BOOK
Cardiovascular Outcomes of Treatments available for Patients with Type 1 and 2 Diabetes, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2018)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, edited by Dr. Guillermo E. Umpierrez, will focus on Cardiovascular Outcomes of Treatments available for Patients with Type 1 and 2 Diabetes. Topics include--but are not limited to--Diabetes and CAD and PVD; Prediabetes and CVD- DM prevention; Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis/CVD in diabetes Intensive Diabetes Treatment and CV Outcomes in T1D; Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes and Stroke; Cardiovascular outcome trials of glucose-lowering drugs or strategies in type 2 diabetes; Heart Failure in Diabetes Mellitus; Individualizing Glucose Lowering Therapy in the Patient with Diabetes and Heart Disease; Managing Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes; Blood pressure control and cardiovascular and renal outcomes; Hyperglycemia in acute coronary syndromes; Hospital Glucose Control; Managing Diabetes and cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease; and more.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Cardiovascular Outcomes of Treatments Availablefor Patients with Type 1 and 2 Diabetes\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | vii | ||
| Preface: Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Strategies | vii | ||
| The Evolving Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in People with Diabetes | vii | ||
| Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Interventions for Prevention and Risk Reduction | vii | ||
| Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes | vii | ||
| Intensive Diabetes Treatment and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications of the Diabetes Control ... | viii | ||
| Intensive Blood Glucose Control and Vascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | viii | ||
| Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials of Glucose-Lowering Drugs or Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes | viii | ||
| Heart Failure: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Heart Failure in Diabetes Mellitus | ix | ||
| Personalizing Glucose-Lowering Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease | ix | ||
| Managing Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes | ix | ||
| Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular/Renal Outcomes | ix | ||
| Hyperglycemia in Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Mechanisms to Prognostic Implications | x | ||
| Perioperative Management of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Cardiac Surgery Patients | x | ||
| Antiplatelet Therapy in Diabetes | x | ||
| Managing Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients | x | ||
| ENDOCRINOLOGY AND\rMETABOLISM CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| June 2018 | xi | ||
| September 2018 | xi | ||
| December 2018 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| December 2017 | xi | ||
| September 2017 | xi | ||
| June 2017 | xi | ||
| Foreword: Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease\r\r | xiii | ||
| Preface:\rDiabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Strategies | xv | ||
| The Evolving Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in People with Diabetes | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2 | ||
| US AND GLOBAL TRENDS IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AMONG PEOPLE WITH DIABETES | 2 | ||
| IDEAL CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH (LIFE’S SIMPLE 7) | 5 | ||
| IDEAL BIOLOGICAL FACTORS (GLYCEMIC CONTROL, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND CHOLESTEROL) | 5 | ||
| Glycemic Control and Diabetes as Coronary Heart Disease Equivalent | 5 | ||
| Blood Pressure, Clear Benefits—Moving Targets | 9 | ||
| Dyslipidemia, Still Based on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 10 | ||
| IDEAL HEALTH BEHAVIORS (HEALTHY WEIGHT, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTHY DIET, AND NO SMOKING) | 11 | ||
| Maintaining a Healthy Weight; Are More Aggressive Interventions Needed? | 11 | ||
| Lifestyle Changes, Look AHEAD, and Beyond | 12 | ||
| Mediterranean and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension Diets | 13 | ||
| Tobacco Use Is Still Prevalent | 14 | ||
| ADDITIONAL RISK FACTORS | 15 | ||
| Age, Gender, and Duration of Diabetes | 15 | ||
| Hypercoagulability and Antiplatelet Therapy | 16 | ||
| WHAT IS ON THE HORIZON? | 16 | ||
| SUMMARY AND POTENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS | 17 | ||
| REFERENCES | 19 | ||
| Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease | 33 | ||
| Key points | 33 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 33 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND THE BURDEN OF PREDIABETES | 34 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC DEFECTS IN PREDIABETES | 34 | ||
| FINDINGS FROM LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT OF INSULIN ACTION AND SECRETION | 34 | ||
| LIPOLYSIS, INCRETIN, ALPHA CELL, AND INFLAMMATION IN PREDIABETES | 35 | ||
| PREDICTORS OF GLYCEMIC PROGRESSION TO PREDIABETES AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS | 35 | ||
| Conversion from Prediabetes to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | 35 | ||
| Normoglycemia to Prediabetes Transition | 36 | ||
| MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF PREDIABETES | 37 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 37 | ||
| Stroke | 38 | ||
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 38 | ||
| Interactions Among Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 38 | ||
| INTERVENTION STUDIES TO PREVENT PROGRESSION FROM PREDIABETES TO TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR ... | 39 | ||
| Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus | 39 | ||
| Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Prediabetes | 39 | ||
| CLINICAL TRANSLATION AND SUMMARY | 41 | ||
