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Book Details
Abstract
Advances in the material sciences, 3D printing technology, functional electrical stimulation, smart devices and apps, FES technology, sensors and microprocessor technologies, and more have lately transformed the field of orthotics, making the prescription of these devices more complex than ever before. Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices, 5th Edition, brings you completely up to date with these changes, helping physiatrists, orthopaedic surgeons, prosthetists, orthotists, and other rehabilitative specialists work together to select the appropriate orthotic device for optimal results in every patient.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| 1 Basics | 1 | ||
| 1 Orthotic Prescription | 2 | ||
| Key Points | 2 | ||
| Terminology | 3 | ||
| Ankle Joint Controls and Their Function | 3 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient | 4 | ||
| Orthotic Prescription | 4 | ||
| Case Scenario and Orthotic Prescription Recommendation | 5 | ||
| Case Scenario | 5 | ||
| Assessment | 5 | ||
| Rationale for Orthotic Prescription and Treatment Plan Options | 5 | ||
| Conclusion | 6 | ||
| References | 6.e1 | ||
| 2 Materials Science | 7 | ||
| Abstract | 7.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 7.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 7 | ||
| Understanding Material Science to Maximize Patient Safety | 7 | ||
| Imperial and Metric Conversions | 8 | ||
| Strength and Stress | 8 | ||
| Tensile, Compressive, Shear, and Flexural Stresses | 8 | ||
| Tensile Stresses | 9 | ||
| Compressive Stresses | 9 | ||
| Shear Stresses | 9 | ||
| Flexural Stress | 10 | ||
| Yield Stress | 10 | ||
| Ultimate Stress | 10 | ||
| Strain | 10 | ||
| Stress–Strain Curve | 10 | ||
| Plastic Range | 12 | ||
| Yield Point | 12 | ||
| Tensile Strength | 12 | ||
| Toughness and Ductility | 12 | ||
| Thermal Stress | 13 | ||
| Centroids and Center of Gravity | 13 | ||
| Moment of Inertia | 14 | ||
| Parallel Axis Theorem | 14 | ||
| Stresses in Beams | 14 | ||
| Section Modulus | 14 | ||
| Beam Torque | 15 | ||
| Beam Stress | 15 | ||
| Beam Deflection | 15 | ||
| Metals | 16 | ||
| Crystallinity | 16 | ||
| Grain Structure | 17 | ||
| Slip Planes | 17 | ||
| Mechanical Properties | 18 | ||
| Plasticity | 18 | ||
| Steel and Aluminum Alloys | 19 | ||
| Commercial Name for Metals | 19 | ||
| Carbon Steel | 19 | ||
| Alloy Steel | 19 | ||
| Characteristics of Specific Alloys | 19 | ||
| Stainless Steels | 19 | ||
| SAE Number and Other Steel Number Grading Systems | 19 | ||
| Comparison of Steel and Aluminum (Aluminium) | 20 | ||
| Stress–Strain Diagram | 20 | ||
| Size, Weight, and Strength Comparisons: Strength-to-Weight Ratio | 20 | ||
| Strengthening Aluminum and Steel | 20 | ||
| Heat Treatment | 20 | ||
| Purposes | 20 | ||
| Techniques | 20 | ||
| Example. | 20 | ||
| Heat-Treat Cycle | 21 | ||
| Heat Treatment Influencing Fabrication Practices | 21 | ||
| Aluminum Heat Treatment | 21 | ||
| Examples | 21 | ||
| Stress–Strain Diagram | 21 | ||
| Titanium | 22 | ||
| Preventing Failure and Maximizing Patient Safety | 22 | ||
| Fatigue | 22 | ||
| Steel and Aluminum Fatigue Compared | 22 | ||
| Stress Concentration | 22 | ||
| Example. | 23 | ||
| Minimizing Stress Concentration | 23 | ||
| Minimizing Stress Concentration as a Result of Bending | 23 | ||
| Shaping Parts of an Orthosis | 23 | ||
| Distribution of Materials in Beams | 23 | ||
| Designs in Orthoses | 24 | ||
