Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Part of the highly regarded Nelson family of pediatric references, Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics, 8th Edition, is a concise, focused resource for medical students, pediatric residents, PAs, and nurse practitioners. Ideal for pediatric residencies, clerkships, and exams, this 8th Edition offers a readable, full-color format; high-yield, targeted chapters; and new features that make it even more user-friendly for today’s in-training professionals or practitioners.
- Focuses on the core knowledge you need to know, while also providing complete coverage of recent advances in pediatrics. Coverage includes normal childhood growth and development, as well as the diagnosis, management, and prevention of common pediatric diseases and disorders.
- Includes new Pearls for Practitioners bullets at the end of each section, providing key clinical points and treatment information.
- Features well written, high-yield coverage throughout, following COMSEP curriculum guidelines relevant to your pediatric clerkship or rotation.
- Uses a full-color format with images and numerous new tables throughout, so you can easily visualize complex information.
- Provides real-world insights from chapter authors who are also Clerkship Directors, helping you gain the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed both in caring for patients and in preparing for clerkship or in-service examinations
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Student Consult | IFC2 | ||
| Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | x | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| 1 Profession of Pediatrics | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 Population and Culture | 1 | ||
| Care of Children in Society | 1 | ||
| Current Challenges | 1 | ||
| Landscape of Health Care for Children in the United States | 1 | ||
| Other Health Issues That Affect Children in the United States | 2 | ||
| Health Disparities in Health Care for Children | 3 | ||
| Changing Morbidity: Social/Emotional Aspects of Pediatric Practice | 3 | ||
| Culture | 3 | ||
| Chapter 2 Professionalism | 3 | ||
| Concept of Professionalism | 3 | ||
| Professionalism for Pediatricians | 4 | ||
| Chapter 3 Ethics and Legal Issues | 4 | ||
| Ethics in Health Care | 4 | ||
| Ethical Principles Related to Infants, Children, and Adolescents | 4 | ||
| Legal Issues | 5 | ||
| Ethical Issues in Practice | 5 | ||
| Confidentiality | 5 | ||
| Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing and Screening in Children | 5 | ||
| Religious Issues and Ethics | 6 | ||
| Children as Human Subjects in Research | 6 | ||
| Chapter 4 Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues | 6 | ||
| Palliative and End-of-Life Care | 6 | ||
| Bereavement | 7 | ||
| Cognitive Issues in Children and Adolescents: Understanding Death and Dying | 7 | ||
| Cultural, Religious, and Spiritual Concerns About Palliative Care and End-of-Life Decisions | 7 | ||
| Ethical Issues in End-of-Life Decision-Making | 8 | ||
| Organ Donation in Pediatrics | 8 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 8 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 8 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 8 | ||
| Population and Culture | 8 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 9 | ||
| Professionalism | 9 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 9 | ||
| Ethics and Legal Issues | 9 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 9 | ||
| Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues | 9 | ||
| 2 Growth and Development | 11 | ||
| Chapter 5 Normal Growth | 11 | ||
| Health Maintenance Visit | 11 | ||
| Chapter 6 Disorders of Growth | 13 | ||
| Chapter 7 Normal Development | 14 | ||
| Physical Development | 14 | ||
| Newborn Period | 14 | ||
| Later Infancy | 14 | ||
| School Age/Preadolescent | 14 | ||
| Adolescence | 14 | ||
| Developmental Milestones | 14 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 15 | ||
| Bonding and Attachment in Infancy | 15 | ||
| Developing Autonomy in Early Childhood | 15 | ||
| Early Childhood Education | 15 | ||
| School Readiness | 15 | ||
| Adolescence | 15 | ||
| Modifying Psychosocial Behaviors | 16 | ||
| Temperament | 16 | ||
| Chapter 8 Disorders of Development | 16 | ||
| Developmental Surveillance and Screening | 16 | ||
| Other Issues in Assessing Development and Behavior | 18 | ||
| Evaluating Developmental and Behavioral Issues | 19 | ||
| Chapter 9 Evaluation of the Well Child | 19 | ||
| Screening Tests | 20 | ||
| Newborn Screening | 20 | ||
| Metabolic Screening | 20 | ||
| Hemoglobin Electrophoresis | 20 | ||
| Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening | 20 | ||
| Hearing Evaluation | 20 | ||
| Hearing and Vision Screening of Older Children | 20 | ||
| Infants and Toddlers | 20 | ||
| Children 3 Years of Age and Older | 20 | ||
| Anemia Screening | 20 | ||
| Lead Screening | 21 | ||
| Tuberculosis Testing | 21 | ||
| Cholesterol | 21 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing | 21 | ||
| Depression Screening | 22 | ||
| Immunizations | 22 | ||
| Dental Care | 22 | ||
| Nutritional Assessment | 22 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance | 22 | ||
| Safety Issues | 22 | ||
| Fostering Optimal Development | 22 | ||
| Chapter 10 Evaluation of the Child With Special Needs | 28 | ||
| Multifaceted Team Assessment of Complex Problems | 28 | ||
| Medical Assessment | 28 | ||
| Motor Assessment | 28 | ||
| Psychological Assessment | 28 | ||
| Educational Assessment | 29 | ||
| Social Environment Assessment | 31 | ||
| Management of Developmental Problems | 31 | ||
| Intervention in the Primary Care Setting | 31 | ||
| Counseling Principles | 32 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Team Intervention | 32 | ||
| Selected Clinical Problems: the Special Needs Child | 33 | ||
| Mental Retardation | 33 | ||
| Vision Impairment | 33 | ||
| Hearing Impairment | 34 | ||
| Speech-Language Impairment | 36 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 37 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 38 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 38 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 38 | ||
| Normal Growth | 38 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 38 | ||
| Disorders of Growth | 38 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 38 | ||
| Normal Development | 38 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 39 | ||
| Disorders of Development | 39 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 39 | ||
| Evaluation of the Well Child | 39 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 39 | ||
| Evaluation of the Child With Special Needs | 39 | ||
| 3 Behavioral Disorders | 41 | ||
| Chapter 11 Crying and Colic | 41 | ||
| Normal Development | 41 | ||
| Colic | 41 | ||
| Etiology | 41 | ||
| Epidemiology | 41 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 42 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 43 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance and Management | 43 | ||
| Prognosis | 43 | ||
| Chapter 12 Temper Tantrums | 43 | ||
| Etiology | 43 | ||
| Epidemiology | 43 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 43 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 44 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance and Management | 45 | ||
| Chapter 13 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 45 | ||
| Etiology | 45 | ||
| Epidemiology | 45 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms | 46 | ||
| Diagnosis and Evaluation | 46 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 46 | ||
| Co-morbidities | 46 | ||
| Treatment | 47 | ||
| Complications | 47 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance | 47 | ||
| Chapter 14 Control of Elimination | 47 | ||
| Normal Development of Elimination | 47 | ||
| Enuresis | 48 | ||
| Etiology | 48 | ||
| Epidemiology | 48 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 48 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 48 | ||
| Treatment | 49 | ||
| Complications | 49 | ||
| Prevention | 49 | ||
| Functional Constipation and Soiling | 49 | ||
| Etiology | 49 | ||
| Epidemiology | 49 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 49 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 50 | ||
| Treatment | 50 | ||
| Complications | 51 | ||
| Prevention | 51 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 51 | ||
| Chapter 15 Normal Sleep and Pediatric Sleep Disorders | 52 | ||
| Adolescent Sleep | 53 | ||
| Sleep Disorders | 53 | ||
