) Block | 334 | ||
| Systemic Drugs for Labor | 334 | ||
| Nitrous Oxide | 335 | ||
| Parenteral Analgesia | 335 | ||
| Opioid Antagonists | 336 | ||
| Adjunctive Drugs | 336 | ||
| Sedatives | 337 | ||
| Vaginal Birth Anesthesia | 337 | ||
| Local Infiltration Anesthesia | 337 | ||
| Pudendal Block | 337 | ||
| General Anesthesia | 337 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: PAIN MANAGEMENT | 338 | ||
| PAIN | 338 | ||
| ?Assessment | 338 | ||
| Labor Status | 339 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 339 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 339 | ||
| ?Interventions | 339 | ||
| Promoting Relaxation | 339 | ||
| Reducing Outside Sources of Discomfort | 340 | ||
| Reducing Anxiety and Fear | 340 | ||
| Helping the Woman Use Nonpharmacologic Techniques | 340 | ||
| Incorporating Pharmacologic Methods | 340 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 341 | ||
| EPIDURAL ANALGESIA | 341 | ||
| ?Assessment | 341 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 341 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 341 | ||
| ?Interventions | 341 | ||
| Maternal Hypotension | 341 | ||
| Avoidance of Injury | 341 | ||
| IV - The Family Following Birth | 458 | ||
| 17 - Postpartum Adaptations and Nursing Care | 458 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES | 458 | ||
| Reproductive System | 458 | ||
| Involution of the Uterus | 458 | ||
| Cervix | 460 | ||
| Vagina | 460 | ||
| Perineum | 460 | ||
| Resumption of Ovulation and Menstruation | 460 | ||
| Lactation | 461 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 461 | ||
| Cardiac Output | 461 | ||
| Plasma Volume | 461 | ||
| Hematologic System | 461 | ||
| Coagulation | 462 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 462 | ||
| Urinary System | 462 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 463 | ||
| Muscles and Joints | 463 | ||
| Abdominal Wall | 463 | ||
| Integumentary System | 463 | ||
| Neurologic System | 464 | ||
| Endocrine System | 464 | ||
| Weight Loss | 464 | ||
| NURSING CARE OF THE POSTPARTUM FAMILY | 464 | ||
| Postpartum Assessments | 464 | ||
| Initial Assessments | 464 | ||
| Chart Review | 464 | ||
| Focused Assessments after Vaginal Birth | 466 | ||
| Interventions in the Immediate Postpartum Period | 469 | ||
| Providing Comfort Measures | 469 | ||
| Perineal Care | 470 | ||
| Promoting Bladder Elimination | 470 | ||
| Providing Fluids and Food | 470 | ||
| Preventing Thrombophlebitis | 471 | ||
| Nursing Care after Cesarean Birth | 471 | ||
| Pain Relief | 471 | ||
| Assessment | 471 | ||
| Interventions | 472 | ||
| After 24 Hours | 472 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: KNOWLEDGE OF SELF-CARE | 472 | ||
| ?Assessment | 472 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 473 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 473 | ||
| ?Interventions | 473 | ||
| Preparing for Teaching | 473 | ||
| Teaching about the Process of Involution | 473 | ||
| Teaching Self-Care | 473 | ||
| Promoting Rest and Sleep | 474 | ||
| Providing Nutrition Counseling | 474 | ||
| Promoting Regular Bowel Elimination | 474 | ||
| Promoting Good Body Mechanics | 475 | ||
| Counseling about Sexual Activity | 475 | ||
| Instructing about Follow-Up Appointments | 475 | ||
| Teaching about Signs and Symptoms That Should Be Reported | 475 | ||
| Ensuring That All Elements Have Been Taught | 475 | ||
| Documenting Teaching | 475 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 477 | ||
| POSTPARTUM DISCHARGE AND COMMUNITY-BASED CARE | 477 | ||
| Criteria for Discharge | 477 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 477 | ||
| PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATIONS | 478 | ||
| The Process of Becoming Acquainted | 478 | ||
| Bonding | 478 | ||
| Attachment | 478 | ||
| Maternal Touch | 478 | ||
| Verbal Behaviors | 479 | ||
| The Process of Maternal Adaptation | 479 | ||
| Puerperal Phases | 479 | ||
| Maternal Role Attainment and Role Conflict | 481 | ||
| Major Maternal Concerns | 482 | ||
| The Process of Family Adaptation | 483 | ||
| Fathers | 483 | ||
| Siblings | 484 | ||
| Grandparents | 484 | ||
| Factors That Affect Family Adaptation | 485 | ||
| Discomfort and Fatigue | 485 | ||
| Knowledge of Infant Needs | 485 | ||
| Previous Experience | 486 | ||
| Expectations about the Newborn | 486 | ||
| Maternal Age | 486 | ||
| Maternal Temperament | 486 | ||
| Temperament of the Infant | 486 | ||
| Availability of a Strong Support System | 486 | ||
| Other Factors | 486 | ||
| Cultural Influences on Adaptation | 487 | ||
| Communication | 487 | ||
| Health Beliefs | 487 | ||
| Dietary Practices | 488 | ||