| Other Designing Problems | 24 | ||
| Fastening Components | 25 | ||
| Riveting Aluminum | 25 | ||
| Rivet Materials | 25 | ||
| Rivet Size | 25 | ||
| Rivet Spacing | 25 | ||
| Edge Distance | 25 | ||
| Rivet Holes | 25 | ||
| Rivet Sets and Bucking Tools | 25 | ||
| Using the Bucking-Up Set | 26 | ||
| Rivet Length | 26 | ||
| Aluminum Rivet Material | 26 | ||
| Riveting Stainless Steels | 26 | ||
| Recommended Procedures | 26 | ||
| Plastics and Composites | 26 | ||
| Building Polymers | 26 | ||
| Thermoplastics | 27 | ||
| Thermosets | 29 | ||
| Thermoplastic Composites | 29 | ||
| Thermoset Composites | 29 | ||
| Mechanical Properties | 30 | ||
| Short-Term Tensile Tests | 31 | ||
| Isochronous Stress–Strain Curve | 31 | ||
| Stiffness and Moduli | 31 | ||
| Strain Recovery | 32 | ||
| Effects of Temperature | 32 | ||
| Impact Loading | 32 | ||
| Hardness | 33 | ||
| Thermosetting Plastics | 33 | ||
| Condensation Reactions | 34 | ||
| Polymerization | 34 | ||
| Controlling the Rate of Polymerization of Thermosetting Plastics | 34 | ||
| Laminated Plastics | 34 | ||
| Cellular Structures | 34 | ||
| Sandwich Constructions | 34 | ||
| Miscellaneous Structures | 34 | ||
| Polyesters | 35 | ||
| Laminating Plastic Parts | 35 | ||
| Thermoforming Plastics | 36 | ||
| Amorphous | 36 | ||
| Crystalline | 36 | ||
| Commonly Used Materials | 36 | ||
| Polypropylene | 36 | ||
| Copolymer | 36 | ||
| Polyethylene | 36 | ||
| Surlyn (Ionomer) | 36 | ||
| Copolyester (Durr-Plex) | 37 | ||
| Polycarbonate | 37 | ||
| Kydex | 37 | ||
| Thermoforming Processing Temperature | 37 | ||
| Cast and Set | 37 | ||
| Lower Processing Limit | 37 | ||
| Normal Forming | 37 | ||
| Upper Limit | 37 | ||
| Sheet Selection | 37 | ||
| Sheet Heating Considerations | 37 | ||
| Heating Thermoplastics | 38 | ||
| Convection | 38 | ||
| Conduction | 39 | ||
| Radiation | 39 | ||
| Popular Heating Elements Contained in Heating Equipment (Ovens) | 39 | ||
| Small-Diameter Coiled Nichrome Wire | 39 | ||
| Tubular Rods and Metal Panels | 39 | ||
| Ceramic Panels and Quartz Panels | 39 | ||
| Gas Fired, Infrared-Type | 39 | ||
| Additive Manufacture, Rapid 3D Printing | 39 | ||
| Conclusion | 41 | ||
| 3 Principles of Fabrication | 42 | ||
| Abstract | 42.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 42.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 42 | ||
| Data Collection: Measurements, Impressions, and Scans | 42 | ||
| Thermoplastic Materials | 42 | ||
| Thermoset Lamination Techniques | 43 | ||
| Computer-Aided Design | 45 | ||
| Computer-Aided Manufacturing: Model Carving and Additive Manufacturing | 46 | ||
| Conclusion | 48 | ||
| References | 48.e1 | ||
| 4 Principles of Normal and Pathologic Gait | 49 | ||
| Abstract | 49.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 49.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 49 | ||
| Normal Human Gait | 49 | ||
| Gait Cycle | 49 | ||
| Stance Phase | 49 | ||
| Swing Phase | 50 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 50 | ||
| Rockers: Pivot Points During Stance | 50 | ||
| Determinants of Gait: Economy of Walking | 51 | ||
| Lower Extremity Movement Patterns | 51 | ||
| Temporal Spatial Measures | 51 | ||
| Kinematics | 51 | ||
| Ankle. | 51 | ||
| Knee. | 51 | ||
| Hip. | 51 | ||
| Pelvis. | 52 | ||
| Kinetics | 52 | ||
| Ankle. | 52 | ||
| Knee. | 52 | ||
| Hip. | 52 | ||
| Muscle Activity | 53 | ||
| Pathologic Gait | 54 | ||
| Observational Gait Analysis | 54 | ||
| Instrumented Gait Analysis | 55 | ||