| Epidemiology | 53 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation | 53 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 55 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 56 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 57 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 57 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 57 | ||
| Crying and Colic | 57 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 57 | ||
| Temper Tantrums | 57 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 57 | ||
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 57 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 57 | ||
| Control of Elimination | 57 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 58 | ||
| Normal Sleep and Pediatric Sleep Disorders | 58 | ||
| 4 Psychiatric Disorders | 59 | ||
| Chapter 16 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders | 59 | ||
| Chapter 17 Anxiety Disorders | 61 | ||
| Chapter 18 Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders | 64 | ||
| Bipolar and Related Disorders | 66 | ||
| Chapter 19 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 68 | ||
| Chapter 20 Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders | 70 | ||
| Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | 71 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 73 | ||
| Pearls for PrActioners | 73 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 73 | ||
| Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders | 73 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 73 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 73 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 74 | ||
| Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders | 74 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 74 | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 74 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 74 | ||
| Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders | 74 | ||
| 5 Psychosocial Issues | 77 | ||
| Chapter 21 Failure to Thrive | 77 | ||
| Etiology | 77 | ||
| Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations | 77 | ||
| Treatment | 79 | ||
| Complications | 79 | ||
| Psychosocial Short Stature | 79 | ||
| Chapter 22 Child Abuse and Neglect | 80 | ||
| Neglect | 80 | ||
| Physical Abuse | 80 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 82 | ||
| Management | 84 | ||
| Chapter 23 Homosexuality and Gender Identity | 84 | ||
| Development of Sexuality | 84 | ||
| Homosexuality | 86 | ||
| Development of Gender Identity | 87 | ||
| Gender Dysphoria | 87 | ||
| Chapter 24 Family Structure and Function | 87 | ||
| Family Functions | 87 | ||
| Family Structure | 88 | ||
| Single-Parent Families | 88 | ||
| Children Living With Sexual Minority Parents | 88 | ||
| Adoption | 89 | ||
| Foster Care | 89 | ||
| Family Dysfunction: Physical Needs | 90 | ||
| Family Dysfunction: Emotional Support, Education, and Socialization | 91 | ||
| Chapter 25 Violence | 91 | ||
| Intimate Partner Violence and Children | 91 | ||
| Youth Violence | 92 | ||
| Assault and Bullying | 92 | ||
| Dating Violence and Date Rape | 92 | ||
| Violence and Technology | 93 | ||
| Trauma Informed Care | 93 | ||
| Chapter 26 Divorce, Separation, and Bereavement | 93 | ||
| Divorce | 93 | ||
| Reaction to Divorce at Different Ages | 94 | ||
| Outcome of Divorce | 94 | ||
| Role of the Pediatrician | 95 | ||
| Separations From Parents | 95 | ||
| Death of a Parent or Family Member and Bereavement | 95 | ||
| Explaining Death to a Child | 95 | ||
| Should the Child Attend the Funeral? | 96 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 96 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 96 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 96 | ||
| Failure to Thrive | 96 | ||
| Chapter 22 | 96 | ||
| Child Abuse and Neglect | 96 | ||
| Chapter 23 | 97 | ||
| Homosexuality and Gender Identity | 97 | ||
| Chapter 24 | 97 | ||
| Family Structure and Function | 97 | ||
| Chapter 25 | 97 | ||
| Violence | 97 | ||
| Chapter 26 | 97 | ||
| Divorce, Separation, and Bereavement | 97 | ||
| 6 Pediatric Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders | 99 | ||
| Chapter 27 Diet of the Normal Infant | 99 | ||
| Breast Feeding | 99 | ||
| Common Breast Feeding Problems | 100 | ||
| Maternal Drug Use | 100 | ||
| Formula Feeding | 100 | ||
| Complementary Foods | 101 | ||
| Chapter 28 Diet of the Normal Child and Adolescent | 102 | ||
| Nutrition Issues for Toddlers and Older Children | 103 | ||
| Milk | 103 | ||
| Juices | 103 | ||
| General Recommendations | 103 | ||
| Salt Intake | 104 | ||
| Iron Intake | 104 | ||
| Nutrition Issues for Adolescents | 104 | ||
| Chapter 29 Obesity | 104 | ||
| Definitions | 104 | ||
| Epidemiology | 105 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 105 | ||
| Assessment | 107 | ||
| Prevention | 107 | ||
| Treatment | 109 | ||
| Chapter 30 Pediatric Undernutrition | 109 | ||
| Failure to Thrive | 109 | ||
| Marasmus | 110 | ||
| Kwashiorkor | 110 | ||
| Mixed Marasmus-Kwashiorkor | 111 | ||
| Treatment of Malnutrition | 111 | ||
| Complications of Malnutrition | 112 | ||
| Chapter 31 Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies | 112 | ||
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | 112 | ||
| Ascorbic Acid | 112 | ||
| B Vitamins | 113 | ||
| Thiamine | 113 | ||
| Riboflavin | 113 | ||
| Niacin | 113 | ||
| Vitamin B6 | 113 | ||
| Folate | 114 | ||
| Vitamin B12 | 116 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | 117 | ||
| Vitamin A | 117 | ||
| Vitamin E | 117 | ||
| Vitamin D | 118 | ||
| Vitamin K | 118 | ||
| Minerals | 119 | ||
| Calcium | 119 | ||
| Iron | 120 | ||
| Zinc | 120 | ||
| Fluoride | 121 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 121 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 122 | ||
| Chapter 27 | 122 | ||
| Diet of the Normal Infant | 122 | ||
| Chapter 28 | 122 | ||
| Diet of the Normal Child and Adolescent | 122 | ||
| Chapter 29 | 122 | ||
| Obesity | 122 | ||
| Chapter 30 | 123 | ||
| Pediatric Undernutrition | 123 | ||
| Chapter 31 | 123 | ||
| Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies | 123 | ||
| 7 Fluids and Electrolytes | 125 | ||
| Chapter 32 Maintenance Fluid Therapy | 125 | ||
| Body Composition | 125 | ||
| Regulation of Intravascular Volume and Osmolality | 125 | ||
| Maintenance Fluids | 126 | ||
| Chapter 33 Dehydration and Replacement Therapy | 126 | ||
| Replacement Therapy | 126 | ||
| Dehydration | 127 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 128 | ||
| Calculation of Fluid Deficit | 128 | ||
| Approach to Dehydration | 128 | ||
| Monitoring and Adjusting Therapy | 129 | ||
| Oral Rehydration | 129 | ||
| Chapter 34 Parenteral Nutrition | 130 | ||
| Indications | 130 | ||
| Access for Parenteral Nutrition | 131 | ||
| Composition of Parenteral Nutrition | 131 | ||
| Complications | 131 | ||
| Chapter 35 Sodium Disorders | 131 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 131 | ||
| Etiology | 131 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 133 | ||
| Treatment | 133 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 133 | ||
| Etiology | 133 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 134 | ||
| Treatment | 134 | ||
| Chapter 36 Potassium Disorders | 134 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 134 | ||
| Etiology | 135 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 136 | ||
| Diagnosis | 136 | ||
| Treatment | 136 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 137 | ||
| Etiology | 137 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 138 | ||
| Diagnosis | 138 | ||
| Treatment | 138 | ||
| Chapter 37 Acid-Base Disorders | 138 | ||
| Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base Disorders | 139 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 139 | ||
| Etiology | 140 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 140 | ||
| 8 Acutely Ill or Injured Child | 145 | ||
| Chapter 38 Assessment and Resuscitation | 145 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 145 | ||
| History | 145 | ||
| Physical Examination | 145 | ||
| Common Manifestations | 145 | ||
| Initial Diagnostic Evaluation | 145 | ||
| Screening Tests | 145 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Imaging | 146 | ||
| Resuscitation | 146 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Arrest | 147 | ||
| Pediatric Advanced Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 147 | ||
| Circulation | 147 | ||
| Airway | 147 | ||
| Breathing | 147 | ||
| Drugs | 148 | ||
| Chapter 39 Respiratory Failure | 149 | ||
| Etiology | 149 | ||
| Epidemiology | 149 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 149 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 149 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 150 | ||
| Treatment | 150 | ||
| Complications | 150 | ||
| Prognosis | 150 | ||
| Prevention | 150 | ||