| REFERENCES | 42 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes | 51 | ||
| Key points | 51 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 51 | ||
| THE “GLUCOSE HYPOTHESIS” IN THE HEART | 52 | ||
| ACCELERATED ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN DIABETES | 55 | ||
| MICROANGIOPATHY AND THE MYOCARDIUM | 57 | ||
| DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 58 | ||
| CARDIAC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY | 58 | ||
| KNOWLEDGE GAPS | 59 | ||
| REFERENCES | 60 | ||
| Intensive Diabetes Treatment and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | 65 | ||
| Key points | 65 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 65 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS | 66 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS | 67 | ||
| EVIDENCE FROM THE DIABETES CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS TRIAL/EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES INTERVENTIONS AND COMPLICATIONS | 68 | ||
| Mortality | 68 | ||
| Major Adverse Cardiac Events | 69 | ||
| Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | 69 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 70 | ||
| Lipids | 70 | ||
| Weight or Body Mass Index | 70 | ||
| EVIDENCE FOR SURROGATE MARKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE FROM THE DIABETES CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS TRIAL/EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ... | 71 | ||
| Carotid Intima–Media Thickness | 71 | ||
| Coronary Artery Calcium Scores | 71 | ||
| ECG Changes | 72 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS FROM THE DIABETES CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS TRIAL/EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES INTERVENTIONS AND COMPLICA ... | 72 | ||
| Achieve Excellent Glycemic Control | 73 | ||
| Achieve Target Blood Pressure and Management of Kidney Disease | 73 | ||
| General Lifestyle Measures | 74 | ||
| Lipid Management | 74 | ||
| Management considerations | 75 | ||
| Age under 40 years | 75 | ||
| Age over 40 years | 75 | ||
| Advanced Cardiovascular Risk Assessment | 75 | ||
| SUMMARY | 75 | ||
| REFERENCES | 76 | ||
| Intensive Blood Glucose Control and Vascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | 81 | ||
| Key points | 81 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 81 | ||
| THE GLYCEMIC CONTROL HYPOTHESIS AND VASCULAR OUTCOMES | 82 | ||
| GLUCOSE-LOWERING MEDICATIONS AND THE GLYCEMIC CONTROL HYPOTHESIS | 88 | ||
| HYPOGLYCEMIA AND THE GLYCEMIC CONTROL HYPOTHESIS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION | 90 | ||
| SUMMARY | 91 | ||
| REFERENCES | 92 | ||
| Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials of Glucose-Lowering Drugs or Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes | 97 | ||
| Key points | 97 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES PROMOTED BY DIABETES | 98 | ||
| LINK BETWEEN DYSGLYCEMIA AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | 98 | ||
| THE CRUCIAL NEED FOR RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES TRIALS | 100 | ||
| GLUCOSE LOWERING AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES | 100 | ||
| EFFECT OF GLUCOSE-LOWERING STRATEGIES ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES | 101 | ||
| EFFECT OF GLUCOSE-LOWERING DRUGS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES | 101 | ||
| Insulin | 102 | ||
| Metformin and Sulfonylureas | 104 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | 108 | ||
| Meglitinides | 109 | ||
| Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists | 109 | ||
| Dipeptidyl Peptidase Inhibitors | 110 | ||
| Sodium-Glucose Linked Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors | 111 | ||
| SUMMARY | 113 | ||
| REFERENCES | 113 | ||
| Heart Failure | 117 | ||
| Key points | 117 | ||
| HEART FAILURE SYNDROME | 118 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE AND DIABETES | 118 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN HEART FAILURE | 119 | ||
| PHYSICAL TRAINING AND WEIGHT LOSS | 119 | ||
| ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS | 120 | ||
| BIGUANIDES (METFORMIN) | 120 | ||
| SULFONYLUREAS | 121 | ||
| INSULIN | 122 | ||
| THIAZOLIDINEDIONES (GLITAZONES) | 123 | ||
| INCRETIN THERAPIES | 124 | ||
| DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-4 INHIBITORS | 124 | ||
| GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS | 125 | ||
| SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORT 2 RECEPTOR INHIBITORS | 127 | ||
| OTHER GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS | 128 | ||
| Nateglinide | 128 | ||
| Bromocriptine | 129 | ||
| SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION | 129 | ||
| REFERENCES | 130 | ||
| Personalizing Glucose-Lowering Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease | 137 | ||
| Key points | 137 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 137 | ||
| CALIBRATING GLYCEMIC TARGETS IN THE PATIENT WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: HOW LOW TO GO | 138 | ||
| GLUCOSE-LOWERING STRATEGIES IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: WHICH DRUG FOR WHICH PATIENT? | 139 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 142 | ||
| Potency | 144 | ||
| Precautions | 144 | ||
| “Perks” | 146 | ||
| Practicalities | 147 | ||
| Price | 148 | ||
| Practical Application to the Patient with Cardiovascular Disease | 148 | ||
| SUMMARY | 149 | ||
| REFERENCES | 150 | ||
| Managing Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes | 153 | ||
| Key points | 153 | ||
| DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK | 154 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND RISK OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETES | 154 | ||
| Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 154 | ||
| Triglycerides | 154 | ||
| High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 154 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DYSLIPIDEMIA | 155 | ||
| Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Species | 155 | ||