| Principles of Assessment | 56 | ||
| Pathologic Gait Classification | 57 | ||
| Structural Deformity | 57 | ||
| Muscle Weakness | 57 | ||
| Sensory Impairment | 58 | ||
| Pain | 58 | ||
| Impaired Motor Control | 58 | ||
| Pathologic Gait Patterns | 59 | ||
| Ankle Dorsiflexion Weakness or Excessive Ankle Plantarflexion | 59 | ||
| Ankle Plantarflexion Weakness or Excessive Ankle Dorsiflexion | 59 | ||
| Knee Weakness and Instability | 60 | ||
| Hemiparetic Gait | 61 | ||
| Spastic Diplegia | 61 | ||
| Painful (Antalgic) Gait | 62 | ||
| References | 62.e1 | ||
| 2 Spinal Orthoses | 63 | ||
| 5 Biomechanics of the Spine | 64 | ||
| Key Points | 64 | ||
| Spinal Orthoses | 64 | ||
| Spinal Stability Under Stress | 64 | ||
| Loading Forces | 64 | ||
| Strain | 65 | ||
| Shear Forces | 66 | ||
| Spinal Instability | 67 | ||
| Microinstability | 67 | ||
| Macroinstability | 67 | ||
| Biomechanics of Surgical Decompression and Stabilization | 67 | ||
| Decompression | 67 | ||
| References | 68.e1 | ||
| Spinal Stability Under Stress | 68.e1 | ||
| Spinal Instability | 68.e1 | ||
| Surgical Decompression and Stabilization | 68.e1 | ||
| 6 Principles and Components of Spinal Orthoses | 69 | ||
| Abstract | 69.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 69.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 69 | ||
| Semirigid Spinal Orthoses (Corsets) | 69 | ||
| Corset Examples | 69 | ||
| Rigid Spinal Orthoses | 70 | ||
| Components of Conventional (Metal) Spinal Orthoses | 70 | ||
| Examples of Rigid Orthoses: Conventional Spinal Orthoses and Contemporary Equivalents | 71 | ||
| Lumbosacral Orthosis: Sagittal Control | 71 | ||
| Lumbosacral Orthosis: Sagittal–Coronal Control | 71 | ||
| Lumbosacral Orthosis: Extension–Coronal Control (Williams Flexion) | 71 | ||
| Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis: Flexion Control (Hyperextension Orthosis) | 72 | ||
| Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis: Sagittal Control | 73 | ||
| Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis: Sagittal–Coronal Control | 73 | ||
| Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis: Triplanar Control | 73 | ||
| Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis: Triplanar Control, Custom-Fabricated Body Jacket | 73 | ||
| Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis: Triplanar Control, Soft Body Jacket | 74 | ||
| Cervical Orthoses | 75 | ||
| Examples of Cervical Orthoses | 75 | ||
| Cervical Orthosis: Cervical | 75 | ||
| Cervicothoracic Orthosis: Cervicothoracic | 76 | ||
| Orthoses for Spinal Deformity | 79 | ||
| Principles and Components of Orthoses for Spinal Deformity | 80 | ||
| Cervicothoracolumbosacral Orthoses | 81 | ||
| Pad placement. | 82 | ||
| Pad loading. | 83 | ||
| Thoracic and lumbar pad force. | 83 | ||
| Triangulation of forces. | 83 | ||
| High thoracic curves. | 83 | ||
| Thoracolumbosacral Orthoses | 84 | ||
| Pad placement. | 84 | ||
| Pad loading. | 84 | ||
| Examples of Thoracolumbosacral Orthoses | 85 | ||
| Low-Profile Thoracolumbosacral Orthoses | 85 | ||
| Boston. | 85 | ||
| Rosenberger. | 86 | ||
| Miami. | 87 | ||
| Lyonnaise. | 87 | ||
| Wilmington jacket. | 87 | ||
| Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing Thoracolumbosacral Orthoses | 87 | ||
| Charleston Bending Brace | 87 | ||
| Providence Nocturnal Scoliosis System | 87 | ||
| Conclusion | 89 | ||
| References | 89.e1 | ||
| 7 Orthoses for Spinal Pain | 90 | ||
| Key Points | 90 | ||
| Orthoses in Low Back Pain | 90 | ||
| Epidemiology | 90 | ||