| Chapter 40 Shock | 151 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 151 | ||
| Hypovolemic Shock | 151 | ||
| Distributive Shock | 151 | ||
| 9 Human Genetics and Dysmorphology | 169 | ||
| Chapter 47 Patterns of Inheritance | 169 | ||
| Types of Genetic Disorders | 169 | ||
| Introduction to Genetics and Genomics | 169 | ||
| Pedigree Drawing | 169 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Disorders | 170 | ||
| Achondroplasia | 171 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | 171 | ||
| Marfan Syndrome | 171 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Disorders | 171 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 171 | ||
| Tay-Sachs Disease | 171 | ||
| X-Linked Disorders | 171 | ||
| X-Linked Recessive Inheritance | 172 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 172 | ||
| Hemophilia A | 172 | ||
| X-Linked Dominant Inheritance | 173 | ||
| Other Types of Genetic Disorders | 173 | ||
| Multifactorial Disorders | 173 | ||
| Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis | 174 | ||
| Neural Tube Defects, Including Myelomeningocele | 175 | ||
| Disorders With Unusual Patterns of Inheritance | 175 | ||
| Mitochondrial Inheritance | 175 | ||
| Uniparental Disomy | 175 | ||
| Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes | 175 | ||
| Expansion of a Trinucleotide Repeat | 176 | ||
| Teratogenic Agents | 176 | ||
| Maternal Infections | 176 | ||
| Maternal Disease | 176 | ||
| Medications and Chemicals | 176 | ||
| Radiation | 177 | ||
| Chapter 48 Genetic Assessment | 177 | ||
| Preconception and Prenatal Counseling | 177 | ||
| Familial Factors | 177 | ||
| Screening | 177 | ||
| Maternal Factors | 177 | ||
| Postnatal—Newborn and Infant | 178 | ||
| Adolescent and Adult | 178 | ||
| General Approach to Patients | 178 | ||
| Family History | 178 | ||
| Pregnancy | 178 | ||
| Delivery and Birth | 178 | ||
| Medical History | 178 | ||
| Development | 178 | ||
| Physical Examination | 179 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 179 | ||
| Chromosome Analysis | 179 | ||
| Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization | 179 | ||
| Microarray Comparative Genomic Hybridization | 179 | ||
| Direct DNA Analysis | 179 | ||
| Whole Exome Sequencing | 179 | ||
| Chapter 49 Chromosomal Disorders | 179 | ||
| Abnormalities in Number (Aneuploidy) | 179 | ||
| Trisomies | 180 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 180 | ||
| Trisomy 18 | 180 | ||
| Trisomy 13 | 180 | ||
| Klinefelter Syndrome | 181 | ||
| Monosomies | 181 | ||
| Turner Syndrome | 181 | ||
| Syndromes Involving Chromosomal Deletions | 182 | ||
| Cri du Chat Syndrome | 182 | ||
| Williams Syndrome | 182 | ||
| Aniridia Wilms Tumor Association | 182 | ||
| Prader-Willi Syndrome | 182 | ||
| Angelman Syndrome | 182 | ||
| Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndromes (22q11DS) | 182 | ||
| Syndromes Involving Chromosome Duplication | 183 | ||
| Inverted Duplication Chromosome 15 | 183 | ||
| Cat Eye Syndrome | 183 | ||
| Chapter 50 Approach to the Dysmorphic Child | 183 | ||
| Definitions | 184 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 184 | ||
| Pregnancy History | 184 | ||
| Family History | 184 | ||
| Physical Examination | 184 | ||
| Growth | 184 | ||
| Craniofacial | 185 | ||
| Neck | 185 | ||
| Trunk | 185 | ||
| Extremities | 185 | ||
| Genitalia | 185 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 186 | ||
| Diagnosis | 186 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 186 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 187 | ||
| Chapter 47 | 187 | ||
| Patterns of Inheritance | 187 | ||
| Chapter 48 | 188 | ||
| Genetic Assessment | 188 | ||
| Chapter 49 | 189 | ||
| Chromosomal Disorders | 189 | ||
| Chapter 50 | 189 | ||
| Approach to the Dysmorphic Child | 189 | ||
| 10 Metabolic Disorders | 191 | ||
| Chapter 51 Metabolic Assessment | 191 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 191 | ||
| Types of Clinical Presentation of Inborn Errors | 191 | ||
| Toxic Presentation | 191 | ||
| Severe Neonatal Hyperammonemia | 192 | ||
| Moderate Neonatal Hyperammonemia | 192 | ||
| Clinical Hyperammonemia in Later Infancy and Childhood | 192 | ||
| Specific Organ Presentation | 192 | ||
| Energy Deficiency | 193 | ||
| Ketosis and Ketotic Hypoglycemia | 193 | ||
| Disorders Associated With Dysmorphic Findings | 195 | ||
| Storage Disorders | 196 | ||
| Clinical Assessment and Laboratory Testing | 196 | ||
| Genetic Aspects of Inborn Errors | 196 | ||
| Mechanisms of Inheritance | 196 | ||
| Identification of Molecular Pathology | 197 | ||
| Identification of Inborn Errors by Neonatal Screening | 197 | ||
| Disorders Identified by Neonatal Screening | 197 | ||
| Strategy of Neonatal Screening | 197 | ||
| Confirmatory Testing Principles | 197 | ||
| Specialized Laboratory and Clinical Testing | 197 | ||
| Overview of Treatment | 199 | ||
| Chapter 52 Carbohydrate Disorders | 199 | ||
| Glycogen Storage Diseases | 199 | ||
| Galactosemia | 201 | ||
| Chapter 53 Amino Acid Disorders | 201 | ||
| Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism | 201 | ||
| Phenylketonuria | 201 | ||
| Tyrosinemias | 202 | ||
| Homocystinuria | 203 | ||
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease | 203 | ||
| Disorders of Ammonia Disposal | 204 | ||
| Treatment of Hyperammonemia | 205 | ||
| Disorders of Amino Acid Transport That Affect Specific Transport Mechanisms in the Kidney and Intestine | 205 | ||
| Chapter 54 Organic Acid Disorders | 205 | ||
| Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism | 205 | ||
| Propionic Acidemia and Methylmalonic Acidemia | 205 | ||
| Isovaleric Acidemia | 206 | ||
| Glutaric Acidemia I | 206 | ||
| Biotinidase Deficiency and Holocarboxylase Deficiency | 206 | ||
| Chapter 55 Disorders of Fat Metabolism | 207 | ||
| Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation | 207 | ||
| Glutaric Aciduria Type II | 208 | ||
| Carnitine Deficiency | 208 | ||
| Chapter 56 Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Disorders | 208 | ||
| Peroxisomal Disorders | 208 | ||
| Lysosomal Storage Disorders | 209 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 209 | ||
| Treatment Strategies | 209 | ||
| Chapter 57 Mitochondrial Disorders | 213 | ||
| Mitochondrial Function | 213 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Genetic Disorders of Mitochondrial Function | 213 | ||
| Biochemical Abnormalities in Mitochondrial Function | 214 | ||
| Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders | 214 | ||
| Treatment of Mitochondrial Disorders | 214 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 214 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 215 | ||
| Chapter 51 | 215 | ||
| Metabolic Assessment | 215 | ||
| Chapter 52 | 216 | ||
| Carbohydrate Disorders | 216 | ||
| Chapter 53 | 216 | ||
| Amino Acid Disorders | 216 | ||
| Chapter 54 | 216 | ||
| Organic Acid Disorders | 216 | ||
| Chapter 55 | 216 | ||
| Disorders of Fat Metabolism | 216 | ||
| Chapter 56 | 216 | ||
| Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Disorders | 216 | ||
| Chapter 57 | 216 | ||
| Mitochondrial Disorders | 216 | ||
| 11 Fetal and Neonatal Medicine | 217 | ||
| Chapter 58 Assessment of the Mother, Fetus, and Newborn | 217 | ||
| Assessment of the Mother | 217 | ||
| Fetus and Newborn | 218 | ||
| Assessment of the Fetus | 219 | ||
| Assessment of the Newborn | 220 | ||
| Routine Delivery Room Care and Resuscitation | 222 | ||
| Physical Examination and Gestational Age Assessment | 227 | ||
| Appearance | 227 | ||
| Vital Signs | 227 | ||
| Gestational Age | 227 | ||
| Skin | 228 | ||
| Skull | 229 | ||
| Face, Eyes, and Mouth | 230 | ||
| Neck and Chest | 230 | ||
| Lungs | 230 | ||
| Heart | 231 | ||
| Abdomen | 231 | ||
| Genitalia | 231 | ||
| Extremities | 231 | ||
| Spine | 231 | ||
| Hips | 231 | ||
| Neurological Assessment | 231 | ||
| Special Conditions Requiring Resuscitation in the Delivery Room | 232 | ||
| Cyanosis | 232 | ||
| Life-Threatening Congenital Malformations | 232 | ||
| Shock | 233 | ||
| Birth Injury | 233 | ||
| Temperature Regulation | 234 | ||
| Elevated Temperature | 234 | ||
| Miscellaneous Disorders | 234 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 234 | ||
| Neonatal Drug Addiction and Withdrawal | 235 | ||
| Opiates | 235 | ||
| Cocaine | 235 | ||
| Chapter 59 Maternal Diseases Affecting the Newborn | 235 | ||
| Antiphospholipid Syndrome | 235 | ||
| Idiopathic (Immune) Thrombocytopenia | 235 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 236 | ||
| Neonatal Hyperthyroidism | 236 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 237 | ||
| Other Conditions | 237 | ||
| Chapter 60 Diseases of the Fetus | 239 | ||
| Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Small for Gestational Age | 239 | ||