| Small-Density Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles and High-Density Lipoprotein | 156 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC DYSLIPIDEMIA | 156 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Management | 156 | ||
| Diet | 156 | ||
| Lifestyle: diet, exercise, and weight loss | 159 | ||
| Physical exercise | 160 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management | 160 | ||
| Statins | 160 | ||
| Ezetimibe | 160 | ||
| Fibrates | 161 | ||
| Niacin | 162 | ||
| Bile acid sequestrants | 162 | ||
| Omega-3 fatty acids | 163 | ||
| PCSK-9 inhibitors | 163 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 164 | ||
| REFERENCES | 169 | ||
| Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular/Renal Outcomes | 175 | ||
| Key points | 175 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 175 | ||
| TARGET BLOOD PRESSURE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES | 176 | ||
| RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS OF INTENSIVE BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL | 176 | ||
| KIDNEY DISEASE OUTCOMES | 179 | ||
| APPROACH TO THERAPY | 179 | ||
| REFERENCES | 180 | ||
| Hyperglycemia in Acute Coronary Syndromes | 185 | ||
| Key points | 185 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 185 | ||
| DEFINITION OF HYPERGLYCEMIA DURING ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | 186 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF ELEVATED GLUCOSE LEVELS IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | 186 | ||
| GLUCOSE LEVELS AND MORTALITY IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | 187 | ||
| DYNAMIC CHANGES IN GLUCOSE LEVELS DURING ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME AND MORTALITY | 188 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS OF GLUCOSE CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | 188 | ||
| THE PROGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE OF HYPOGLYCEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | 196 | ||
| CURRENT PATTERNS OF GLUCOSE CONTROL IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | 197 | ||
| SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 197 | ||
| REFERENCES | 198 | ||
| Perioperative Management of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Cardiac Surgery Patients | 203 | ||
| Key points | 203 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 203 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF STRESS HYPERGLYCEMIA | 204 | ||
| REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND DURING STRESS | 204 | ||
| CONSEQUENCES OF HYPERGLYCEMIA IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS | 206 | ||
| EVIDENCE FOR CONTROLLING PERIOPERATIVE HYPERGLYCEMIA IN CARDIAC SURGERY PATIENTS | 207 | ||
| Intraoperative Period | 207 | ||
| Postoperative Period | 207 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF PERIOPERATIVE HYPERGLYCEMIA DURING CARDIAC SURGERY | 208 | ||
| Management of Hyperglycemia in Intensive Care Unit Settings | 208 | ||
| Management of Hyperglycemia in Non-intensive Care Unit Settings | 209 | ||
| GLUCOSE MONITORING DURING THE PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD | 213 | ||
| HYPOGLYCEMIA AND OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED WITH CARDIAC CONDITIONS | 214 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES AFTER HOSPITAL DISCHARGE | 214 | ||
| REFERENCES | 215 | ||
| Antiplatelet Therapy in Diabetes | 223 | ||
| Key points | 223 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 223 | ||
| PLATELET ACTIVATION AND AGGREGATION | 224 | ||
| ASPIRIN | 224 | ||
| GLYCOPROTEIN IIB/IIIA INHIBITORS | 226 | ||
| ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS | 226 | ||
| CLOPIDOGREL | 226 | ||
| PRASUGREL | 230 | ||
| TICAGRELOR | 231 | ||
| CANGRELOR | 231 | ||
| THROMBIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST | 232 | ||
| SUMMARY | 232 | ||
| REFERENCES | 233 | ||
| Managing Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients | 237 | ||
| Key points | 237 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 238 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 238 | ||
| Left Ventricular Dysfunction | 238 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus and Glucose Control | 239 | ||
| Hypertension | 239 | ||
| Dyslipidemia of Chronic Kidney Disease | 239 | ||
| Cardiovascular Calcifications | 240 | ||
| IS LIPID-LOWERING THERAPY BENEFICIAL IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE? | 240 | ||
| Dyslipidemia of Chronic Kidney Disease | 241 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS OF THE STATINS IN PATIENTS WITH MILD TO SEVERE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 241 | ||
| Statins in Patients with Mild Chronic Kidney Disease | 241 | ||
| Statins in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis Patients | 243 | ||
| CORRECTION OF HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA AND LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN | 244 | ||
| WILL LOWERING LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN TARGET BE BENEFICIAL IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK AND EXTREMELY HIGH-RISK CHRONIC KIDNE ... | 244 | ||
| DIABETES, GLYCEMIA, AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 245 | ||
| Benefits of Glycemic Control in Patients with Diabetes and CKD | 245 | ||
| A1C as an Indicator of Glycemic Control in Chronic Kidney Disease | 246 | ||
| Glycated Albumin as an Indicator of Glycemic Control in Chronic Kidney Disease | 247 | ||
| Comparison of A1C with Glycated Albumin | 247 | ||
| Fructosamine as an Indicator of Glycemic Control in Chronic Kidney Disease | 247 | ||
| Self-Blood Glucose Monitoring and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Chronic Kidney Disease | 248 | ||
| Glycemic Markers in Summary | 248 | ||
| Treatment of Diabetes in Chronic Kidney Disease | 248 | ||
| STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE OVERALL METABOLIC CONTROL | 248 | ||
| SUMMARY | 251 | ||
| REFERENCES | 251 |