| Treatments of Low Back Pain | 90 | ||
| Range-of-Motion Restrictions | 90 | ||
| Spinal Column Unloading | 91 | ||
| Change in Proprioception | 91 | ||
| Pain Reduction | 91 | ||
| Side Effects | 92 | ||
| Outcomes | 92 | ||
| Summary | 92 | ||
| Cervical Orthoses | 92 | ||
| Immobilization | 92 | ||
| Pain | 93 | ||
| Conclusion | 94 | ||
| References | 94.e1 | ||
| 8 Orthoses for Spinal Deformities | 95 | ||
| Abstract | 95.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 95.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 95 | ||
| Scoliosis | 95 | ||
| Idiopathic Scoliosis | 95 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Natural History | 95 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 97 | ||
| Treatment Recommendations | 98 | ||
| Orthotic Management and Best Practices | 99 | ||
| Current Research | 101 | ||
| Scheuermann Kyphosis | 101 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 101 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 102 | ||
| Treatment Recommendations | 102 | ||
| Orthotic Management | 103 | ||
| Best Practice | 103 | ||
| References | 104.e1 | ||
| 9 Orthoses for Spinal Trauma and Postoperative Care | 105 | ||
| Abstract | 105.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 105.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 105 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 105 | ||
| Introduction | 105 | ||
| Cervical Spinal Trauma | 106 | ||
| C1 or Jefferson Fracture | 106 | ||
| Recommended Orthotic | 106 | ||
| Operative Treatment With a Postoperative Orthotic | 107 | ||
| Considerations | 107 | ||
| Hangman Fracture | 107 | ||
| Levine Classification | 107 | ||
| Type I | 107 | ||
| Type IA | 108 | ||
| 3 Upper Limb Orthoses | 126 | ||
| 11 Biomechanics of the Upper Limb | 127 | ||
| Abstract | 127.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 127.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 127 | ||
| Motion | 127 | ||
| Description of Motion | 127 | ||
| Normal Range of Motion Arcs Versus Functional Motion Requirements | 127 | ||
| Compensatory Motion in the Upper Limb | 127 | ||
| Synergistic Motion of the Wrist and Hand | 128 | ||
| Stability | 129 | ||
| Shoulder | 129 | ||
| Elbow | 129 | ||
| Forearm Joint | 129 | ||
| Wrist | 130 | ||
| Strength | 130 | ||
| Muscle Mechanics | 130 | ||
| Orthotic Considerations After Hand Injury | 131 | ||
| Functional Hand Essentials | 131 | ||
| Biomechanical Impact of Digital Loss | 132 | ||
| Thumb | 132 | ||
| Digital Loss | 132 | ||
| Biomechanical Impact of Fusion | 132 | ||
| Wrist Fusion | 133 | ||
| Conclusion | 133 | ||
| References | 133.e1 | ||
| 12 Principles and Components of Upper Limb Orthoses | 134 | ||
| Abstract | 134.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 134.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 134 | ||
| Clinical Principles of Upper Limb Orthotic Management | 134 | ||
| Patient Goals and Outcomes | 134 | ||
| Underlying Pathology | 134 | ||
| Paralysis | 134 | ||
| Spinal cord injury scale and muscle function. | 135 | ||
| Stroke types. | 135 | ||
| Pain | 135 | ||
| Position | 135 | ||
| Neurosensory Conditions | 135 | ||
| Functional Deficits and Opportunities | 135 | ||
| Upper Limb Biomechanics | 136 | ||
| Contralateral Function and Dominance | 136 | ||
| Expected Prognosis and Rehabilitative Trajectory | 136 | ||
| Design Principles for Upper Limb Orthoses | 136 | ||
| Nomenclature and Terminology | 136 | ||
| Components and Applications of Upper Limb Orthoses | 136 | ||