| Hydrops Fetalis | 240 | ||
| Chapter 61 Respiratory Diseases of the Newborn | 240 | ||
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease) | 241 | ||
| Lung Development | 241 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 242 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 242 | ||
| Complications of Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 243 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 243 | ||
| Pulmonary Air Leaks | 244 | ||
| Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease) | 244 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity (Retrolental Fibroplasia) | 245 | ||
| Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn | 245 | ||
| Meconium Aspiration Syndrome | 245 | ||
| Primary Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn | 246 | ||
| Apnea of Prematurity | 246 | ||
| Chapter 62 Anemia and Hyperbilirubinemia | 247 | ||
| Anemia | 247 | ||
| Etiology | 247 | ||
| Decreased Red Blood Cell Production | 247 | ||
| Increased Red Blood Cell Destruction | 247 | ||
| Blood Loss | 249 | ||
| Diagnosis and Management | 249 | ||
| Hyperbilirubinemia | 249 | ||
| Etiology of Indirect Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia | 250 | ||
| Etiology of Direct Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia | 251 | ||
| Kernicterus (Bilirubin Encephalopathy) | 251 | ||
| Therapy of Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia | 252 | ||
| Polycythemia (Hyperviscosity Syndrome) | 252 | ||
| Coagulation Disorders | 252 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnoses of Bleeding Disorders | 253 | ||
| Chapter 63 Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 254 | ||
| Chapter 64 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy, Intracranial Hemorrhage, and Seizures | 255 | ||
| Neonatal Seizures | 255 | ||
| Intracranial Hemorrhage | 256 | ||
| Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy | 257 | ||
| Chapter 65 Sepsis and Meningitis | 258 | ||
| Chapter 66 Congenital Infections | 259 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 261 | ||
| Rubella | 261 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 261 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 262 | ||
| Congenital Syphilis | 262 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 263 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 263 | ||
| Neisseria Gonorrhoeae | 263 | ||
| Chlamydia | 263 | ||
| Mycobacterium Tuberculosis | 264 | ||
| Zika Virus | 264 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 264 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 264 | ||
| Chapter 58 | 264 | ||
| Assessment of the Mother, Fetus, and Newborn | 264 | ||
| Chapter 59 | 265 | ||
| Maternal Diseases Affecting the Newborn | 265 | ||
| Chapter 60 | 265 | ||
| Diseases of the Fetus | 265 | ||
| Chapter 61 | 265 | ||
| Respiratory Diseases of the Newborn | 265 | ||
| Chapter 62 | 265 | ||
| Anemia and Hyperbilirubinemia | 265 | ||
| Chapter 63 | 265 | ||
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 265 | ||
| Chapter 64 | 266 | ||
| Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy, Intracranial Hemorrhage, and Seizures | 266 | ||
| Chapter 65 | 266 | ||
| Sepsis and Meningitis | 266 | ||
| Chapter 66 | 266 | ||
| Congenital Infections | 266 | ||
| 12 Adolescent Medicine | 267 | ||
| Chapter 67 Overview and Assessment of Adolescents | 267 | ||
| Interviewing Adolescents | 267 | ||
| Physical Growth and Development of Adolescents | 270 | ||
| Girls | 270 | ||
| Boys | 271 | ||
| Changes Associated With Physical Maturation | 273 | ||
| Psychological Growth and Development of Adolescents | 273 | ||
| Chapter 68 Well-Adolescent Care | 273 | ||
| Early Adolescence (Ages 10-14 Years) | 273 | ||
| Middle Adolescence (Ages 15-17 Years) | 273 | ||
| Late Adolescence (Ages 18-21 Years) | 273 | ||
| Pelvic Examination | 273 | ||
| Normal Variants of Puberty | 274 | ||
| Breast Asymmetry and Masses | 274 | ||
| Physiological Leukorrhea | 274 | ||
| Irregular Menses | 274 | ||
| Gynecomastia | 274 | ||
| Chapter 69 Adolescent Gynecology | 275 | ||
| Menstrual Disorders | 275 | ||
| Amenorrhea | 275 | ||
| Abnormal Uterine Bleeding | 276 | ||
| Dysmenorrhea | 277 | ||
| Pregnancy | 277 | ||
| Diagnosis | 278 | ||
| Continuation of the Pregnancy | 278 | ||
| Termination | 278 | ||
| Contraception | 278 | ||
| Steroidal Contraception | 278 | ||
| Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives | 278 | ||
| Implants | 278 | ||
| Intrauterine Devices | 279 | ||
| Hormonal Injections | 279 | ||
| Combined Hormonal Contraceptives | 279 | ||
| Progestogen-Only Pill | 280 | ||
| Barrier Methods | 280 | ||
| Condoms | 280 | ||
| Sponge, Caps, and Diaphragm | 280 | ||
| Emergency Postcoital Contraception | 280 | ||
| Coitus Interruptus | 281 | ||
| Rhythm Method (Periodic Coital Abstinence) | 281 | ||
| Oral and Anal Sex | 281 | ||
| Rape | 281 | ||
| Chapter 70 Eating Disorders | 281 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 281 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis | 282 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 283 | ||
| Bulimia Nervosa | 283 | ||
| Chapter 71 Substance Abuse | 283 | ||
| Acute Overdose | 284 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Effects | 284 | ||
| Treatment | 284 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 285 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 285 | ||
| Chapter 67 | 285 | ||
| Overview and Assessment of Adolescents | 285 | ||
| Chapter 68 | 286 | ||
| Well-Adolescent Care | 286 | ||
| Chapter 69 | 286 | ||
| Adolescent Gynecology | 286 | ||
| Chapter 70 | 286 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 286 | ||
| Chapter 71 | 287 | ||
| Substance Abuse | 287 | ||
| 13 Immunology | 289 | ||
| Chapter 72 Immunological Assessment | 289 | ||
| History | 290 | ||
| Physical Examination | 291 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 291 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 292 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 292 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 293 | ||
| Chapter 73 Lymphocyte Disorders | 293 | ||
| Etiology and Clinical Manifestations | 294 | ||
| Antibody Deficiency Diseases | 294 | ||
| Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases | 296 | ||
| Treatment | 299 | ||
| Prevention and Newborn Screening | 300 | ||
| Chapter 74 Neutrophil Disorders | 300 | ||
| Etiology and Clinical Manifestations | 300 | ||
| Disorders of Neutrophil Numbers | 300 | ||
| Disorders of Neutrophil Migration | 302 | ||
| Disorders of Neutrophil Function | 303 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 303 | ||
| Treatment | 304 | ||
| Prognosis and Prevention | 304 | ||
| Chapter 75 Complement System | 304 | ||
| Etiology | 304 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 306 | ||
| Treatment | 306 | ||
| Chapter 76 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 306 | ||
| Complications | 307 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 308 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 308 | ||
| Chapter 72 | 308 | ||
| Immunological Assessment | 308 | ||
| Chapter 73 | 309 | ||
| Lymphocyte Disorders | 309 | ||
| Chapter 74 | 309 | ||
| Neutrophil Disorders | 309 | ||
| Chapter 75 | 309 | ||
| Complement System | 309 | ||
| Chapter 76 | 309 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 309 | ||
| 14 Allergy | 311 | ||
| Chapter 77 Allergy Assessment | 311 | ||
| History | 312 | ||
| Physical Examination | 312 | ||
| Initial Diagnostic Evaluation | 312 | ||
| Screening Tests | 312 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 313 | ||
| Chapter 78 Asthma | 313 | ||
| Etiology | 313 | ||
| Epidemiology | 313 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 313 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 313 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 314 | ||
| Treatment | 314 | ||
| Long-Term Control Medications | 314 | ||
| Inhaled Corticosteroids | 314 | ||
| Leukotriene Modifiers | 315 | ||
| Long-Acting β2-Agonists | 315 | ||
| Theophylline | 315 | ||
| Biologics | 315 | ||
| Quick-Relief Medications | 315 | ||
| Short-Acting β2-Agonists | 315 | ||
| Anticholinergic Agents | 316 | ||
| Oral Corticosteroids | 316 | ||
| Approach to Therapy | 316 | ||
| Complications | 316 | ||
| Prognosis | 316 | ||
| Prevention | 321 | ||
| Chapter 79 Allergic Rhinitis | 323 | ||
| Etiology | 323 | ||
| Epidemiology | 323 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 323 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 323 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 323 | ||
| Treatment | 324 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 324 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 325 | ||
| Complications | 325 | ||