| Home and Community-Based Care | 488 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: MATERNAL ADAPTATION | 488 | ||
| ?Assessment | 488 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 488 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 488 | ||
| ?Interventions | 488 | ||
| Assisting the Mother through Recovery Phases | 488 | ||
| Foster Independence | 489 | ||
| Promote Bonding and Attachment | 489 | ||
| Involve Parents in Infant Care | 490 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 490 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: FAMILY ADAPTATION | 490 | ||
| ?Assessment | 490 | ||
| Partners | 490 | ||
| Siblings | 491 | ||
| Support System | 491 | ||
| Nonverbal Behavior | 491 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 491 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 491 | ||
| ?Interventions | 492 | ||
| Teaching the Family about the Newborn | 492 | ||
| Helping the Family Adapt | 492 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 492 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 493 | ||
| 18 - Postpartum Maternal Complications | 495 | ||
| POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE | 495 | ||
| Early Postpartum Hemorrhage | 495 | ||
| Uterine Atony | 495 | ||
| Trauma | 498 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 499 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 499 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 499 | ||
| Nursing Considerations | 500 | ||
| Hypovolemic Shock | 500 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 500 | ||
| Clinical Manifestation | 501 | ||
| Therapeutic Management | 501 | ||
| Nursing Considerations | 501 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: THE WOMAN WITH EXCESSIVE BLEEDING | 501 | ||
| ?Assessment | 501 | ||
| Uterine Atony | 502 | ||
| Trauma | 502 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 502 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 502 | ||
| ?Interventions | 503 | ||
| Preventing Hemorrhage | 503 | ||
| Collaborating with the Health Care Provider | 503 | ||
| Providing Support for the Family | 503 | ||
| Posthemorrhage Care | 503 | ||
| Home Care | 503 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 503 | ||
| THROMBOEMBOLIC DISORDERS | 504 | ||
| Incidence and Etiology | 504 | ||
| Venous Stasis | 504 | ||
| Hypercoagulation | 504 | ||
| Blood Vessel Injury | 505 | ||
| Superficial Venous Thrombosis | 505 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 505 | ||
| V - Women’s Health Care | 693 | ||
| 25 - Family Planning | 693 | ||
| INFORMATION ABOUT CONTRACEPTION | 693 | ||
| Common Sources | 693 | ||
| 25 | 693 | ||
| Role of the Nurse | 694 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS WHEN CHOOSING A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD | 694 | ||
| Safety | 694 | ||
| Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 694 | ||
| Effectiveness | 696 | ||
| Acceptability | 697 | ||
| Convenience | 697 | ||
| Education Needed | 697 | ||
| Benefits | 698 | ||
| Side Effects | 698 | ||
| Effect on Spontaneity | 698 | ||
| Availability | 698 | ||
| Expense | 698 | ||
| Preference | 698 | ||
| Religious and Personal Beliefs | 698 | ||
| Culture | 698 | ||
| Other Considerations | 698 | ||
| Informed Consent | 699 | ||
| ADOLESCENTS AND CONTRACEPTION | 699 | ||
| Adolescent Knowledge | 699 | ||
| Misinformation | 699 | ||
| Risk-Taking Behavior | 699 | ||
| Counseling Adolescents | 699 | ||
| CONTRACEPTION USE IN PERIMENOPAUSAL WOMEN | 701 | ||
| METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION | 701 | ||
| Sterilization | 701 | ||
| Tubal Sterilization | 701 | ||
| Vasectomy | 702 | ||
| Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives | 702 | ||
| Intrauterine Devices | 702 | ||
| Contraceptive Implant | 703 | ||
| Hormone Injections | 703 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 704 | ||
| Combination Oral Contraceptives | 704 | ||
| Progestin Only | 704 | ||
| Emergency Contraception | 707 | ||
| Transdermal Contraceptive Patch | 708 | ||
| Contraceptive Vaginal Ring | 708 | ||
| Barrier Methods | 709 | ||
| Chemical Barriers | 709 | ||
| Mechanical Barriers | 709 | ||
| Natural Family Planning Methods | 712 | ||
| Calendar | 712 | ||
| Standard Days Method | 712 | ||
| Symptothermal Method | 712 | ||
| Abstinence | 712 | ||
| Least Reliable Methods of Contraception | 714 | ||
| Lactational Amenorrhea | 714 | ||
| Coitus Interruptus | 714 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: CHOOSING A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD | 714 | ||
| ?Assessment | 714 | ||
| Introducing the Subject | 714 | ||
| Determining the Woman’s Understanding | 714 | ||