| Finger Orthoses | 136 | ||
| Static. | 136 | ||
| 4 Lower Limb Orthoses | 206 | ||
| 18 Biomechanics of the Hip, Knee, and Ankle | 207 | ||
| Key Points | 207 | ||
| Basic Biomechanical Principles | 207 | ||
| Statics | 207 | ||
| Action–Reaction | 207 | ||
| Pressure | 207 | ||
| Moments and Levers | 207 | ||
| Equilibrium | 207 | ||
| Shared Overlapping Force Systems | 208 | ||
| Dynamics | 209 | ||
| Kinematics and Kinetics | 209 | ||
| Ground Reaction Force and Moments | 209 | ||
| Application of Biomechanical Principles to Normal and Pathologic Gait | 210 | ||
| Observations of Joint Kinematics | 210 | ||
| Normal Gait | 210 | ||
| 5 Pediatric Orthoses | 302 | ||
| 30 Congenital and Acquired Disorders | 303 | ||
| Key Points | 303 | ||
| Physiologic Development and Alignment (Genu Varum and Valgum) | 303 | ||
| Footwear | 303 | ||
| Congenital Foot Deformities | 304 | ||
| Juvenile Bunion (Hallux Valgus) | 304 | ||
| Metatarsus Adductus | 305 | ||
| Skewfoot | 306 | ||
| Flatfoot | 306 | ||
| Flatfoot Posture | 306 | ||
| Flexible Flatfoot | 307 | ||
| Rigid Flatfoot | 307 | ||
| Freiberg Infraction | 307 | ||
| Tarsal Coalition | 308 | ||
| Accessory Navicular | 308 | ||
| Kohler Disorder | 308 | ||
| Clubfoot | 308 | ||
| Congenital Vertical Talus | 309 | ||
| Calcaneovalgus Foot | 310 | ||
| Cavus (and Cavovarus) Deformity | 310 | ||
| Tibia Vara (Blount Disease) | 310 | ||
| Tibial Bowing | 311 | ||
| Lateral Tibial Bowing | 311 | ||
| Anterior Bowing | 311 | ||
| Posteromedial Bowing | 311 | ||
| Anterolateral Bowing | 311 | ||
| Idiopathic Toe Walking | 311 | ||
| References | 312.e1 | ||
| 31 Pediatric Hip Orthoses | 313 | ||
| Key Points | 313 | ||
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 313 | ||
| Frejka Pillow | 314 | ||
| Pavlik Harness | 314 | ||
| Tübingen Hip Orthosis | 315 | ||
| von Rosen Orthosis | 316 | ||
| Ilfeld Orthosis | 317 | ||
| Semirigid Plastazote Hip Abduction Orthoses | 317 | ||
| Camp Dynamic Hip Abduction Orthosis | 318 | ||
| Legg-CalvÉ-Perthes Disease | 318 | ||
| Toronto Orthosis | 318 | ||
| Newington Orthosis | 320 | ||
| Trilateral Socket/Tachdjian Orthosis | 320 | ||
| Atlanta Scottish Rite Orthosis | 321 | ||
| A-Frame Orthosis | 321 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 321 | ||
| Resting Abduction Orthoses | 321 | ||
| SWASH Orthosis | 321 | ||
| Lycra Garments | 322 | ||
| Lower-Extremity Weakness or Paralysis | 323 | ||
| Passive Standing Orthoses | 324 | ||
| Vertical Standers | 324 | ||
| A-Frame Standers | 325 | ||
| Parapodiums and Swivel Walkers | 325 | ||
| Body-Weight Support Devices | 326 | ||
| Mobile Standers | 326 | ||
| Hip-to-Ankle Braces | 327 | ||
| Twister Cables and Straps (Torsional Deformities) | 327 | ||
| Hip–Knee–Ankle–Foot Orthoses | 327 | ||
| Hip-Guidance Orthoses | 328 | ||
| Reciprocating Gait Orthosis | 328 | ||
| Parawalker | 329 | ||
| Walkabout or Multiaxial Subperineal Hip Joints | 329 | ||
| Postoperative Hip Orthoses | 329 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 331 | ||
| References | 331.e1 | ||
| 32 Orthoses for the Muscle Disease Patient | 332 | ||
| Abstract | 332.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 332.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 332 | ||
| Introduction | 332 | ||
| Orthotic Treatment Interventions | 333 | ||
| Lower Extremity Orthoses | 333 | ||
| Ankle–Foot Orthoses | 333 | ||
| Knee–Ankle–Foot Orthoses | 333 | ||
| Spinal Orthoses | 334 | ||
| Upper Extremity Orthoses | 335 | ||