| Prognosis and Prevention | 325 | ||
| Chapter 80 Atopic Dermatitis | 325 | ||
| Etiology | 325 | ||
| Epidemiology | 326 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 326 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 326 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 326 | ||
| Treatment | 326 | ||
| Complications | 328 | ||
| Prognosis | 328 | ||
| Prevention | 328 | ||
| Chapter 81 Urticaria, Angioedema, and Anaphylaxis | 328 | ||
| Etiology | 328 | ||
| Epidemiology | 330 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 330 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 330 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 331 | ||
| Treatment | 331 | ||
| Prevention | 331 | ||
| Chapter 82 Serum Sickness | 332 | ||
| Etiology | 332 | ||
| Epidemiology | 332 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 332 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 333 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 333 | ||
| Chapter 83 Insect Allergies | 333 | ||
| Etiology | 333 | ||
| Epidemiology | 333 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 333 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 334 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 334 | ||
| Treatment | 334 | ||
| Complications | 334 | ||
| Prognosis | 334 | ||
| Prevention | 334 | ||
| Chapter 84 Adverse Reactions to Foods | 334 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 334 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 335 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 335 | ||
| Diagnosis | 335 | ||
| Treatment | 337 | ||
| Complications | 337 | ||
| Prognosis and Prevention | 337 | ||
| Chapter 85 Adverse Reactions to Drugs | 338 | ||
| Etiology | 338 | ||
| Epidemiology | 338 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 338 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 338 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 339 | ||
| Treatment | 339 | ||
| Complications | 339 | ||
| Prognosis | 339 | ||
| Prevention | 339 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 339 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 340 | ||
| Chapter 77 | 340 | ||
| Allergy Assessment | 340 | ||
| Chapter 78 | 340 | ||
| Asthma | 340 | ||
| Chapter 79 | 340 | ||
| Allergic Rhinitis | 340 | ||
| Chapter 80 | 340 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis | 340 | ||
| Chapter 81 | 341 | ||
| Urticaria, Angioedema, and Anaphylaxis | 341 | ||
| Chapter 82 | 341 | ||
| Serum Sickness | 341 | ||
| Chapter 83 | 341 | ||
| Insect Allergies | 341 | ||
| Chapter 84 | 341 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Foods | 341 | ||
| Chapter 85 | 341 | ||
| Adverse Reaction to Drugs | 341 | ||
| 15 Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood | 343 | ||
| Chapter 86 Rheumatic Assessment | 343 | ||
| History | 343 | ||
| Physical Examination | 343 | ||
| Common Manifestations | 343 | ||
| Initial Diagnostic Evaluation | 345 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 345 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 345 | ||
| Chapter 87 Henoch-Schönlein Purpura | 345 | ||
| Etiology | 345 | ||
| Epidemiology | 345 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 345 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 346 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 346 | ||
| Treatment | 347 | ||
| Complications | 347 | ||
| Prognosis | 347 | ||
| Chapter 88 Kawasaki Disease | 347 | ||
| Etiology | 347 | ||
| Epidemiology | 347 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 347 | ||
| Acute Phase | 347 | ||
| Subacute Phase | 347 | ||
| Convalescent Phase | 347 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 348 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 348 | ||
| Treatment | 348 | ||
| Complications | 348 | ||
| Prognosis | 349 | ||
| Chapter 89 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | 349 | ||
| Etiology | 349 | ||
| Epidemiology | 349 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 349 | ||
| Oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | 350 | ||
| Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | 350 | ||
| Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | 351 | ||
| Spondyloarthropathies | 351 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 351 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 351 | ||
| Treatment | 352 | ||
| Complications | 352 | ||
| Prognosis | 352 | ||
| Chapter 90 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 353 | ||
| Etiology | 353 | ||
| Epidemiology | 353 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 353 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 354 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 355 | ||
| Treatment | 355 | ||
| Complications | 355 | ||
| Prognosis | 355 | ||
| Chapter 91 Juvenile Dermatomyositis | 355 | ||
| Etiology | 355 | ||
| Epidemiology | 355 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 355 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 356 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 356 | ||
| Treatment | 356 | ||
| Complications | 356 | ||
| Prognosis | 356 | ||
| Chapter 92 Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes | 356 | ||
| Growing Pains | 356 | ||
| Benign Hypermobility | 357 | ||
| Myofascial Pain Syndromes and Fibromyalgia | 358 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 358 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 358 | ||
| Chapter 86 | 358 | ||
| Rheumatic Assessment | 358 | ||
| Chapter 87 | 359 | ||
| Henoch-Schönlein Purpura | 359 | ||
| Chapter 88 | 359 | ||
| Kawasaki Disease | 359 | ||
| Chapter 89 | 359 | ||
| Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | 359 | ||
| Chapter 90 | 359 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 359 | ||
| Chapter 91 | 360 | ||
| Juvenile Dermatomyositis | 360 | ||
| Chapter 92 | 360 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes | 360 | ||
| 16 Infectious Diseases | 361 | ||
| Chapter 93 Infectious Disease Assessment | 361 | ||
| Initial Diagnostic Evaluation | 361 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 361 | ||
| Screening Tests | 361 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 362 | ||
| Chapter 94 Immunization and Prophylaxis | 363 | ||
| Immunization | 363 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 366 | ||
| Meningococcus | 366 | ||
| Tetanus | 366 | ||
| Rabies | 366 | ||
| Chapter 95 Antiinfective Therapy | 367 | ||
| Chapter 96 Fever Without a Focus | 368 | ||
| Fever in Infants Younger Than 3 Months of Age | 368 | ||
| Fever in Children 3 Months to 3 Years of Age | 369 | ||
| Fever of Unknown Origin | 370 | ||
| Chapter 97 Infections Characterized by Fever and Rash | 373 | ||
| Measles (Rubeola) | 373 | ||
| Etiology | 373 | ||
| Epidemiology | 373 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 373 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 374 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 374 | ||
| Treatment | 374 | ||
| Complications and Prognosis | 375 | ||
| Prevention | 375 | ||
| Rubella (German or 3-Day Measles) | 375 | ||
| Etiology | 375 | ||
| Epidemiology | 375 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 375 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 375 | ||
| 17 Digestive System | 467 | ||
| Chapter 126 Digestive System Assessment | 467 | ||
| History | 467 | ||
| Physical Examination | 467 | ||
| Screening Tests | 467 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 467 | ||
| Radiology | 467 | ||
| Endoscopy | 467 | ||
| Common Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disorders | 467 | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 467 | ||
| General Considerations | 468 | ||
| Acute Abdominal Pain | 468 | ||
| Distinguishing Features | 468 | ||
| Initial Diagnostic Evaluation | 468 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 468 | ||
| Functional Abdominal Pain and Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 468 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 470 | ||
| Distinguishing Features | 470 | ||
| Treatment of Recurrent Abdominal Pain | 471 | ||
| Vomiting | 472 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 472 | ||
| Distinguishing Features | 472 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Diarrhea | 473 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 474 | ||
| 18 Respiratory System | 507 | ||
| Chapter 133 Respiratory System Assessment | 507 | ||
| Anatomy of the Respiratory System | 507 | ||
| Pulmonary Physiology | 507 | ||
| Pulmonary Mechanics | 507 | ||
| Respiratory Gas Exchange | 508 | ||
| Lung Defense Mechanisms | 508 | ||
| History | 509 | ||
| Cough | 509 | ||
| Physical Examination | 509 | ||
| Diagnostic Measures | 510 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 510 | ||