| Assessing the Woman’s Satisfaction | 714 | ||
| Assessing Appropriate Choices | 714 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 715 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 715 | ||
| ?Interventions | 715 | ||
| Increasing Understanding of the Chosen Method | 715 | ||
| Teaching about Other Methods | 715 | ||
| Protecting against Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 715 | ||
| Including the Woman’s Partner | 715 | ||
| Providing Ongoing Teaching | 715 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 715 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 716 | ||
| 26 - Infertility | 718 | ||
| EXTENT OF INFERTILITY | 718 | ||
| FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO INFERTILITY | 718 | ||
| Male Infertility Factors | 719 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Sperm | 719 | ||
| Abnormal Erections | 719 | ||
| Abnormal Ejaculation | 719 | ||
| Abnormalities of Seminal Fluid | 719 | ||
| Female Infertility Factors | 721 | ||
| Disorders of Ovulation | 721 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Fallopian Tubes | 722 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Cervix | 722 | ||
| Recurrent Pregnancy Loss | 722 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Fetal Chromosomes | 723 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Cervix or Uterus | 723 | ||
| Endocrine Abnormalities | 723 | ||
| Immunologic and Thrombotic Factors | 723 | ||
| Environmental Agents | 723 | ||
| Infections | 724 | ||
| EVALUATION OF INFERTILITY | 724 | ||
| Preconception Counseling | 724 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 724 | ||
| History | 724 | ||
| Physical Examination | 725 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 725 | ||
| THERAPIES TO FACILITATE PREGNANCY | 725 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management | 725 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 726 | ||
| Therapeutic Insemination | 727 | ||
| Egg Donation | 728 | ||
| Surrogate Parenting | 728 | ||
| Assisted Reproductive Technologies | 728 | ||
| In Vitro Fertilization | 728 | ||
| Intrafallopian Transfer | 729 | ||
| Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer | 729 | ||
| Comparison of In Vitro Fertilization, Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer, and Tubal Embryo Transfer | 729 | ||
| Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection | 730 | ||
| Preimplantation Genetic Testing | 730 | ||
| EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO INFERTILITY | 730 | ||
| Assumption of Fertility | 730 | ||
| Growing Awareness of a Problem | 731 | ||
| Seeking Help for Infertility | 731 | ||
| Identifying the Importance of Having a Baby | 731 | ||
| Sharing Intimate Information | 731 | ||
| Considering Financial Resources | 731 | ||
| Committing to Involvement in Care | 731 | ||
| Reactions during Evaluation and Treatment | 731 | ||
| Influences on Decision Making | 732 | ||
| Psychological Reactions | 732 | ||
| OUTCOMES AFTER INFERTILITY THERAPY | 733 | ||
| Pregnancy Loss after Infertility Therapy | 733 | ||
| Parenthood after Infertility Therapy | 733 | ||
| Choosing Adoption | 733 | ||
| Menopause after Infertility | 733 | ||
| ?APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS: CARE OF THE INFERTILE COUPLE | 734 | ||
| ?Assessment | 734 | ||
| ?Identification of Patient Problems | 734 | ||
| ?Planning: Expected Outcomes | 734 | ||
| ?Interventions | 734 | ||
| Assist Communication | 734 | ||
| Increase the Couple’s Sense of Control | 735 | ||
| Reduce Isolation | 735 | ||
| Promote a Positive Self-Image | 735 | ||
| ?Evaluation | 735 | ||
| REFERENCES & READINGS | 736 | ||
| 27 - Women’s Health | 737 | ||
| PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | 737 | ||
| NATIONAL EMPHASIS ON WOMEN’S HEALTH | 737 | ||
| Healthy People 2020 Goals | 737 | ||
| HEALTH MAINTENANCE | 738 | ||
| Health History | 738 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 739 | ||
| Preventive Counseling | 739 | ||
| Immunizations | 739 | ||
| SCREENING AND SELF-EXAMINATIONS | 740 | ||
| Screening for Breast Cancer | 741 | ||
| Vulvar Self-Examination | 742 | ||
| Pelvic Examination | 742 | ||
| External Organs | 743 | ||
| Speculum Examination | 743 | ||
| Bimanual Examination | 743 | ||
| Cervical Cytology or Papanicolaou Test | 743 | ||
| Purpose | 743 | ||
| Current Guidelines | 744 | ||
| Procedure | 744 | ||
| Classification of Cervical Cytology | 744 | ||
| Rectal Examination | 744 | ||
| Risk Factors | 745 | ||
| Health Promotion Activities to Reduce the Risk for Coronary Artery Disease | 745 | ||
| Hypertension | 746 | ||
| Diet and Glucose Control | 746 | ||
| Increased Activity | 746 | ||