| Mobility Aides | 335 | ||
| References | 336.e1 | ||
| 33 Orthoses for Cerebral Palsy | 337 | ||
| Key Points | 337 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 337 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 339 | ||
| Current Research | 340 | ||
| Treatment Recommendations | 341 | ||
| Orthotic Management | 343 | ||
| Ankle–Foot Orthosis–Footwear Combination Tuning | 346 | ||
| Functional Electrical Stimulation | 349 | ||
| Computer-Aided Design, Computer-Aided Manufacturing, and 3D-Printing Applications for Orthotics and Prosthetics | 349 | ||
| Best Practice | 349 | ||
| References | 349.e1 | ||
| 34 Orthoses for Myelomeningocele | 350 | ||
| Abstract | 350.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 350.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 350 | ||
| Thoracic/High Lumbar Levels | 350 | ||
| Standing Frames | 351 | ||
| Parapodiums | 352 | ||
| Gait Trainers | 353 | ||
| Hip–Knee–Ankle–Foot Orthoses | 353 | ||
| Reciprocating Gait Orthoses | 353 | ||
| Spinal Orthoses | 354 | ||
| Midlumbar to Low Lumbar Level | 356 | ||
| Knee–Ankle–Foot Orthoses | 356 | ||
| Ankle–Foot Orthoses | 357 | ||
| Ankle–Foot Orthoses: Floor-Reaction Type | 357 | ||
| High Sacral Level | 358 | ||
| Low Sacral Level | 358 | ||
| Supramalleolar Orthoses and Foot Orthoses | 358 | ||
| Conclusion | 358 | ||
| References | 358.e1 | ||
| 35 Cranial Remolding Orthoses | 359 | ||
| Key Points | 359 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 359 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 361 | ||
| Current Issues | 362 | ||
| Current Research | 363 | ||
| Treatment Recommendations | 363 | ||
| Orthotic Management | 368 | ||
| Craniosynostosis: Orthotic Management | 372 | ||
| Treatment Outcomes | 373 | ||
| Best Practices | 374 | ||
| Conclusion | 375 | ||
| References | 375.e1 | ||
| 6 Assistive Devices | 376 | ||
| 36 Canes, Crutches, and Walkers | 377 | ||
| Abstract | 377.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 377.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 377 | ||
| Canes | 377 | ||
| Crutches | 379 | ||
| Walkers | 379 | ||
| Measuring Assistive Devices | 380 | ||
| Canes | 380 | ||
| Axillary Crutches | 380 | ||
| Forearm Crutches | 380 | ||
| Triceps Crutches | 380 | ||
| Platform Crutches | 380 | ||
| Walkers | 380 | ||
| Gait Patterns | 380 | ||
| Alternating (Reciprocal) Gaits | 380 | ||
| Four-Point Gait | 380 | ||
| Two-Point Gait | 380 | ||
| Three-Point Gait | 380 | ||
| Cane Gait | 380 | ||
| Walker Gait | 380 | ||
| Swinging (Simultaneous) Gaits | 381 | ||
| Drag-To Gait | 381 | ||
| Swing-To Gait | 381 | ||
| Swing-Through Gait | 381 | ||
| Biomechanics of Assistive Devices | 381 | ||
| Kinematic Factors | 381 | ||
| Kinetic Factors | 381 | ||
| Energy Expenditure | 382 | ||
| Benefits of Assistive Devices | 382 | ||
| Complications of Assistive Devices | 382 | ||
| Conclusion | 382 | ||
| References | 382.e1 | ||
| 37 Wheeled Mobility | 383 | ||
| Key Points | 383 | ||
| Seating Evaluation | 383 | ||
| Sitting | 384 | ||
| Supine | 384 | ||
| Postural Evaluation: Fixed or Flexible? | 385 | ||
| Accommodation Versus Correction of Deformity | 385 | ||
| Types of Seating Systems | 385 | ||
| Cushion Selection | 386 | ||
| Pressure Mapping | 387 | ||
| References | 389.e1 | ||
| 38 Wheeled Mobility | 390 | ||
| Key Points | 390 | ||
| Background | 390 | ||
| Wheeled Mobility Clinic Team | 390 | ||
| Manual Wheeled Mobility | 390 | ||
| Powered Wheeled Mobility | 394 | ||
| Transportation | 397 | ||