| Measures of Respiratory Gas Exchange | 511 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Testing | 511 | ||
| Endoscopic Evaluation of the Airways | 511 | ||
| Examination of Sputum | 511 | ||
| Lung Biopsy | 512 | ||
| Therapeutic Measures | 512 | ||
| Oxygen Administration | 512 | ||
| Aerosol Therapy | 512 | ||
| Chest Physiotherapy and Clearance Techniques | 513 | ||
| Intubation | 513 | ||
| Tracheostomy | 513 | ||
| Mechanical Ventilation | 513 | ||
| Chapter 134 Control of Breathing | 513 | ||
| Apnea | 514 | ||
| Etiology | 514 | ||
| Brief Resolved Unexplained Events | 515 | ||
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | 515 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 515 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 515 | ||
| Prevention | 515 | ||
| Chapter 135 Upper Airway Obstruction | 516 | ||
| Etiology | 516 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 516 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 517 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 518 | ||
| Choanal Stenosis (Atresia) | 518 | ||
| Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) | 518 | ||
| Epiglottitis | 518 | ||
| Bacterial Tracheitis | 518 | ||
| Laryngomalacia | 518 | ||
| 19 Cardiovascular System | 535 | ||
| Chapter 139 Cardiovascular System Assessment | 535 | ||
| History | 535 | ||
| Physical Examination | 535 | ||
| Heart Sounds | 536 | ||
| Clicks | 536 | ||
| Murmurs | 536 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Tests | 538 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 538 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 538 | ||
| Chest Radiography | 539 | ||
| Echocardiography | 539 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 540 | ||
| Chapter 140 Syncope | 540 | ||
| Etiology | 540 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 540 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 541 | ||
| Chapter 141 Chest Pain | 541 | ||
| Etiology | 541 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 542 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 542 | ||
| Chapter 142 Dysrhythmias | 542 | ||
| Etiology and Differential Diagnosis | 542 | ||
| Atrial Dysrhythmias | 542 | ||
| Ventricular Dysrhythmias | 543 | ||
| Heart Block | 543 | ||
| Treatment | 543 | ||
| Chapter 143 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease | 545 | ||
| 20 Hematology | 563 | ||
| Chapter 149 Hematology Assessment | 563 | ||
| History | 563 | ||
| Physical Examination and Common Manifestations | 563 | ||
| Initial Diagnostic Evaluation | 563 | ||
| Developmental Hematology | 563 | ||
| Chapter 150 Anemia | 566 | ||
| Etiology | 566 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 567 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 568 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 568 | ||
| Hypochromic, Microcytic Anemia | 568 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 568 | ||
| Etiology | 570 | ||
| Epidemiology | 570 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 570 | ||
| 21 Oncology | 595 | ||
| Chapter 153 Oncology Assessment | 595 | ||
| History | 595 | ||
| Physical Examination | 595 | ||
| Common Manifestations | 595 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 596 | ||
| Initial Diagnostic Evaluation | 596 | ||
| Screening Tests | 596 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 596 | ||
| Chapter 154 Principles of Cancer Treatment | 599 | ||
| Oncological Emergencies | 599 | ||
| Surgery | 599 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 601 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 601 | ||
| Other Therapies | 601 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 601 | ||
| Chapter 155 Leukemia | 603 | ||
| Etiology | 603 | ||
| Epidemiology | 603 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 603 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 603 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 604 | ||
| Treatment | 604 | ||
| Complications | 604 | ||
| Prognosis | 604 | ||
| Chapter 156 Lymphoma | 605 | ||
| Etiology | 605 | ||
| Epidemiology | 605 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 605 | ||
| Laboratory/Imaging Studies | 606 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 606 | ||
| Treatment | 606 | ||
| Complications | 607 | ||
| Prognosis | 607 | ||
| Chapter 157 Central Nervous System Tumors | 607 | ||
| Etiology | 607 | ||
| Epidemiology | 607 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 607 | ||
| Laboratory/Imaging Studies | 607 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 608 | ||
| Treatment | 608 | ||
| Complications | 608 | ||
| Prognosis | 608 | ||
| Chapter 158 Neuroblastoma | 608 | ||
| Etiology | 608 | ||
| Epidemiology | 609 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 609 | ||
| Laboratory/Imaging Studies | 609 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 609 | ||
| Treatment | 609 | ||
| Complications | 609 | ||
| Prognosis | 609 | ||
| Chapter 159 Wilms Tumor | 610 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 610 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 610 | ||
| Laboratory/Imaging Studies | 611 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 611 | ||
| Treatment | 611 | ||
| Prognosis and Complications | 611 | ||
| Chapter 160 Sarcomas | 611 | ||
| Etiology | 611 | ||
| Epidemiology | 611 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 611 | ||
| Laboratory/Imaging Studies | 612 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 612 | ||
| Treatment | 612 | ||
| Complications | 613 | ||
| Prognosis | 613 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 613 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 613 | ||
| Chapter 153 | 613 | ||
| Oncology Assessment | 613 | ||
| Chapter 154 | 613 | ||
| Principles of Cancer Treatment | 613 | ||
| Chapter 155 | 614 | ||
| Leukemia | 614 | ||
| Chapter 156 | 614 | ||
| Lymphoma | 614 | ||
| Chapter 157 | 614 | ||
| Central Nervous System Tumors | 614 | ||
| Chapter 158 | 614 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 614 | ||
| Chapter 159 | 614 | ||
| Wilms Tumor | 614 | ||
| Chapter 160 | 615 | ||
| Sarcomas | 615 | ||
| 22 Nephrology and Urology | 617 | ||
| Chapter 161 Nephrology and Urology Assessment | 617 | ||
| History | 617 | ||
| Physical Examination | 617 | ||
| Renal Physiology | 617 | ||
| Common Manifestations | 618 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 619 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 619 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 620 | ||
| Chapter 162 Nephrotic Syndrome and Proteinuria | 620 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 620 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 621 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 621 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 621 | ||
| Treatment | 621 | ||
| Complications | 621 | ||
| Prognosis | 622 | ||
| Chapter 163 Glomerulonephritis and Hematuria | 622 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 622 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 622 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 623 | ||
| Therapy | 623 | ||
| Prognosis and Prevention | 623 | ||
| Chapter 164 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | 624 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 624 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 624 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 624 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 624 | ||
| Chapter 165 Acute and Chronic Renal Failure | 625 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 625 | ||
| Etiology | 625 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 625 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 625 | ||
| Treatment | 626 | ||
| Prognosis | 626 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 626 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 626 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 626 | ||
| Treatment | 627 | ||
| Prognosis | 627 | ||
| Chapter 166 Hypertension | 627 | ||
| Definition | 627 | ||
| Etiology | 627 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 628 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 628 | ||
| Treatment | 628 | ||
| Prognosis | 628 | ||
| Chapter 167 Vesicoureteral Reflux | 628 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 628 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 629 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 629 | ||
| Treatment | 629 | ||
| Chapter 168 Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract | 629 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 629 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 630 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 630 | ||