| Aspirin | 746 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE BREAST | 746 | ||
| Benign Disorders of the Breast | 746 | ||
| Fibrocystic Breast Changes | 746 | ||
| Fibroadenoma | 747 | ||
| Ductal Ectasia | 747 | ||
| Intraductal Papilloma | 747 | ||
| Nursing Considerations | 747 | ||
| Diagnostic Procedures | 747 | ||
| Malignant Tumors of the Breast | 748 | ||
| Incidence | 748 | ||
| Risk Factors | 748 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 748 | ||
| Staging | 748 | ||
| Management | 748 | ||
| Breast Reconstruction | 750 | ||
| Psychosocial Consequences of Breast Cancer | 750 | ||
| Nursing Considerations | 750 | ||
| MENSTRUAL CYCLE DISORDERS | 751 | ||
| Amenorrhea | 751 | ||
| Primary Amenorrhea | 751 | ||
| Secondary Amenorrhea | 751 | ||
| rA - ANSWERS TO KNOWLEDGE CHECK | 777 | ||
| CHAPTER 1 | 777 | ||
| CHAPTER 2 | 778 | ||
| CHAPTER 3 | 779 | ||
| CHAPTER 4 | 780 | ||
| CHAPTER 5 | 781 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 | 782 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 | 784 | ||
| CHAPTER 8 | 784 | ||
| CHAPTER 9 | 785 | ||
| CHAPTER 10 | 786 | ||
| CHAPTER 11 | 790 | ||
| CHAPTER 12 | 791 | ||
| CHAPTER 13 | 792 | ||
| CHAPTER 14 | 793 | ||
| CHAPTER 15 | 795 | ||
| CHAPTER 16 | 797 | ||
| CHAPTER 17 | 798 | ||
| CHAPTER 18 | 799 | ||
| CHAPTER 19 | 800 | ||
| CHAPTER 20 | 801 | ||
| CHAPTER 21 | 801 | ||
| CHAPTER 22 | 802 | ||
| CHAPTER 23 | 803 | ||
| CHAPTER 24 | 804 | ||
| CHAPTER 25 | 804 | ||
| CHAPTER 26 | 805 | ||
| CHAPTER 27 | 806 | ||
| rB - ANSWERS TO CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES | 809 | ||
| CHAPTER 2 | 809 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 2-1 | 809 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 2-2 | 809 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 | 809 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 6-1 | 809 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 | 809 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 7-1 | 809 | ||
| CHAPTER 8 | 810 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 8-1 | 810 | ||
| CHAPTER 10 | 810 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 10-1 | 810 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 10-2 | 810 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 10-3 | 810 | ||
| CHAPTER 11 | 810 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 11-1 | 810 | ||
| CHAPTER 12 | 810 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 12-1 | 810 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 12.2 | 811 | ||
| CHAPTER 13 | 811 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 13-1 | 811 | ||
| CHAPTER 14 | 811 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 14.1 | 811 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 14.2 | 811 | ||
| CHAPTER 15 | 812 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 15.1 | 812 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 15.2 | 812 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 15.3 | 812 | ||
| Critical Thinking 15.4 | 812 | ||
| CHAPTER 16 | 812 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 16-1 | 812 | ||
| CHAPTER 17 | 813 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 17-1 | 813 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 17-2 | 813 | ||
| CHAPTER 18 | 813 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 18-1 | 813 | ||
| CHAPTER 19 | 813 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 19-1 | 813 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 19-2 | 814 | ||
| CHAPTER 20 | 814 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 20-1 | 814 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 20-2 | 814 | ||
| CHAPTER 21 | 814 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 21-1 | 814 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 21-2 | 814 | ||
| CHAPTER 23 | 815 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 23-1 | 815 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 23-2 | 815 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 23-3 | 815 | ||
| CHAPTER 24 | 815 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 24-1 | 815 | ||
| CHAPTER 25 | 815 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercise 25-1 | 815 | ||
| GLOSSARY | 816 | ||
| INDEX | 825 | ||
| A | 825 | ||
| B | 826 | ||
| C | 827 | ||
| D | 829 | ||
| E | 830 | ||
| F | 831 | ||
| G | 832 | ||
| H | 832 | ||
| I | 834 | ||
| J | 835 | ||
| K | 835 | ||
| L | 835 | ||
| M | 836 | ||
| N | 837 | ||
| O | 838 | ||
| P | 838 | ||
| Q | 841 | ||
| R | 841 | ||
| S | 842 | ||
| T | 843 | ||
| U | 844 | ||
| V | 844 | ||
| W | 844 | ||
| X | 845 | ||
| Y | 845 | ||
| Z | 845 | ||
| SPECIALTY MATERNAL-NEWBORN ABBREVIATIONS | ES2 |