| Wheelchair Skills Training | 397 | ||
| References | 397.e1 | ||
| 39 Wheelchair and Assistive Device Considerations for Remote Settings | 398 | ||
| Abstract | 398.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 398.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 398 | ||
| Benefits of Wheelchairs and Assistive Devices | 398 | ||
| Provision | 398 | ||
| Demand and Needs | 399 | ||
| Barriers | 399 | ||
| Government and Leadership Barriers | 399 | ||
| Affordability and Cost Barriers | 399 | ||
| Delivery of Services Barriers | 400 | ||
| Manpower Barriers | 400 | ||
| Production Barriers | 400 | ||
| Physical Barriers | 400 | ||
| Cultural and Social Barriers | 400 | ||
| Removing Barriers and Increasing Access | 400 | ||
| Needs Assessment | 400 | ||
| Legislative Strategies | 400 | ||
| Increasing Affordability and Reducing Cost | 401 | ||
| Increasing Production | 401 | ||
| Appropriate Services Development | 401 | ||
| Educational Opportunities | 401 | ||
| Partnerships and Consultations | 401 | ||
| Conclusion | 401 | ||
| References | 402.e1 | ||
| 40 Communication Devices and Electronic Aids to Activities of Daily Living | 403 | ||
| Abstract | 403.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 403.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 403 | ||
| Evaluation | 403 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Team | 406 | ||
| Funding | 406 | ||
| Access | 407 | ||
| Scanning | 408 | ||
| Augmentative and Alternative Communication | 409 | ||
| Evaluation | 409 | ||
| Nonspeaking Systems, Low Technology, and High Technology | 409 | ||
| Nonspeaking Systems | 409 | ||
| Low Technology | 409 | ||
| Communication boards. | 409 | ||
| Eye gaze boards. | 410 | ||
| Letter boards. | 410 | ||
| Modified ETRAN boards. | 410 | ||
| High-Technology Devices | 410 | ||
| Additional Considerations | 411 | ||
| Electronic Aids to Daily Living | 412 | ||
| Evaluation | 412 | ||
| Access | 413 | ||
| Telephones | 413 | ||
| Safety, Alert, and Monitoring Systems | 413 | ||
| Integration of Equipment | 413 | ||
| Training | 416 | ||
| Reevaluation | 416 | ||
| Future of Technology | 416 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 417 | ||
| References | 417.e1 | ||
| 41 Sports Adaptations and Assistive Devices for Recreation | 418 | ||
| Key Points | 418 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 418 | ||
| General Exercise Considerations | 418 | ||
| Cardiorespiratory Exercise | 418 | ||
| Resistance Exercise | 418 | ||
| Flexibility Exercise | 418 | ||
| Neuromotor Exercise | 418 | ||
| Activity and Sport Specific Considerations | 418 | ||
| All-Terrain Vehicles | 418 | ||
| Archery | 419 | ||
| Basketball and Rugby | 419 | ||
| Billiards | 419 | ||
| Bowling | 420 | ||
| Cycling | 420 | ||
| Equestrian Sports | 420 | ||
| Fencing | 420 | ||
| Fishing | 421 | ||
| Golf | 421 | ||
| Hunting and Shooting | 421 | ||
| Sled Hockey | 422 | ||
| Paddling Sports | 422 | ||
| Power Soccer | 422 | ||
| Sailing | 422 | ||
| Scuba Diving | 423 | ||
| Snow Skiing | 423 | ||
| Softball | 423 | ||
| Swimming | 423 | ||
| Table Tennis | 424 | ||
| Tai Chi | 424 | ||
| Tennis | 424 | ||
| Track and Field | 424 | ||
| Conclusion | 424 | ||
| References | 424.e1 | ||
| 42 Driving and Related Assistive Devices | 425 | ||
| Abstract | 425.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 425.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 425 | ||
| Driver Evaluation | 425 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 425 | ||