| Treatment | 630 | ||
| Chapter 169 Other Urinary Tract and Genital Disorders* | 631 | ||
| Urinary Tract Stones | 631 | ||
| 23 Endocrinology | 637 | ||
| Chapter 170 Endocrinology Assessment | 637 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis | 637 | ||
| Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis | 638 | ||
| Chapter 171 Diabetes Mellitus | 639 | ||
| Definition | 639 | ||
| Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | 640 | ||
| Etiology | 640 | ||
| Epidemiology | 640 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 641 | ||
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | 641 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 641 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 641 | ||
| Treatment | 642 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 642 | ||
| Acidosis | 642 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalances | 642 | ||
| Monitoring | 643 | ||
| Complications | 643 | ||
| Transition to Outpatient Management | 643 | ||
| Honeymoon Period | 643 | ||
| Outpatient Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Management | 643 | ||
| Goals | 643 | ||
| Insulin Regimens | 644 | ||
| Nutrition | 644 | ||
| Blood Glucose Testing | 645 | ||
| Long-Term Glycemic Control | 645 | ||
| Complications | 645 | ||
| Other Disorders | 645 | ||
| Special Problems: Hypoglycemia | 645 | ||
| Prognosis | 645 | ||
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | 645 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 645 | ||
| Epidemiology | 645 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis | 646 | ||
| Therapy | 646 | ||
| Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth (MODY) | 646 | ||
| Chapter 172 Hypoglycemia | 646 | ||
| Definition | 646 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 646 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 647 | ||
| Hormonal Signal | 647 | ||
| Hyperinsulinemia | 648 | ||
| Factitious Hyperinsulinemia | 649 | ||
| Defects in Counter-Regulatory Hormones | 649 | ||
| Energy Stores | 649 | ||
| Idiopathic Ketotic Hypoglycemia | 649 | ||
| Disrupted Metabolic Response Pathways | 649 | ||
| Glycogenolysis | 649 | ||
| Gluconeogenesis | 649 | ||
| Fatty Acid Oxidation | 649 | ||
| Other Metabolic Disorders | 650 | ||
| Medications and Intoxication | 650 | ||
| Diagnosis | 650 | ||
| Emergency Management | 650 | ||
| Chapter 173 Short Stature | 650 | ||
| Growth | 650 | ||
| Growth Hormone Physiology | 650 | ||
| Measurement of Growth | 651 | ||
| Endocrine Evaluation of Growth Hormone Secretion | 651 | ||
| Abnormalities of Growth | 651 | ||
| Short Stature of Nonendocrine Causes | 651 | ||
| Short Stature Caused by Growth Hormone Deficiency | 653 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 653 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 655 | ||
| Diagnosis | 655 | ||
| Treatment | 655 | ||
| Chapter 174 Disorders of Puberty | 656 | ||
| Physiology | 656 | ||
| Delayed Puberty | 656 | ||
| Constitutional Delay in Growth and Adolescence | 656 | ||
| Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism | 656 | ||
| Isolated Gonadotropin Deficiency | 657 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System | 657 | ||
| Syndromes of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism | 658 | ||
| Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism | 658 | ||
| Primary Amenorrhea | 659 | ||
| Evaluation | 659 | ||
| Treatment | 659 | ||
| Sexual Precocity | 659 | ||
| Classification | 659 | ||
| Central Precocious Puberty (GnRH-Dependent Precocious Puberty) | 660 | ||
| GnRH-Independent Precocious Puberty | 660 | ||
| Evaluation of Sexual Precocity | 662 | ||
| Treatment | 662 | ||
| Variations in Pubertal Development | 663 | ||
| Isolated Premature Thelarche (Premature Breast Development) | 663 | ||
| Gynecomastia | 663 | ||
| Isolated Premature Adrenarche (Pubarche) | 663 | ||
| Chapter 175 Thyroid Disease | 663 | ||
| Thyroid Physiology and Development | 663 | ||
| Thyroid Disorders | 665 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 665 | ||
| Congenital Hypothyroidism | 665 | ||
| Acquired Hypothyroidism | 666 | ||
| Hashimoto Thyroiditis | 666 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 667 | ||
| Graves Disease | 667 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 667 | ||
| Treatment | 667 | ||
| Drugs | 667 | ||
| Radioiodine | 668 | ||
| Surgery | 668 | ||
| Thyroid Storm | 668 | ||
| Congenital Hyperthyroidism | 668 | ||
| Nodules/Tumors of the Thyroid | 668 | ||
| Chapter 176 Disorders of Parathyroid Bone and Mineral Endocrinology | 669 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D | 669 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 669 | ||
| Rickets | 670 | ||
| Chapter 177 Disorders of Sexual Development | 670 | ||
| Normal Sexual Development | 670 | ||
| Classification | 671 | ||
| Abnormal Sexual Development | 672 | ||
| 46,XX Disorders of Sexual Development | 672 | ||
| 46,XY Disorders of Sexual Development | 672 | ||
| Sex Chromosome and Ovotesticular Disorders of Sexual Development | 673 | ||
| Approach to the Infant With Genital Ambiguity | 673 | ||
| Diagnosis | 673 | ||
| Treatment | 674 | ||
| Chapter 178 Adrenal Gland Dysfunction | 674 | ||
| Physiology | 674 | ||
| Adrenal Insufficiency | 674 | ||
| 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency | 675 | ||
| Other Enzyme Defects | 676 | ||
| Addison Disease | 676 | ||
| Cushing Syndrome | 678 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 678 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 678 | ||
| Chapter 170 | 678 | ||
| Endocrinology Assessment | 678 | ||
| Chapter 171 | 678 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 678 | ||
| Chapter 172 | 679 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 679 | ||
| Chapter 173 | 679 | ||
| Short Stature | 679 | ||
| Chapter 174 | 679 | ||
| Disorders of Puberty | 679 | ||
| Chapter 175 | 680 | ||
| Thyroid Disease | 680 | ||
| Chapter 176 | 680 | ||
| Disorders of Parathyroid Bone and Mineral Endocrinology | 680 | ||
| Chapter 177 | 680 | ||
| Disorders of Sexual Development | 680 | ||
| Chapter 178 | 680 | ||
| Adrenal Gland Dysfunction | 680 | ||
| 24 Neurology | 681 | ||
| Chapter 179 Neurology Assessment | 681 | ||
| History | 681 | ||
| Physical Examination | 681 | ||
| Neurological Examination of a Neonate | 681 | ||
| Mental Status | 682 | ||
| Reflexes | 682 | ||
| Motor Examination and Tone | 682 | ||
| Neurological Examination of a Child | 682 | ||
| Mental Status and Developmental Evaluation | 682 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Evaluation | 682 | ||
| Cranial Nerve I | 683 | ||
| Cranial Nerve II | 683 | ||
| Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI | 683 | ||
| Cranial Nerve V | 683 | ||
| Cranial Nerve VII | 683 | ||
| Cranial Nerve VIII | 683 | ||
| Cranial Nerves IX and X | 683 | ||
| Cranial Nerve XI | 683 | ||
| Cranial Nerve XII | 683 | ||
| Motor Examination | 684 | ||
| Strength | 684 | ||
| Tone | 684 | ||
| Bulk | 684 | ||
| Coordination | 684 | ||
| Gait | 684 | ||
| Reflexes | 684 | ||
| Sensory Examination | 684 | ||
| Special Diagnostic Procedures | 684 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis | 684 | ||
| Electroencephalography | 685 | ||
| Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies | 685 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 685 | ||
| Chapter 180 Headache and Migraine | 685 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 685 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 686 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 686 | ||
| Treatment | 687 | ||
| Chapter 181 Seizures | 687 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 687 | ||
| Focal Seizures | 687 | ||
| Generalized Seizures | 688 | ||
| Absence Seizures | 688 | ||
| Atypical Absence, Myoclonic, and Atonic Seizures | 689 | ||
| Febrile Seizures | 689 | ||
| Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures | 689 | ||
| Epilepsy Syndromes | 690 | ||
| Status Epilepticus | 690 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Evaluation | 691 | ||
| Long-Term Therapy | 691 | ||
| Chapter 182 Weakness and Hypotonia | 692 | ||
| Etiology | 692 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 693 | ||
| Disease of the Upper Motor Neuron | 693 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 693 | ||
| Diseases of the Lower Motor Neuron | 694 | ||
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy | 694 | ||
| Etiology | 694 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 694 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies | 694 | ||
| Treatment | 695 | ||
| Peripheral Neuropathy | 695 | ||
| Guillain-Barré Syndrome | 695 | ||
| Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy | 695 | ||
| Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy | 695 | ||
| Tick Paralysis | 695 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 696 | ||
| Juvenile Myasthenia | 696 | ||
| Transient Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis | 696 | ||
| Congenital Myasthenia Gravis | 696 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 696 | ||
| Infant Botulism | 696 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 696 | ||
| Etiology | 696 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 696 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies | 697 | ||
| Treatment | 697 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy | 697 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 697 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 697 | ||
| Other Forms of Childhood Muscle Disease | 697 | ||
| Metabolic Myopathies | 698 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies | 698 | ||
| Malignant Hyperthermia | 698 | ||
| Neonatal and Infantile Hypotonia | 698 | ||
| Hypotonia Without Significant Weakness (Central Hypotonia) | 698 | ||
| Stroke in Childhood | 699 | ||
| Etiology | 699 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 699 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 700 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Imaging | 700 | ||
| Treatment | 700 | ||
| Chapter 183 Ataxia and Movement Disorders | 700 | ||
| Ataxia | 700 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 700 | ||
| Etiologies | 700 | ||
| Movement Disorders | 702 | ||
| Chapter 184 Altered Mental Status | 703 | ||
| Disorders of Consciousness | 703 | ||
| Acute Disorders of Consciousness | 703 | ||
| Assessment | 703 | ||
| Etiology | 705 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 705 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Imaging | 706 | ||
| Treatment | 706 | ||
| Prognosis | 706 | ||
| Transient, Recurrent Depression of Consciousness | 706 | ||
| Increased Intracranial Pressure | 706 | ||
| Etiology | 706 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 708 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies | 708 | ||
| Treatment of Elevated Intracranial Pressure | 708 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 709 | ||
| Concussion | 709 | ||
| Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage | 709 | ||
| Skull Fractures | 710 | ||
| Other Complications of Head Trauma | 710 | ||
| Evaluation and Treatment | 710 | ||
| Prognosis | 710 | ||
| Chapter 185 Neurodegenerative Disorders | 711 | ||
| Hereditary and Metabolic Degenerative Diseases | 711 | ||
| Sphingolipidoses | 712 | ||
| Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses | 712 | ||
| Adrenoleukodystrophy | 713 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 713 | ||
| Mitochondrial Disorders | 713 | ||
| Rett Syndrome | 713 | ||
| Degenerative Diseases With Focal Manifestations | 713 | ||
| Acquired Illnesses Mimicking Degenerative Diseases | 714 | ||
| Chapter 186 Neurocutaneous Disorders | 714 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | 714 | ||
| Etiology | 714 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 714 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 2 | 715 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis Complex | 715 | ||
| Etiology | 715 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 715 | ||
| Sturge-Weber Syndrome | 715 | ||
| Chapter 187 Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System | 716 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord | 716 | ||
| Etiology and Clinical Manifestations | 716 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 716 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 716 | ||
| Congenital Malformations of the Brain | 716 | ||
| Macrocephaly and Microcephaly | 717 | ||
| Disorders of Neuronal Migration | 717 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 718 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 718 | ||
| Chapter 179 | 718 | ||
| Neurology Assessment | 718 | ||
| Chapter 180 | 719 | ||
| Headache and Migraine | 719 | ||
| Chapter 181 | 719 | ||
| Seizures | 719 | ||
| Chapter 182 | 719 | ||
| Weakness and Hypotonia | 719 | ||
| Chapter 183 | 719 | ||
| Ataxia and Movement Disorders | 719 | ||
| Chapter 184 | 720 | ||
| Altered Mental Status | 720 | ||
| Chapter 185 | 720 | ||
| Neurodegenerative Disorders | 720 | ||
| Chapter 186 | 720 | ||
| Neurocutaneous Disorders | 720 | ||
| Chapter 187 | 720 | ||
| Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System | 720 | ||
| 25 Dermatology | 721 | ||
| Chapter 188 Dermatology Assessment | 721 | ||
| History | 721 | ||
| Physical Examination | 721 | ||
| Common Manifestations | 721 | ||
| Initial Diagnostic Evaluation and Tests | 722 | ||
| Chapter 189 Acne | 723 | ||
| Etiology | 723 | ||
| Epidemiology | 723 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 723 | ||
| Treatment | 723 | ||
| Complications | 724 | ||
| Prognosis | 724 | ||
| Prevention | 724 | ||
| Chapter 190 Atopic Dermatitis | 724 | ||
| Etiology | 724 | ||
| Epidemiology | 724 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 724 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 724 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 725 | ||
| Treatment | 725 | ||
| Complications | 726 | ||
| Prognosis | 727 | ||
| Prevention | 727 | ||
| Chapter 191 Contact Dermatitis | 727 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 727 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 727 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 728 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 728 | ||
| Treatment | 728 | ||
| Complications | 728 | ||
| Prevention | 728 | ||
| Chapter 192 Seborrheic Dermatitis | 728 | ||
| Etiology | 728 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 728 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 729 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 729 | ||
| Treatment | 729 | ||
| Prognosis | 729 | ||
| Prevention | 729 | ||
| Other Papulosquamous Dermatoses | 729 | ||
| Pityriasis Rosea | 729 | ||
| Psoriasis | 729 | ||
| Chapter 193 Pigmented Lesions | 730 | ||
| Dermal Melanosis | 730 | ||
| Café-Au-Lait Macules | 731 | ||
| Congenital Melanocytic Nevi | 731 | ||
| Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevi | 732 | ||
| Acquired Melanocytic Nevi | 732 | ||
| Chapter 194 Vascular Anomalies | 732 | ||
| Vascular Tumors | 732 | ||
| Infantile Hemangiomas | 732 | ||
| Pyogenic Granuloma | 733 | ||
| Vascular Malformations | 733 | ||
| Port-Wine Stain | 733 | ||
| Nevus Simplex | 733 | ||
| Chapter 195 Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 733 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 735 | ||
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 735 | ||
| Chapter 196 Cutaneous Infestations | 735 | ||
| Scabies | 735 | ||
| Pediculoses | 736 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 737 | ||
| Pearls for Practitioners | 737 | ||
| Chapter 188 | 737 | ||
| Dermatology Assessment | 737 | ||
| Chapter 189 | 737 | ||
| Acne | 737 | ||
| Chapter 190 | 737 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis | 737 | ||
| Chapter 191 | 737 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 737 | ||
| Chapter 192 | 737 | ||
| Seborrheic Dermatitis | 737 | ||
| Chapter 193 | 738 | ||
| Pigmented Lesions | 738 | ||
| Chapter 194 | 738 | ||
| Vascular Anomalies | 738 | ||
| Chapter 195 | 738 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 738 | ||
| Chapter 196 | 738 | ||
| Cutaneous Infestations | 738 | ||
| 26 Orthopedics | 739 | ||
| Chapter 197 Orthopedics Assessment | 739 | ||
| Growth and Development | 739 | ||
| Developmental Milestones | 740 | ||
| Infants | 740 | ||
| Gait | 740 | ||
| Limping Child | 740 | ||
| Chapter 198 Fractures | 742 | ||
| Pediatric Fracture Patterns | 742 | ||
| Physeal Fractures | 742 | ||
| Management of Pediatric Fractures | 743 | ||
| Special Concerns | 743 | ||
| Remodeling | 743 | ||
| Overgrowth | 743 | ||
| Progressive Deformity | 743 | ||
| Neurovascular Injury | 743 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome | 743 | ||
| Toddler’s Fracture | 744 | ||
| Child Abuse | 744 | ||
| Chapter 199 Hip | 744 | ||
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 744 | ||
| Etiology | 744 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 744 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 745 | ||
| Index | 769 | ||
| A | 769 | ||
| B | 774 | ||
| C | 776 | ||
| D | 780 | ||
| E | 783 | ||
| F | 785 | ||
| G | 786 | ||
| H | 788 | ||
| I | 792 | ||
| J | 794 | ||
| K | 795 | ||
| L | 795 | ||
| M | 797 | ||
| N | 800 | ||
| O | 802 | ||
| P | 803 | ||
| Q | 807 | ||
| R | 807 | ||
| S | 809 | ||
| T | 813 | ||
| U | 815 | ||
| V | 816 | ||
| W | 817 | ||
| X | 817 | ||
| Y | 817 | ||
| Z | 817 |