| Medical History and Driving History | 425 | ||
| Vision | 426 | ||
| Cognition and Perception | 426 | ||
| Physical and Functional Ability | 426 | ||
| On-the-Road Evaluation | 426 | ||
| Driver Training | 426 | ||
| Fitting and Orientation | 427 | ||
| Assistive Devices | 427 | ||
| Ambulation | 427 | ||
| Scooters | 427 | ||
| Manual Wheelchairs | 427 | ||
| Power Wheelchairs | 427 | ||
| Vehicle Selection | 427 | ||
| Sedans | 427 | ||
| Minivans | 428 | ||
| Pickup Trucks and Sport Utility Vehicles | 428 | ||
| Full-Size Vans | 428 | ||
| Predrive | 428 | ||
| Upper Torso Support | 428 | ||
| Driving Controls | 429 | ||
| Hand Controls | 429 | ||
| Pedal Extensions | 429 | ||
| Left Foot Accelerator | 429 | ||
| Two-Foot Driving | 429 | ||
| Crossover Technique | 429 | ||
| Pedal Guards | 430 | ||
| Steering Devices | 430 | ||
| Reduced-Effort Steering | 430 | ||
| Servo Steering | 430 | ||
| Foot Steering | 430 | ||
| Secondary Controls | 430 | ||
| Special Precautions | 430 | ||
| Conclusion | 431 | ||
| Resources | 431 | ||
| References | 431.e1 | ||
| 43 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Applications | 432 | ||
| Abstract | 432.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 432.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 432 | ||
| Upper Limb Applications | 432 | ||
| Stroke | 432 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 434 | ||
| Lower Limb Applications | 435 | ||
| Stroke | 435 | ||
| Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Footdrop | 435 | ||
| Multijoint Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Hemiparetic Gait | 437 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 437 | ||
| Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Standing | 437 | ||
| Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Walking | 438 | ||
| Conclusion | 439 | ||
| References | 439.e1 | ||
| 44 Exoskeletal Assisted Rehabilitation After Spinal Cord Injury | 440 | ||
| Abstract | 440.e1 | ||
| Keywords | 440.e1 | ||
| Key Points | 440 | ||
| Classification of Spinal Cord Injury | 440 | ||
| Effects of Lack of Weight-Bearing on a Person With Spinal Cord Injury | 440 | ||
| History and Background | 441 | ||
| Locomotion and Spinal Cord Injury | 441 | ||
| Powered Exoskeletons | 442 | ||
| Exoskeleton Training Protocols | 444 | ||
| Potential Health Benefits of Exoskeletal-Assisted Walking After Spinal Cord Injury | 444 | ||
| Improvements in Gait Function | 444 | ||
| Improvements in Body Composition | 445 | ||
| Improvements in Cardiometabolic Parameters | 445 | ||
| Improvements in Spasticity | 446 | ||
| Improvements in Bowel Function | 446 | ||
| Improvements in Quality of Life | 446 | ||
| Other Health Benefits | 446 | ||
| Recommendations and Future Directions | 446 | ||
| Conclusion | 447 | ||
| References | 447.e1 | ||
| 45 Future Trends and Research in Orthoses | 448 | ||
| Key Points | 448 | ||
| Stance Control Devices | 448 | ||
| Powered Devices | 449 | ||
| Functional Electrical Stimulation Systems | 450 | ||
| Emerging Technologies | 450 | ||
| References | 450.e1 | ||
| Index | 451 | ||
| A | 451 | ||
| B | 451 | ||
| C | 452 | ||
| D | 453 | ||
| E | 453 | ||
| F | 454 | ||
| G | 454 | ||
| H | 455 | ||
| I | 455 | ||
| J | 455 | ||
| K | 455 | ||
| L | 456 | ||
| M | 456 | ||
| N | 457 | ||
| O | 457 | ||
| P | 458 | ||
| Q | 459 | ||
| R | 459 | ||
| S | 459 | ||
| T | 461 | ||
| U | 462 | ||
| V | 462 | ||
| W | 462 | ||
| Y | 463 | ||
| Z | 463 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |